Psych 364 - chapter 3

is the retention of information over time.

Memory

occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

Accommodation

occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. (Watch your spelling!)

Assimilation

Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth? Multiple select question. Infants are capable of localizing sound. Fetuses can hear. Infants do not remember sounds heard prenatally. Fetuses can learn.

Fetuses can hear. Fetuses can learn.

is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols. Multiple choice question. Equilibration Language Social referencing Interaction

Language

Which of the following have been linked to infant sleep problems? Multiple select question. Rheumatoid arthritis Maternal depression Screen time Genetic predisposition

Maternal depression Screen time

______ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. Multiple choice question. Articulation Sensation Perception Locomotion

Sensation

What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched? Multiple choice question. intermodal perception object permanence deferred imitation tertiary circular reactions

object permanence

Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill? Multiple choice question. walking swimming jumping rope tying shoes

tying shoes gross motor skills: involve large muscle activities such as moving ones arm and walking

The sensation of occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.

vision

The focusing of mental resources is known as .

attention

The focusing of mental resources is known as.

attention

attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event.

joint

The most common infant sleep-related problem is Multiple choice question. insomnia. nighttime waking. hypersomnia. sleep apnea.

nighttime waking.

During play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair. The infant walks behind the chair in search of the ball. This behavior is an example of which of the following? Multiple choice question. A-not-B error internalization of schemes organization object permanence

object permanence

In Piaget's theory, is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system. (Watch your spelling!)

organization

Perception and ______ are coupled with each other. This is demonstrated through the movement of one's head, hands, arms, and eyes. Multiple choice question. action cognition pain creation

action

Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain. Multiple choice question. the right hemisphere the left hemisphere both hemispheres

both hemispheres

Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections. Multiple choice question. bottle feeding shared sleeping breast feeding back-sleeping

breast feeding

The ______ pattern of growth is reflected in the fact that infants can see an object before they can control their torso. cephalocaudal differentiation cephalodistal proximodistal

cephalocaudal

The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the Multiple choice question. plasticity principle. cephalocaudal principle. proximodistal principle. differentiation principle.

cephalocaudal principle

Which sound do infants demonstrate first? Multiple choice question. babbling crying gesturing cooing

crying

Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating? Multiple choice question. repetitive modeling explicit memory habituation deferred imitation

deferred imitation

The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called Multiple choice question. intermodal perception. sensory accommodation. perceptual constancy. habituation.

intermodal perception.

When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as Multiple choice question. multisensory perception. temporal-occipital integration. visio-auditory integration. intermodal perception.

intermodal perception.

Gross motor skills Multiple choice question. involve large-muscle activities. develop after fine motor skill development. involve the hands and fingers. begin with the Moro reflex.

involve large-muscle activities.

In the field of perceptual development, those who emphasize the role of nature are referred to as Multiple choice question. empiricists. constructivists. ecologists. nativists.

nativists

One of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of Multiple choice question. free-will versus determinism. idiographic versus nomothetic. nature versus nurture. reductionism versus holism.

nature versus nurture.

Which of the following are required for joint attention? Multiple select question. reinforcement for attending to an event one person directing another's attention reciprocal interaction an ability to track another's behavior

one person directing another's attention reciprocal interaction an ability to track another's behavior

Behaviors that are built-in reactions to stimuli that allow infants to respond to their environment before they have learned the behavior are called Multiple choice question. reflexes. rooting. motor skills. grasping.

reflexes.

Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill? Multiple choice question. grasping a toy sorting shapes in a shape-sorting toy buttoning a shirt riding a tricycle

riding a tricycle

Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget. Multiple choice question. encoding Reason: Encoding deals with structuring information for memory recall. schemes accommodations strategies

schemes

In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called Multiple choice question. classifications. habituation. equilibration. schemes.

schemes.

In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called Multiple choice question. habituation. equilibration. schemes. classifications.

schemes.

The ______ stage is the name of the Piagetian stage that occurs between birth and 2 years of age. Multiple choice question. sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

sensorimotor

Equilibration is the name Piaget gave to the mechanism by which children Multiple choice question. resist moving to the next stage of thought. shift from one stage of thought to the next. use primitive methods to weigh objects. skip stages of thought that are too easy.

shift from one stage of thought to the next.

Equilibration is the name Piaget gave to the mechanism by which children Multiple choice question. shift from one stage of thought to the next. skip stages of thought that are too easy. use primitive methods to weigh objects. resist moving to the next stage of thought.

shift from one stage of thought to the next.

The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is Multiple choice question. the genetic determination view. the dynamic systems view. the evolutionary behavior view. the passive systems view.

the dynamic systems view. perception and action are coupled - in order to develop motor skills, infants must precieve something in the environment that motivates them to act

The conscious memory of facts and experiences is called ______ memory.

explicit

Which of the following involves the retention of information over time? Multiple choice question. encoding memory habituation joint attentio

memory

The average North American newborn is ______ inches long. 18 20 21.5 22

20

The average North American newborn weighs ______ pounds. Multiple choice question. 6.1 8.6 9.1 7.5

7.5

When can sound first be perceived? Multiple choice question. Sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy During the last two months of pregnancy Approximately one week after birth Immediately at birth

During the last two months of pregnancy

research suggested that infants were capable of deferred imitation at an earlier age than Piaget theorized. Multiple choice question. Meltzoff's Watson's Freud's Skinner's

Meltzoff's

Creativity is a complex thinking activity. Which statement below represents most accurately the view of neuroscientists on creativity and lateralization? Most neuroscientists believe that creativity is a "left-brained" activity. Most neuroscientists believe that all cognitive abilities are lateralized. Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized. Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is primarily a "right-brained" activity.

Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized.

What are the purposes of reflexes? Multiple select question. They help the infant exercise. They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day. They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.

They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.

A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe? Multiple choice question. conservation organization equilibration accommodation

accommodation

A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe? Multiple choice question. organization equilibration conservation accommodation

accommodation

A child sees a zebra for the first time. She says, "Horse!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe? Multiple choice question. organization accommodation equilibration assimilation

assimilation

A child sees a zebra for the first time. She says, "Horse!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe? Multiple choice question. organization assimilation accommodation equilibration

assimilation

The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting is referred to as the theory.

dynamic system

The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next is referred to by Piaget as Multiple choice question. object permanence. internalization. organization. equilibration.

equilibration.

Assimilation occurs when children use ______ schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Multiple choice question. new dependent independent existing

existing

Research has found that the MOST important visual stimuli in children's social environment are quite possibly Multiple choice question. faces. shapes. objects. colors.

faces.

True or false: Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. True false question.

false

True or false: Infants do not show interest in human faces until they reach 12 months of age. True false question.

false - Infants show an interest in human faces soon after birth.

Which of the following are outcomes of breast feeding for children? Multiple select question. fewer gastrointestinal infections less chance of becoming overweight or obese increased maturation of the immune system improved cognitive development

fewer gastrointestinal infections less chance of becoming overweight or obese increased maturation of the immune system

Any activity that requires finger dexterity would be referred to as a Multiple choice question. fine motor skill. gross motor skill. physical perception. reflexive action.

fine motor skill.

Which two of the following strategies do parents typically use with infants to direct joint attention? Multiple select question.

gaze following pointing

Memory without conscious recollection is known as Multiple choice question. internalization. explicit memory. implicit memory. infantile amnesia.

implicit memory.

Which of the following concepts refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? Multiple choice question. lateralization differentiation alternation lobe distinction

lateralization

At the beginning of the sensorimotor stage, ______ have little more than reflexes with which to work. Multiple choice question. toddlers preschoolers newborns fetuses

newborns

A baby learns how to use a spoon. He later learns how to use a fork and knife. He relates these behaviors together into a higher-order system. What Piagetian concept does this example describe? Multiple choice question. assimilation equilibration accommodation organization

organization

Ben has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents,"My trike doesn't have brakes!" Piaget would say that Ben has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ben done with his knowledge of bike riding? assimilated his knowledge of bike riding habituated to riding a bike equilibrated his knowledge of bike riding organized his knowledge of bike riding

organized his knowledge of bike riding

Ben has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents,"My trike doesn't have brakes!" Piaget would say that Ben has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ben done with his knowledge of bike riding? Multiple choice question. organized his knowledge of bike riding habituated to riding a bike assimilated his knowledge of bike riding Reason: This is incorrect because Ben actually accommodated because of the new information about brakes. equilibrated his knowledge of bike riding Reason: This is incorrect because Ben did not move to the next stage of cognitive development.

organized his knowledge of bike riding

The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is that ______ and action are coupled. Multiple choice question. perception sensation instinct

perception

n Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, which is called the. stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.

sensorimotor