psych 305 kahoot
Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?
functioning and survival
The approach to parsing holds that the classification law of terms are the main determinants of what
garden path
Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material
highlighting
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.
hippocampus
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
inborn biological program
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.
parietal
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention
selective
Being able to remember what assignments to complete versus being able to remember how many to complete is an example of
shallow processing
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory
short term
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
similarity
Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories
skill
what type of action or event enhances consolidation according to Gais
sleep
Frequency effect means more response to what kind of stimuli
slow and low frequency words that high frequency words
3. When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
sparse
what types of autobiographical memories are multidimensional
spatial, emotional and sensory memories
One of the Bottom-up Determinants of Eye Movement is shown in the picture below, what is it called?
stimulus salience
identify the relationship of correlation of prototypically high items and family resemblances
strongly
Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
the filter eliminates unattended info at the beginning of the info flow
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.
Speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?
"I can see it in my mind's eye."
What situation about painkillers reflects the use of placebos in an experiment?
John is given a pill that he thinks is a painkiller but is not a painkiller
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
What is the definition of speech segmentation?
Knowing when one word ends and another begins
To form and remember permanent memories from consciousness is/are what type of memory
LTM
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
Verbal Behavior was written by
Skinner
Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?
Skinner
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being
the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.
In one or two sentences, write an autobiographical memory of something you recently experienced. Then identify the episodic and semantic components of that memory. (10 points)
An autobiographical memory of something I recently experienced was starting my new job as a behavioral therapist. The episodic memory for this event would be very first client's tantrum. My client engaged in many challenging behaviors for the first hour of our session, and I will never forget this. It was so memorable since it was my very first client and my very first time witnessing a child engage in these types of challenging behaviors. The semantic memory would have to be all the facts that I learned about taking data on these challenging behaviors. The facts and knowledge of taking accurate data is very important since data collection has specific rules and regulations.
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
29. Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
Which peg hypothesis concept predicts memory pairs
Cake Mug
How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves learning new behavior with association (linking two stimuli). Operant conditioning is a form of learning and apply's reinforcement or punishment after the behavior is done.
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.
Which concept best represents the brainstorming process
Divergent
Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?
Dorsal, where, action
Explain the concepts of encoding specificity, and state-dependent learning. Give an example of each to support your thinking. (10 points)
Encoding specificity would be best explained as, you learn certain information together with it's context. An example of this would be a story, you are able to understand the plot and the climax of it since you are given context such as the setting, the year, and the characters of the story. This can also account for when a person has better recall because encoding and retrieval of the information occurred at the same location. State-dependent learning would be best explained as learning is essentially associated with a persons internal state. Inevitably a persons memory is better if they have the same mood when encoding and retrieving. An example of this would be my job training. If I was happy during my job training while I was learning new material, and also happy when trying to retrieve the same information during my actual job, my memory would be better, since the mood was the same.
Explain how our episodic memories are linked to the future. Give an example that illustrates the adaptive role of memory in this context. (10 points)
Episodic memories are linked to the future since it involved mental time travel. Episodic memories are linked to our personal experiences that we remember and are able to relive. By having these memorable personal experiences, this can overall help us with our future since our memory is so adaptive. An example of this would be graduating high school and graduating college. Both are huge major steps towards a persons education however after graduating high school, you are some what prepared for a college graduation since you have experienced a graduation prior.
an example of coding for auditory in short term is repeating songs and long term is representing sounds of letters
False
In a time experiment, problem solvers are timed to decipher answers, what is the end goal of the study
Find a difference of sight or insight
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
NOT ALZHEIMERS
Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of
NOT AN OBJECT BASED ATTENTIONAL FAILURE
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
NOT Action potentials travel across the synapse.
Which of the below are NOT involved with top-down processing?
NOT Environmental Regularities
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?
NOT THE WERINKES AREA
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
PPA
Ganis (2004) used fMRI to assess brain activity for visual perception and imagery to find out what
Perception and imagery activates the same areas but imagery activates more
The process by which features are combined to create our perception of a coherent objects is known as
Persistence of vision
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
STM
The ability to separate living objects from items from the sensory functional paradigm to differentiate from each other
Sensory attributes and function
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli
When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.
Speech segmentation
The visuospatial sketchpad is the creation visual images in the mind in the absence of physical visual stimulus
True
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?
Visual, semantic, episodic
When does bottom-up processing start?
When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
When does the cued recall occur when information is being retrieved
When most of our failed memories fail to be retrieved
What collection of triggers would be better for getting people to make a lexical decision
Words like pizza or history and nonwords like pibble
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interference
On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ
activity
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience dependent plasticity
The willingness to transfer problem solving experience to another is referred to as what
analogical transfer
A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
analytic introspection
Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements
are determined primarily by task
Object based attention is
attention being directed to one place on an object
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ______
autobiographical
in greenburgs and rubin study, which type of memory did patients begin to lose
autobiographical
Action potentials occur in the
axon
_____ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object
binding
The key structural components of neurons are the
cell body, dendrites, and axons
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
classical conditioning
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
cocktail party effect
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
cognition
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
color and name differed
Someone who cannot identify toys or similar objects with another is what ideas
crowding
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to _________
decay; interference
Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
decision making
with the delayed partial report method, performance
decreased rapidly
Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?
dictionary unit
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
brief sensory memory that we hear is known as
echoic memory
Baddleys diving experiment showed how the best recall occurs . .
encoding of specificity
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.
episodic
which type of memory involves mental time travel
episodic
___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts
episodic, semantic
Self image hypothesis codes memory in rapid change but cognitive hypothesis enhance memory in significant value
false
flashbulb memories are photograph memories that do not change over time
false
state-dependent learning is when learning is associated with a particular external state
false
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
feature detectors
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n
fixation
The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.
frontal
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
Perception is NOT essential for
involving empathy
The phonological loop is when
letters or words that sound familiar are confused
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
likelihood principle
Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for
localization of function
A strategy in which things are organized mentally in a spatial layout is known as
loci method
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.
long term
what are the three types of memory
long, short, and sensory memory
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task
low load
Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of
mind wandering
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error
phonological
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory
procedural
Which memory is used for physical actions
procedural memory
memory is
processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information
the WM is responsible for what type of action or activity
processing incoming visual and auditory information
Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?
produces variable results person to person
What as an example of a group that is realistic of typical
prototype
define insight
realization of an answer
The primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in long-term memory
According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.
reliving
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
remembering graduating from college
The circle dilemma was proposed to decide the length of a line within a circle to what
represent and restructure
______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory
retrieval
what type of memory loss for events is prior to the trauma which occurs after an injury
retrograde amnesia
Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
scene schema
which of the following is an example of the persistence of vision
the trail of light from a moving sparkler on the 4th of July
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
top down processing
what events to people remember the most and are actively activated in their brain
transitional points, emotional and significant events
According to experience-dependent plasticity, the structure of the brain can change depending on the circumstances and events that a person faces.
true
synaptic consolidation are rapid during synapses while system consolidation are
true
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
try to name colors and ignore words
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
try to name colors and ignore words.
iconic memory is
what we see
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.
what where