PSYCH 414 Exam #3 Prelecture Quiz Questions (specific for Exam #3)

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the back propagated error signal is zero

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty.

Syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences.

A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

three

"Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes.

three ("kitchen"; "table"; "-s"

According to the semantic network model, it should take the longest to verify which statement below. A. A pig is an animal B. A pig is a mammal. C. A pig is a pig. D. Pigs are pigs.

A. A pig is an animal

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? A. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. B. It proposes a slow learning process that eventually creates a network capable of handling a wide range of inputs. C. Connectionist networks respond to being damaged in ways similar to the response that occurs in actual cases of brain damage in humans. D. The connectionist system learns to generalize by recognizing that properties of one concept provide information about other, related concepts.

A. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. A. Cognition B. Conceptualization C. Priming D. Personality

A. Cognition

Consider the category of sandwich, which includes the following attributes: contains a protein source, is encased by bread, and contains vegetables. One hundred students were asked whether they considered a bacon, lettuce, tomato (BLT), a calzone, or a s'more a sandwich. Of the responses 100% said that a BLT is a sandwich, 50% said that a calzone is a sandwich, and 10% said that a s'more is a sandwich. Which of the following best describes how a BLT, calzone, and s'more fit in the category of sandwich.

BLT = typical example Calzone = borderline example S'more = atypical example

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks? A. Family resemblance B. Prototype formation C. Cognitive economy D. Distributed processing

C. Cognitive economy

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? A. Duck B. Raven C. Sparrow D. Hummingbird

C. Sparrow

An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype approach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect. TRUE or FALSE

False

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. People consider this to be a strong theory because it is powerful enough to explain just about any result. TRUE or FALSE

False

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

Which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking.

Lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context

exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed.

Priming occurs when the presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus.

Convergent thinking

has a correct answer.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

hierarchical structure.

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Divergent thinking is most closely associated with ____ problems.

ill-defined

You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed

in different parts of the brain.

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not immune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it

is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Recent research on language has modified our earlier understanding of Broca's aphasia such that it is now understood as a problem in

language production but not understanding.

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

multiple meanings of an ambiguous word.

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

natural

The term preinventive forms describes the _______

novel objects before a function was described.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.

source

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Experts _____ than novices.

take a more effective approach to a problem

The Tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach.

well-defined; information processing

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? A. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. B. Experts often group problems differently than novices, based on principles. C. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. D. Experts solve problems faster than novices.

A. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. A. connectionist B. hierarchical C. semantic network D. spreading activation

A. connectionist

According to the typicality effect A. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. B. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. C. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects. D. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another.

A. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The activity that represents a particular object is established in a connectionist network through a process of learning that involves

Adjusting the weights of inhibitory and excitatory connections between units.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? A. Hierarchical structure B. Communication C. Governed by rules D. all of these make human language unique

B. Communication

Which of the following represents a basic level item? A. Paul McCartney's bass guitar B. Guitar C. Rock guitar D. Musical instrument

B. Guitar

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? A. Network B. Prototype C. Typicality D. Exemplar

B. Prototype

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? A. The connectionist system learns to generalize by recognizing that properties of one concept provide information about other, related concepts. B. It proposes a slow learning process that eventually creates a network capable of handling a wide range of inputs. C. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. D. Connectionist networks respond to being damaged in ways similar to the response that occurs in actual cases of brain damage in humans.

C. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

What is another word for a set of objects that can be treated as equivalent in some way?

Category

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

Concept

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? A. It proposes a slow learning process that eventually creates a network capable of handling a wide range of inputs. B. Connectionist networks respond to being damaged in ways similar to the response that occurs in actual cases of brain damage in humans. C. The connectionist system learns to generalize by recognizing that properties of one concept provide information about other, related concepts. D. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

D. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? A. Governed by rules B. all of these make human language unique C. Hierarchical structure D. Communication

D. Communication

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? A. Raven B. Hummingbird C. Duck D. Sparrow

D. Sparrow

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? A. Vehicle B. Pickup truck C. Transportation D. Truck

D. Truck

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT A. the context produced by the sentence. B. the portion of the word that was presented. C. the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme. D. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

D. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization. A. family resemblance B. exemplar C. prototype D. definitional

D. definitional

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mechanisms. DIFFERENT or THE SAME

Different

What is the difference between a concept and a category?

One is a mental representation another is an organizing definition.

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property?

Rules

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.

Russian marriage

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room.As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus

SKY

The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

The distance that must be traveled through the network.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a letter string is a word

______ is an average representation of a category.

a prototype

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _____ for the problems.

a single correct answer

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. The shoe problem is similar to the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving.

analogies

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research.

in vivo problem-solving

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference

The conditions at the beginning of the problem represent the

initial state.

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.

intermediate

It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define ____ for an insight problem.

intermediate states

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

match box can be used as a shelf.

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different

surface features.

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming.

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence.