psych 305 kahoot

Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?

functioning and survival

The approach to parsing holds that the classification law of terms are the main determinants of what

garden path

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material

highlighting

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

hippocampus

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

inborn biological program

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.

parietal

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention

selective

Being able to remember what assignments to complete versus being able to remember how many to complete is an example of

shallow processing

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory

short term

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories

skill

what type of action or event enhances consolidation according to Gais

sleep

Frequency effect means more response to what kind of stimuli

slow and low frequency words that high frequency words

3. When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.

sparse

what types of autobiographical memories are multidimensional

spatial, emotional and sensory memories

One of the Bottom-up Determinants of Eye Movement is shown in the picture below, what is it called?

stimulus salience

identify the relationship of correlation of prototypically high items and family resemblances

strongly

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended info at the beginning of the info flow

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye."

What situation about painkillers reflects the use of placebos in an experiment?

John is given a pill that he thinks is a painkiller but is not a painkiller

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

What is the definition of speech segmentation?

Knowing when one word ends and another begins

To form and remember permanent memories from consciousness is/are what type of memory

LTM

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Verbal Behavior was written by

Skinner

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

Skinner

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

In one or two sentences, write an autobiographical memory of something you recently experienced. Then identify the episodic and semantic components of that memory. (10 points)

An autobiographical memory of something I recently experienced was starting my new job as a behavioral therapist. The episodic memory for this event would be very first client's tantrum. My client engaged in many challenging behaviors for the first hour of our session, and I will never forget this. It was so memorable since it was my very first client and my very first time witnessing a child engage in these types of challenging behaviors. The semantic memory would have to be all the facts that I learned about taking data on these challenging behaviors. The facts and knowledge of taking accurate data is very important since data collection has specific rules and regulations.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

29. Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which peg hypothesis concept predicts memory pairs

Cake Mug

How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves learning new behavior with association (linking two stimuli). Operant conditioning is a form of learning and apply's reinforcement or punishment after the behavior is done.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which concept best represents the brainstorming process

Divergent

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?

Dorsal, where, action

Explain the concepts of encoding specificity, and state-dependent learning. Give an example of each to support your thinking. (10 points)

Encoding specificity would be best explained as, you learn certain information together with it's context. An example of this would be a story, you are able to understand the plot and the climax of it since you are given context such as the setting, the year, and the characters of the story. This can also account for when a person has better recall because encoding and retrieval of the information occurred at the same location. State-dependent learning would be best explained as learning is essentially associated with a persons internal state. Inevitably a persons memory is better if they have the same mood when encoding and retrieving. An example of this would be my job training. If I was happy during my job training while I was learning new material, and also happy when trying to retrieve the same information during my actual job, my memory would be better, since the mood was the same.

Explain how our episodic memories are linked to the future. Give an example that illustrates the adaptive role of memory in this context. (10 points)

Episodic memories are linked to the future since it involved mental time travel. Episodic memories are linked to our personal experiences that we remember and are able to relive. By having these memorable personal experiences, this can overall help us with our future since our memory is so adaptive. An example of this would be graduating high school and graduating college. Both are huge major steps towards a persons education however after graduating high school, you are some what prepared for a college graduation since you have experienced a graduation prior.

an example of coding for auditory in short term is repeating songs and long term is representing sounds of letters

False

In a time experiment, problem solvers are timed to decipher answers, what is the end goal of the study

Find a difference of sight or insight

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

NOT ALZHEIMERS

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

NOT AN OBJECT BASED ATTENTIONAL FAILURE

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

NOT Action potentials travel across the synapse.

Which of the below are NOT involved with top-down processing?

NOT Environmental Regularities

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

NOT THE WERINKES AREA

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?

PPA

Ganis (2004) used fMRI to assess brain activity for visual perception and imagery to find out what

Perception and imagery activates the same areas but imagery activates more

The process by which features are combined to create our perception of a coherent objects is known as

Persistence of vision

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

STM

The ability to separate living objects from items from the sensory functional paradigm to differentiate from each other

Sensory attributes and function

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

Speech segmentation

The visuospatial sketchpad is the creation visual images in the mind in the absence of physical visual stimulus

True

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

When does bottom-up processing start?

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

When does the cued recall occur when information is being retrieved

When most of our failed memories fail to be retrieved

What collection of triggers would be better for getting people to make a lexical decision

Words like pizza or history and nonwords like pibble

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ

activity

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience dependent plasticity

The willingness to transfer problem solving experience to another is referred to as what

analogical transfer

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as

analytic introspection

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements

are determined primarily by task

Object based attention is

attention being directed to one place on an object

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ______

autobiographical

in greenburgs and rubin study, which type of memory did patients begin to lose

autobiographical

Action potentials occur in the

axon

_____ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

binding

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites, and axons

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

classical conditioning

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

color and name differed

Someone who cannot identify toys or similar objects with another is what ideas

crowding

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to _________

decay; interference

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making

with the delayed partial report method, performance

decreased rapidly

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?

dictionary unit

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

brief sensory memory that we hear is known as

echoic memory

Baddleys diving experiment showed how the best recall occurs . .

encoding of specificity

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

which type of memory involves mental time travel

episodic

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts

episodic, semantic

Self image hypothesis codes memory in rapid change but cognitive hypothesis enhance memory in significant value

false

flashbulb memories are photograph memories that do not change over time

false

state-dependent learning is when learning is associated with a particular external state

false

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

feature detectors

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n

fixation

The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.

frontal

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Perception is NOT essential for

involving empathy

The phonological loop is when

letters or words that sound familiar are confused

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function

A strategy in which things are organized mentally in a spatial layout is known as

loci method

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.

long term

what are the three types of memory

long, short, and sensory memory

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task

low load

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

mind wandering

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error

phonological

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory

procedural

Which memory is used for physical actions

procedural memory

memory is

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information

the WM is responsible for what type of action or activity

processing incoming visual and auditory information

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?

produces variable results person to person

What as an example of a group that is realistic of typical

prototype

define insight

realization of an answer

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long-term memory

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

The circle dilemma was proposed to decide the length of a line within a circle to what

represent and restructure

______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

retrieval

what type of memory loss for events is prior to the trauma which occurs after an injury

retrograde amnesia

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of

scene schema

which of the following is an example of the persistence of vision

the trail of light from a moving sparkler on the 4th of July

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top down processing

what events to people remember the most and are actively activated in their brain

transitional points, emotional and significant events

According to experience-dependent plasticity, the structure of the brain can change depending on the circumstances and events that a person faces.

true

synaptic consolidation are rapid during synapses while system consolidation are

true

The Stroop effect occurs when participants

try to name colors and ignore words

The Stroop effect occurs when participants

try to name colors and ignore words.

iconic memory is

what we see

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

what where