PSYCH 231 - Quizzes
Which of the following is true for APA style Reference sections?
Reference should be listed in alphabetical order by first author's last name.
Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population at random where the proportions of members of different groups are the same in the population and the sample?
Stratified random sample
Which of the following would be appropriate to include in the Method section of an APA style paper?
a description of the instructions given to participants in the study
A literature review is
a detailed review of past research in a topic area.
An independent variable is
a manipulated variable
Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. This finding represents
a negative relationship
A good Discussion section should be begin with
a restatement of the hypotheses.
A quasi-independent variable is the same as
a subject variable
Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by
an review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB).
Looking up records of behaviors that have already occurred uses the __________ observation technique.
archival
Predicting that all dogs can run, because one was dog was seen running is an example of ___________ reasoning
inductive
When different observers of behavior record the behavior in a similar way, the measure is said to have good
inter-rater reliability
When the effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable, this is called a(n)
interaction effect
Simple effects tests are used to describe
interaction effects
Cronbach's alpha is a measure of the _________ of a survey.
internal consistency
Confounding variables primarily threaten the __________ of a study.
internal validity
For the table of condition means below, which effects appear to be present? IV A Level 1 IV A Level 2 IV B Level 1 50 50 IV B Level 2 75 75
main effect of IV B only.
The number of participants in a study is described in the ________ section of an APA style article
method
Which of the following measures indicates the most common score in a distribution?
mode
An independent variable that includes three different types of treatments is called a(n) ___________ variable.
multivalent
People in a grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and then indicate which one they liked best and which they liked least (i.e., they rank ordered the drinks). The dependent variable in this study is measured on a __________ scale.
ordinal
The decision to reject the null hypothesis in a statistical test is made when
p equal to and < alpha
Independent variables can be manipulated according to
presence/absence of treatment, type of treatment, amount of treatment
The development and validation of surveys is called
psychometrics
Match the correct sampling technique with the example _________: volunteers are selected from students such that the proportion of students in each age range in the sample matches the proportion in the population
quota sample
Time measured in minutes is an example of a(n) _______________ scale.
ratio
Suppose that on average, you tend to score about 83% on exams in your courses. Scoring a 95% on the first exam in a course and 84% on the second exam in that course is an example of
regression toward the mean.
The difference between nominal and ordinal measurement scales is that
responses on ordinal scales can be rank ordered and responses on nominal scales cannot be rank ordered.
A risk-benefit analysis involves
showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks.
Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population at random where each individual has an equal chance of being selected?
simple random sample
The ________ measure of variability indicates the average difference between the scores of a distribution and the mean of a distribution.
standard deviation
The solution to experimenter bias is to use a(n) ____________ design.
double-blind
Which of the following describes a quota sample?
60% of the population is left-handed so 60% of the participants chosen are also left-handed
A(n) _______ test is often used to analyze data in a factorial design.
ANOVA
If we reject the null hypothesis when it's really true, we have made a
Type I error
If we retain the null hypothesis when it's really false, we have made a
Type II error
The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in
adverse stress reaction from some of the participants assigned to be prisoners, cruel behavior from some of the participants assigned to be guards, the study being cut short because of adverse effects on the participants.
Studies with children generally require
an assent process and consent from a parent or guardian
When a researcher measures a behavior before a treatment is implemented to compare with the behavior after the treatment has been implemented, this is called a
baseline measurement
In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of _________ in the experiment.
conditions
A variable that affects the results of the study, but is not a variable of interest in the study is called a(n) _____________ variable.
confounding
The research design that allows researchers to gain a lot of descriptive information about a single individual or institution is a(n)
case study
Suppose a psychologist developed a test to measure intelligence, but this test was poorly developed and really only measured how well people perform on standardized tests (in other words, it doesn't actually measure intelligence). This test would lack
construct validity
The research design that allows researchers to answer descriptive and predictive questions about the relationship between different measured variables is a(n)
correlational study
Having different participants in a study experience conditions in different orders is called
counterbalancing
_________ can be used to counter order effects.
counterbalancing
According to ethical guidelines, at the end of their participation participants are often be fully informed as to the purpose of the study and given an explanation of any deception used in the study. This process is called
debriefing
The purpose of the Abstract is to
describe the results of the study, briefly explain the purpose of the study, briefly describe the method of the study.
________ statistics summarize a distribution, while _______ statistics provide a test of the hypothesis.
descriptive; inferential
Limitations of a study are discussed in the ________ section of an APA style article
discussion
According to ethical guidelines, psychological studies can never involve deception.
false
All APA style research articles should contain a Design section.
false
An inferential test allows a researcher to certain that there is or is not an effect of an independent variable.
false
Correlational studies can provide good tests of causal research questions.
false
Longitudinal designs allow researchers to examine age effects quickly by testing subjects at different ages all at once.
false
Quasi-experiments are the most useful designs for answering causal research questions.
false
Researchers must fully inform participants about all aspects of a study before consent is given for participation.
false
The APA code was the first set of guidelines ever developed for research with human participants.
false
Debriefing means
fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study.
Research proposals should describe the proposed study in __________ verb tense.
future
Researchers conducting studies with non-human animal subjects are responsible for
housing of the animals during the study, housing of the animals after the study, monitoring the animals' health during the study
As part of the respect for persons aspect of the Belmont Report, it is recommended that researchers
include an informed consent process.
Which of the following describes a cluster sample?
subjects are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area
Getting better on a task in a study with practice can cause a source of bias called
testing effects
Longitudinal designs are more likely to be affected by _______ as a source of bias than are cross-sectional designs.
testing effects and attrition/mortality
Suppose that a participant completes a task in a research study faster than he or she would have completed the task outside the study (i.e., in their natural surroundings). This would be an example of
the Hawthorne effect
The Solomon four-group design allows a researcher to measure
the effect of taking the pretest on the scores on the post test.
The value of an inferential statistic calculated to compare conditions in an experiment represents
the effect of the independent variable with sampling error removed.
An experiment is defined by
the manipulation of a variable, control of confounding variables, tests of causal relationships
If we find that an inferential test for an experiment is significant, this means that
the null hypothesis should be rejected
The first APA ethical code was based on
the nuremberg code.
Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted?
the study must be designed to minimize harm to the participant and the benefit of the research must outweigh the risks.
In a research study the p value obtained for the inferential statistic is .08. This means that
there is an 8% chance of obtaining these data when the null hypothesis is true.
As researchers, we usually set α (alpha) at .05 because
this sets our type I error rate at 5%
Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions.
true
Participation in research is not always anonymous.
true
Surveys can be used to answer causal research questions.
true
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. The alternative hypothesis in this study is
two-tailed
Which of the following would be a violation of ethical guidelines for conducting research with animal subjects?
use of untrained personnel and the release of the animals into the wild at the completion of the study
Which of the following would violate ethical standards for psychological research?
using another author's ideas in ones report without citing that author
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. What is the operational definition of exercise in this study?
walking on a treadmill for 20 min
Testing effects are particularly problematic for ___________________ designs.
within-subjects
