PSYCH 376 Practice Test 3

Which of these best describes the location of Broca's area in the brain? Adjacent to the mouth and lip area of the motor cortex Adjacent to the primary auditory cortex Adjacent to the mouth and lip part of the somatosensory cortex Adjacent to the primary visual cortex

Adjacent to the mouth and lip area of the motor cortex

State whether aggression is associated with high or low brain levels of serotonin. Describe in about 2 sentences a research finding that indicates a role for serotonin in aggression.

Aggression is associated with low brain levels of serotonin. One research finding showed how male mice housed alone for 4 weeks became extremely aggressive and show decreased 5-HT turnover. This study indicates that low serotonin has a major role in aggressive behavior.

Which of these things was Alex the parrot able to do? Name objects Make requests Answer questions All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following behaviors is seen in monkeys with Kluver-Bucy syndrome? They avoid monkeys who are higher in the social hierarchy. They avoid being touched by humans. They approach objects they are normally afraid of. All of the above.

All of the above.

Long-term use of this type of drug has the potential to induce psychosis. Antidepressants Benzodiazepines Mood stabilizers Amphetamines

Amphetamines

Imagine you are a doctor treating a patient with an anxiety disorder. Due to its side effects and potentially dangerous interactions with other drugs, your patient does not want to take a benzodiazepine. Which type of drug would be the best alternative? A mood stabilizer A typical antipsychotic An SSRI A psychostimulant

An SSRI

Which of these types of drugs would be most likely to decrease aggression? A drug that blocks serotonin receptors A drug that blocks serotonin reuptake A drug that prevents serotonin release A drug that increases serotonin breakdown

A drug that blocks serotonin reuptake

In which lobes of the cerebral cortex are Broca's and Wernicke's areas located, respectively? Contrast the symptoms of Broca's aphasia with the symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia.

Brocas area is located in the in the frontal lobe and wernickes area is located in the temporal lobe. The symptoms of brocas aphasia are related to the inability to produce speech despite intact understanding. Wernickes aphasia symptoms include poor speech comprehension despite fluent production

Activation of the insula is associated with this emotion. Sadness Happiness Surprise Disgust

Disgust

A drug that blocks glutamate signaling in the brain would have antipsychotic effects. True False

False

A drug that enhances glutamate signaling in the brain would exacerbate psychosis in people with schizophrenia. True False

False

Formal training is required in order for humans to acquire speech. True False

False

If a person is left hemisphere dominant for language, there's a good chance that their left insula is smaller than their right insula. True False

False

Memory loss is a documented risk of using transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for depression True False

False

People with Broca's aphais can write very fluently. True False

False

People with at least one short allele of the serotonin transporter gene have been shown to have a larger amygdala than people with two long alleles. True False

False

People with schizophrenia have smaller lateral ventricles compared to healthy controls. True False

False

Researchers have been successful in training gorillas to use spoken language, whereas chimpanzees can only be trained to use sign language. True False

False

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway is imporant for voluntary movements. True False

False

There is zero overlap between the brain areas linked to pleasure/happiness and those linked to pain/sadness. True False

False

drug that stimulates serotonin receptors would increase aggression in rodents. True False

False

Benzodiazepines enhance signaling of this neurotransmitter in the brain. glutamate GABA serotonin norepinephrine

GABA

Which of these is NOT the name of an atypical antipsychotic drug? Latuda Risperdal Haloperidol Abilify

Haloperidol

Name one environmental factor that has been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.

Head injury during childhood

Name a brain area in which an anatomical asymmetry has been found (i.e., one side is larger than the other).

Insula

Briefly describe two behaviors/abilities (in 1-2 sentences each) displayed by the bonobo Kanzi which provide evidence of language skills. Please be as specific as possible. Write in complete sentences as opposed to just listing skills.

Kanzi the bonobo was able understand spoken language and was able to respond to unfamiliar spoken commands. He was also able request things he couldn't see and make original creative requests. These abilities that Kanzi exhibited are similar to those of a two and a half year old.

With regard to the HPA axis, which of the following has been seen in individuals with depression? Lower levels of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus Lower levels of cortisol in the blood Higher expression of ACTH receptors in the hypothalamus Higher levels of CRH in the pituitary gland

Lower levels of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus

Select two available treatments for depression and briefly explain how each one works.

Medication using SSRIs, SNRIs, or tricyclics can be an effective treatment as it inhibits the reuptake or serotonin and norepinephrine or both, depending on the medication. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is also an effective treatment for depression as the electrical currents pass between the two electrodes placed on the scalp which then stimulates the frontal lobe. This treatment has shown an 80% success rate

Which two classes of antidepressants block reuptake of norepinephrine? Tricyclics and MAO inhibitors MAO inhibitors and SNRIs SNRIs and tricylics Tricyclics and SSRIs

SNRIs and tricylics

The typical antipsychotic spiroperidol binds to its target receptors more potently than chlorprozamine, another typical antipsychotic. Given this information, which of the following can be concluded regarding their effectiveness in relieving schizophrenia symptoms? Chlorprozamine is more effective than spiroperidol. Spiroperidol is more effective than chlorprozamine. The two drugs are equally effective.

Spiroperidol is more effective than chlorprozamine.

You are conducting a comprehensive study on brain activity in individuals with anxiety disorders, using both functional imaging and neurochemical techniques. Which of the following are you most likely to find? Normal GABAergic and serotonergic signaling. Reduced amygdala activity in response to emotional stimuli. Less activity in the HPA axis. Stronger connections between the amygdala and other brain areas.

Stronger connections between the amygdala and other brain areas.

The FOXP2 gene is critical for normal human speech. What is the known difference between the human form of this gene and the corresponding form in the chimpanzee? Chimps do not possess this gene. The gene is only present in a small subset of chimps. There is a difference of 2 amino acids. There is a difference of 200,000 amino acids.

There is a difference of 2 amino acids.

Which of the following correctly describes benzodiazapines' mechanism of action in the brain? They bind to GABA receptors and make it easier for GABA to bind there. They bind to GABA receptors and prevent GABA from binding there. They increase the reuptake of GABA via GABA transporters. They prevent GABA from being loaded into synaptic vesicles.

They bind to GABA receptors and make it easier for GABA to bind there.

A split-brain patient who reaches for an object with their left hand will probably be unable to name that object based on touch alone. True False

True

According to research, left hemisphere brain damage causes aphasias in deaf individuals who communicate using sign language. True False

True

If the patient in the experiment above were asked to draw what she saw using her left hand, she would draw an apple. True False

True

Most of the schizophrenia "risk genes" are important for brain development processes. True False

True

Patient S.M. was able to draw an angry face. True False

True

Patient S.M. was able to experience the feeling of fear as a child True False

True

Patients who have undergone exposure therapy display a lasting decrease in cingulate cortex activity. True False

True

People with Wernicke's aphasia show fluent speech production. True False

True

Reading and writing are often impaired in people with Wernicke's aphasia. True False

True

The human version of the FOXP2 gene differs from the chimp version by 2 amino acids. True False

True

Patient S.M. has calcifications in her amygdala due to a condition called Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Crutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Urbach-Wiethe disease.

Urbach-Wiethe disease.

Which of these animals learned to communicate using sign language? Alex the parrot Kanzi the bonobo Wiki the chimp Washoe the chimp

Washoe the chimp

Which of the following antidepressants blocks the reuptake of serotonin? fluoxetine imipramine a and b neither

a and b

A split-brain patient that was briefly shown an apple in the left visual field and a banana in the right visual field would report seeing ____________. an apple a banana an apple and a banana nothing

a banana

A split-brain patient presented with the word "water" to the right visual field and "fall" to the left visual field would probably draw a glass of clear liquid and a person falling. a person drinking water. a waterfall. a swimming pool.

a glass of clear liquid and a person falling.

Which of these is NOT a monoamine neurotransmitter? dopamine norepinephrine serotonin acetylcholine

acetylcholine

Aggression in nonhuman animals can be elicited by electrical stimulation of which of the following brain areas? amygdala hypothalamus periaqueductal gray all of the above

all of the above

Anatomical asymmetries (i.e., size difference between right and left sides) have been observed in which of the following brain areas? insula Broca's area planum temporale all of the above

all of the above

In the KE family, all of the members with developmental dyspraxia had a mutation in the FOXP2 gene a smaller cerebellum a smaller Broca's area all of the above

all of the above

Kanzi the bonobo can use a lexigram board to make novel requests. name objects. describe things that are not present. all of the above

all of the above

Studies have revealed that bilingual people show increased activity in this brain area during language tasks. insula Broca's area prefrontal cortex all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following brain regions is considered part of the limbic system? hippocampus amygdala cingulate cortex all of the above

all of the above

According to the "push-pull" model of HPA axis regulation, which brain area stimulates the HPA axis? cingulate cortex amygdala hippocampus fornix

amygdala

Which of the following is seen in Broca's aphasia? anomia poor speech comprehension fluent speech production all of the above

anomia

Patient Y is a combat veteran who suffered a traumatic brain injury on his final deployment. Following the injury, Y is prone to emotional outbursts that he finds difficult to control. This suggests that the Y's injury has impaired the functioning of his anterior cingulate cortex posterior somatosensory cortex lateral parietal cortex ventral temporal cortex

anterior cingulate cortex

In studies comparing monolinguals to bilinguals, it has been shown that monolinguals show increased activity in the prefrontal cortex during language tasks. bilinguals show increased activity in the left caudate nucleus during language switching tasks. monolinguals are show better recovery of cognitive function after a stroke. bilinguals have greater asymmetry in language-related brain areas.

bilinguals show increased activity in the left caudate nucleus during language switching tasks.

Tardive dyskinesia can develop after long-term use of a typical antipsychotic due to blockade of dopamine receptors in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. blockade of dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway. stimulation of glutamate receptors in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. stimulation of glutamate receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway.

blockade of dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway.

The nasal spray esketamine, a new rapid antidepressant, works by blocking reuptake of serotonin blocking breakdown of GABA blocking NMDA-type glutamate receptors blocking release of histamines

blocking NMDA-type glutamate receptors

Atypical antipsychotic drugs relieve symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking a subtype of serotonin receptor. stimulating a subtype of acetylcholine receptor. blocking a subtype of norepinephrine receptor. stimulating a subtype of histamine receptor.

blocking a subtype of serotonin receptor.

Which of these environmental factors has been linked to an increased risk for developing schizophrenia? chronic use of antidepressants smoking childhood head injury poor diet in adolescence

childhood head injury

In the cued (auditory) fear conditioning paradigm, freezing is the conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus conditioned response unconditioned response

conditioned response

In the cued (auditory) fear conditioning paradigm, the tone is the conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus conditioned response unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus

Which of the brain structures below connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex? cerebellum inferior colliculus massa intermedia corpus callosum

corpus callosum

The first step of the HPA axis response to a stressor is release of adrenocorticotropic hormone cortisol insulin-stimulating hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone

corticotropin-releasing hormone

In the KE family that was studied over 3 generations, about half of them could not speak. These family members were diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech. developmental dyspraxia. Broca's aphasia. selective mutism.

developmental dyspraxia.

As compared to non-lesioned controls, a rat with a lesion to the amygdala will display increased freezing to a tone previously paired with a footshock. display decreased freezing to a tone previously paired with a footshock. display increased freezing to an environment previously paired with a footshock. display freezing levels equal to that of controls to both a tone and an environment previously paired with footshock.

display decreased freezing to a tone previously paired with a footshock.

Brain pathways that release this neurotransmitter are thought to be important for experiencing hedonia (pleasure). acetylcholine GABA dopamine histamine

dopamine

Schizophrenia is marked by reduced activity in the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex. frontal temporal parietal occipital

frontal

Rodents with lesions to this brain area will have trouble learning to freeze in an environment in which footshocks were previously administered. amygdala hypothalamus hippocampus cingulate cortex

hippocampus

This part of the brain is especially vulnerable to stress due to its high number of glucocorticoid receptors.

hippocampus

The "HPA" in HPA axis stands for hypothalamo-posterior-adrenal hippocampal-pituitary-amygdalar hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal hippocampal-posterior-amygdalar

hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal

This antidepressant drug works by blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. MAO inhibitor imipramine fluoxetine reserpine

imipramine

This hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to the effects of chronic stress because it activates the HPA axis. it receives direct input from the pituitary gland. it releases the highest amount of CRH. it expresses a high number of glucocorticoid receptors.

it expresses a high number of glucocorticoid receptors.

Which of the following abnormalities has been observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia? frontal lobe hyperactivity larger lateral ventricles larger than normal hippocampus all of the above

larger lateral ventricles

What is the name given to the division of function between the two hemispheres? asymmetry polarization lateralization dichotomy

lateralization

During the HPA axis response to a stressor, ACTH is released from the pituitary gland kidney hypothalamus hippocampus

pituitary gland

Which of these is seen in Wernicke's aphasia? anomia poor speech comprehension impaired speech production all of the above

poor speech comprehension

Which of these has NOT been identified as a "hedonic hot spot" in the brain? raphe nuclei prefrontal cortex nucleus accumbens ventral tegmental area

raphe nuclei

Along with the inability to recognize or draw fear, patient S.M. also has difficulty producing and understanding language. recalling factual information learned in childhood. recognizing anger in facial expressions. drawing a happy face.

recognizing anger in facial expressions.

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? hallucinations delusions social withdrawal a and b

social withdrawal

Which of these is something Kanzi the bonobo CANNOT do? make novel requests describe things that are not present name objects speak to his trainer on the phone

speak to his trainer on the phone

Transcranial magnetic stimulation relieves depression symptoms by causing seizures. inhibiting the amygdala. eliminating communication between the cerebral hemispheres. stimulating the prefrontal cortex.

stimulating the prefrontal cortex.

Having two short alleles of the serotonin transporter gene is linked to an increased risk for depression following prenatal exposure to alcohol stressful life events lack of exercise a viral infection

stressful life events

Wernicke's area is located in the ___________ lobe of the cerebral cortex. frontal parietal temporal occipital

temporal

Alex the parrot became competent in certain aspects of language through use of a lexigram board. the model-rival technique. American sign language. the songbird teaching technique.

the model-rival technique.

In cued (auditory) fear conditioning, the shock is the conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus conditioned response unconditioned response

unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is most likely to produce activation of the insula, according to fMRI research? viewing an image of rotting food hearing a story about a person scamming elderly people both of the above neither of the above

viewing an image of rotting food

In a more recent study, S.M. (and other patients like her) were able to experience fear when they were forced to give a speech in front of thousands of people. touch a giant tarantula. climb the top of a 100-foot ladder. wear a mask that emitted carbon dioxide

wear a mask that emitted carbon dioxide

Imagine you are hiking in the woods when you spot a large bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, you have the experience of feeling afraid once you notice your heart pounding, palms sweating, mouth going dry, etc. your heart starts pounding, palms start sweating, mouth goes dry, etc. after you experience the feeling of being afraid. your heart pounding, palms sweating, mouth going dry, etc., is totally independent of your experience of feeling afraid.

your heart starts pounding, palms start sweating, mouth goes dry, etc. after you experience the feeling of being afraid.