Psych 5023

Which actions are considered safeguards for preventing fraud?

1) Possible suspension 2) Replication 3) Peer review

Which statements are consistent with the APA guidelines?

1) Requires that psychologists inform potential participants of their right to refuse to participate in research and their right to withdraw from the research at any time 2) Permits psychologists to offer reasonable inducements, including money, for research participation 3) Requires researchers to take reasonable steps to minimize harm, should it occur 4) Allows researchers to dispense with informed consent under certain specific circumstances

Which of the following are accurate statements about the publication process that Dr. Hernandez might share with her students? Check all that apply.

1) The process of peer review involves carefully scrutinizing every aspect of research from justification to data analysis. 2) Reference citations must be included if someone else's work has merely influenced your own. 3) Researchers may commit fraud because of the pressures to "publish or perish."

Which of the following statements are consistent with the APA guidelines with regard to nonhuman subjects? Check all that apply.

1) must proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain, when an animal's life must be terminated. 2) Researchers using animals in research are subject to oversight by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method?

A circular process that leads to a tentative answer

The best strategy for finding a research idea is to begin with which of the following?

A general topic area

In the context of science, a statement that describes or explains a relationship between or among variables is called:

A hypothesis

Shawnda is studying the psychological stress related to weather extremes by measuring salivary cortisol levels to assess the amount of stress in her participants. Salivary cortisol is best described as ____ measure of weather-related stress.

A physiological

Shawnda is studying the psychological stress related to weather extremes. She has created a survey asking her research participants to rate their own stress levels at specific times of the day. This is best described as ____ measure of weather-related stress.

A self-report

The guidelines for nonhuman subjects in research are similar to the guidelines for human participants but also include extra provisions concerning what additional topic(s)?

All of the above: Housing Medical care Daily maintenance

Which of the following is a distinction between science and pseudoscience?

All of the above: Pseudoscience tends to dismiss or refuse to accept negative results. Pseudoscience tends to rely on testimonials and selected results. Pseudoscience tends to treat criticism as a personal attack.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using an operational definition?

All of the above: The operational definition may not be an accurate reflection of the construct. The operational definition may leave out important components of the construct. The operational definition may include extra components that are not part of the construct.

Which of the following is a responsibility of the IRB?

All of the above: They decide whether the process for selecting participants is fair and equitable. They decide whether it is necessary to have a signed informed consent form for each participant. They decide whether the privacy and confidentially of participants is protected.

In the context of a research study, how does error differ from fraud?

An error is an honest mistake.

Which of the following is a procedure for measuring a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly?

An operational definition

Research that is intended to answer practical questions is called ____ research.

Applied

Virginia, a graduate student in psychology, is an accomplished dog trainer. She is fascinated by how service dogs can help people with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders and conducts research on the characteristics of successful service dog-handler teams. Which of the following best describes this research?

Applied

Deeply religious individuals may defer to their religious leaders for all types of decisions, including those that seem unrelated to religion. This method of acquiring knowledge, called the method of faith, is a variant of which method?

Authority

Russell is shopping for a new car, and when he walks into the showroom, he notices huge monitors playing endorsements by famous athletes. He recognizes that reliance on the method of ____ is a common advertising ploy.

Authority

Sara relies on news from a network known to have an extremely liberal slant, and Constance relies on news from a network known to have an extremely conservative slant. No matter what has occurred, it seems as though their takes are diametrically opposed and completely irreconcilable. Both Sara and Constance are relying on the method of:

Authority

Steven is fascinated by the interactions among various neurotransmitter systems and wants to learn more about them at the cellular level. This research is best described as:

Basic

Which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud?

Careful review by the IRB

Joel volunteers with a food bank and has noticed that some individuals become more comfortable with repeat visits, while others seem to become increasingly uncomfortable and anxious on repeat visits. He comes to realize that those who become more comfortable with the process are often employed but have low pay, while those who become increasingly uncomfortable are often unemployed and have been unable to find new jobs. This illustrates finding a research idea through:

Casual observation

Eric studies stress among family members who care for individuals with dementia. He has recently undertaken a study examining the impact of unemployment on caregivers. He recognizes that their stress levels are likely to increase and worries that many of the participants in his research already had such high levels of stress that he will simply be unable to detect increases associated with unemployment. What is Eric concerned about?

Ceiling effects

Research ethics involves:

Coming to a consensus regarding appropriate conduct in research

What is one solution to the dilemma of clinical equipoise?

Compare treatments when there is uncertainty about which treatment is best.

Sherree studies altruism and uses a measure of altruism that has been shown to relate to altruistic behavior consistent with expectations. Sherree's measure of altruism can be said to have good ____ validity.

Construct

Finding an unanswered research question is often the result of:

Critical reading

Michele is very interested in how families change when a child is diagnosed with cancer, and she decides to learn more about the topic through research. Your text would describe this as picking a research topic based on:

Curiosity

Nina is about to start chemotherapy for cancer. She is aware that chemotherapy can cause vomiting and diarrhea, and therefore reasons that she, too, will experience vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following best describes Nina's reasoning?

Deduction

In what section of a journal article would you find alternative explanations for the research findings?

Discussion

A drawback of the method of tenacity is that it:

Does not allow for the correction of erroneous ideas

A ____ research study occurs when neither the researcher nor the participants know the predicted outcome.

Double-blind

Jules is conducting a literature review on academic achievement among children who are homeless. Her best choice for a literature review would be:

ERIC

Marta is looking for information about early childhood education programs.

ERIC

Jared relies on looking out the window to decide what the day's weather will be like. Jared is relying on which method?

Empiricism

Which method of acquiring knowledge can be time consuming and sometimes even dangerous?

Empiricism

In a recent debate about a sometimes controversial scientific theory, Debater A was able to list observations that would cause her to modify the theory Debater B supported, while Debater B said nothing would cause him to change his views. This suggests that Debater B is:

Engaging in pseudoscience

The function of a construct is best illustrated by the sequence:

External stimulus --> construct --> external behavior

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's requirements for the use of nonhumans in research can be found in the:

Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

The American Psychological Association (APA) continually reviews and revises the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010) to provide guidance on standards of professional conduct.

Guidelines

Identify the external behavior in the following scenario: Teaching elderly individuals to use memory strategies alters their information processing and improves performance on memory tests.

Improving performance on memory tests

Tim watches a well-known "reality" competition for fashion designers and, based on his observations of the contestants, concludes that fashion designers are prone to artificially coloring their hair and wearing long, flowing tops. Tim is engaging in:

Induction

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a general hypothesis?

Inductive reasoning

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand, then what ethical guideline is being violated?

Informed consent

In a study involving deception, which APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct principle is most compromised?

Informed consent

According to the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010), what characterizes informed consent?

Informed consent should be obtained using reasonably understood language.

Institutions that conduct research with animals have an animal-use review board called an:

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Holly is developing an assessment of disordered eating. Part of Holly's assessment of disordered eating involves having trained individuals observe and score the behavior of individuals who may have disordered eating. Holly trains two individuals and has them both observe and score the same videos of individuals selecting and consuming food. Holly is assessing ____ reliability.

Inter-rater

What section of a journal article should contain an up-to-date research review?

Introduction

Jan decides to play the lottery because she just feels like it is her day to win. She picks the numbers based on those that feel right. Jan is relying on which of the following for her decisions?

Intuition

What is typically included in the introduction section of a research article?

It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research

Chantelle is studying how teenage mothers interact with their toddlers. She pays them $250 to allow her to tape their interactions for two hours. Why is this approach problematic?

It might put undue pressure on the mothers to participate.

What is typically included in the method section of a research article?

It provides the details of the methodology used in the study.

Frank wants to learn more about the biology of Alzheimer's disease. His best choice for a literature review would be:

MEDLINE

Janelle wants to learn about the use of whole brain irradiation for the treatment of childhood brain cancers.

MEDLINE with full text

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between validity and reliability?

Measurement cannot be valid unless it is reliable

What section of a journal article describes the research participants?

Method

Where, in a research paper, are you most likely to find a description of the operational definition used by the investigators?

Method

Which method of knowing is used when you find the address and phone number of a restaurant by googling the name of the restaurant?

Method of authority

A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?

Method of empiricism

Identify the construct in the following scenario: In a study of adolescents with schizophrenia, providing modest rewards was found to increase motivation and improve personal hygiene.

Motivation

Lauren is not happy about the requirement that introductory psychology students participate in research, so when she does participate, she tries to figure out what the researcher hopes to demonstrate and sets out to do the exact opposite. What "role" is Lauren playing?

Negativistic subject

The categories of which scale represent qualitative, not quantitative differences?

Nominal

Peter's job is to watch videos of children interacting with other children and estimate the physical distances between the children. If Peter is simply not good at estimating distances, ____ error will be introduced.

Observer

An elementary school teacher separates students into high, medium, and low reading skill groups. What scale of measurement is being used to create the groups?

Ordinal

Measurements on which scale allow a researcher to make a determination of whether two individuals differ and the direction of the difference but do not allow a determination of the magnitude of the difference?

Ordinal

What impact did the Milgram study have on participants?

Participants left the study feeling ashamed and embarrassed.

In logical reasoning, ____ statements describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true.

Premise

When considering the sources in your literature review, you should remember that:

Primary sources may include sections that are secondary sources

The primary distinction between quantitative and qualitative research is that quantitative research typically:

Produces numerical scores

Ethics is the study of

Proper action

The National Research Act mandates that:

Protection of human participants is upheld

Roland has already identified articles about adolescent marijuana use and is now interested in reading them.

PsycARTICLES

Karla is conducting a literature review on children's moral development. She has progressed to the point where she wants to read the journal articles, not simply the abstracts. Her best choice would be:

PsycARTICLES®

Jimmy has just started a literature review on cross-cultural differences in child-rearing practices. He simply wants to be able to identify articles of interest via the title and abstract.

PsycINFO

In psychology, what is the definitive source for abstracts?

PsycINFO®

Which ethical guideline regarding animal research is upheld in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010)?

Psychologists must perform animal surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia.

After measuring a set of individuals, a researcher finds that Bob's score is three times greater than Jane's score. What scale of measurement is being used?

Ratio

What type of scale has a meaningful zero point representing a complete absence of the variable being measured?

Ratio

Last year Tim and his friend Jack were both too short to ride the roller coaster. Jack went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Tim knows that he is taller than Jack, so he knows that he will be able to ride the roller coaster as well. Which method of knowing is Tim using?

Rational method

Angela likes to try to reason things out and often creates lists of pros and cons to aid her in making decisions. Angela is using the method of:

Rationalism

What is one of the seven basic Institutional Review Board (IRB) criteria for studies involving human subjects?

Reasonable Risk in Relation to Benefits

A ____ hypothesis is one that can be demonstrated to be false.

Refutable

Identify the external stimulus in the following scenario: In an evaluation of methods for improving studying, providing reminder text messages was found to increase awareness of study methods and increase studying time.

Reminder text messages

Peggy is fascinated by the patterns between diet and behavior in children. She is surprised to learn that, when several researchers tried to repeat a small study of the impact of a gluten- and casein-free diet on the behavior of children with autism, they found the diet failed to produce statistically significant behavioral changes. This process of repeating experiments is known as:

Replication

What three basic principles regarding the protection of human subjects are identified in the Belmont Report?

Respect, beneficence, and justice

What is meant by saying that "science is objective"?

Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs.

Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity:Select a topic and review the literature.

Step:Find an idea

Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity:Come up with a tentative answer.

Step:Form a hypothesis

Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity:Identify methods and procedures.

Step:select a design

Identify what is involved in the steps of the scientific method. Activity:Decide on the general approach.

Step:select a stradegy

Holly is developing an assessment of disordered eating. She asks the same group of individuals to complete her instrument on two separate occasions. Holly is assessing ____ reliability.

Test-retest

What is the primary cause of research fraud in academia?

The competitive nature of an academic career

Which method of knowing is being used by a student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat?

The method of tenacity

Which research proposal would most likely be classified as a Category I proposal by the IRB?

The motivation for criminal behavior using anonymous mail surveys

Why did the Milgram obedience study bring the questionable treatment of human participants to the forefront?

The participants experienced shame and embarrassment for having behaved inhumanely toward others.

What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?

The size of the differences

Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a primary source?

There is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information.

Which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis?

There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.

Which of the following is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant to your research question?

Title

What is one major reason why researchers use nonhumans as subjects?

To conduct research that is impossible to conduct using human participants

What is the primary purpose of the peer review process?

To evaluate the quality and contributions of a research study

What is the goal of an operational definition?

To provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct

Which research assistant is engaging in active deception?

Trey, who tells study participants the experiment focuses on eye functioning, when in fact it is on sexual attraction

When the scientific method is being used, which of the following describes the characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals?

Variables

Is a person's perception of the "saltiness of food" an abstract variable?

Yes

According to your text, the key to finding a good research idea is to find a topic that:

You want to learn more about

After watching several social media debates quickly devolve into name calling, Hayden develops ________ using __________ , or reasoning from his small number of observations to a larger generalization. On the other hand, Lindsay, who has observed the same debates, reasons from a general proposition about methods of persuasion to try to understand the interactions, using _________.

a hypothesis, induction, deduction

Which of the following is a brief summary of a psychology article?

abstract

How would research studies that are intended to answer practical problems be classified?

applied research

Gary is participating in a study of teen fathers and, while originally enthusiastic, he is becoming increasingly concerned that what he does in the research setting will somehow be used to judge his fitness as a father.

apprehensive

Scotty has no patience with social media debates about what is or is not happening in politics. He trusts one particular network, and if he hears it on that network, he knows it is true. Otherwise, it cannot be true.

authority

A researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children's problem-solving strategies found in a journal article and develops a research study to determine whether the article's ideas are correct. How would this study be classified?

basic research

Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his or her seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement?

behavioral

Summarizes the principles set forth by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

belmont report

Which principle of the Belmont Report corresponds to the guideline of "No Harm"?

beneficence

You may learn more about your food intake.

benefits

Karey is stuck waiting in an airport after his flight has been delayed because the crew has not yet arrived. He notices that some of his fellow travelers are angry, while others seem to just settle in peacefully for the wait. He wonders what causes these different reactions.

casual observation

While shopping, you observe the behavior of adolescents at the mall and get some ideas about what may be causing the behavior. This is an example of getting research ideas from

casual observation

Demonstration that the score on the new measure of a construct is related to the score on an established measure of the same construct

concurrent

Sonya is developing a new measure of social anxiety and demonstrates its validity by showing its relationship to a well-established measure of social anxiety. Sonya is assessing _____ validity.

concurrent

A hypothetical attribute or mechanism that helps explain and predict behavior is a:

construct

Measurements of a variable behave the same way as the variable itself

construct

What term is used for a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?

construct

You will be paid $15 in cash.

costs and economic consideration

How _____ are analyzed

data

Adopted by the World Medical Association

declaration of Heisinki

You will be asked to complete a questionnaire about food. You will also be asked to keep a food diary for one week.

description of procedures

Applications

discussion

Justified conclusions

discussion

Demonstration that there is little or no relationship between the measurements of two different constructs

divergent

The simplest and least scientific type of validity is ____ validity.

face

The superficial appearance of a measure

face

Which type of validity refers to whether the measurement looks as though it actually measures what it is intended to measure?

face

Bill has just been diagnosed with dementia and, while the disease is in the early stages, he consents to being part of a longitudinal study of persons with dementia. He believes that if he can help science by being in the research, at least something good will come from his having the disease.

faithful

A hypothesis is a __________ statement and a prediction is a __________ statement.

general; specific

Julie is participating in a study of moral reasoning. She believes she has figured out what the hypothesis is and tries to respond in ways that will support that hypothesis.

good

_____ studies are carried out

how

The first step in the research process is

identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find a research question.

Measured by computing the correlation between the scores from the two observers or by computing a percentage of agreement between the two observers

inter-rater

The categories are arranged sequentially and are of the same size; the zero is arbitrary.

interval

Hypothesis

introduction

Literature review

introduction

Specific Predictions

introduction

Caitlyn is faced with the choice of which of two apartments she should rent. Both have similar costs, locations, size, and amenities, so she finally decides to rent the one that just feels right to her.

intuition

What _____ techniques may be used with which research subjects

measurement

What kind of research was the focus for most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?

medical research with humans

Participants

method

Procedure

method

Incorporated deception in instructing participants to use electric shocks to punish other individuals when they made errors during a learning task

milgram

Albert really resents having to participate in research as a part of the course requirements for an introductory psychology course. Accordingly, when he believes he has figured out what the hypothesis is, he deliberately tries to behave in a contrary way.

negativistic

The categories represent qualitative but not quantitative differences.

nominal

Developed in response to Nazi atrocities

nuremburg code

The categories have different names and are arranged sequentially.

ordinal

Annabel reads an article in a magazine about how a physical makeover can change the psychological outlook of those receiving the makeover. She wonders how often this happens and whether the psychological effects persist.

others' observations

The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between beliefs about food and dietary patterns.

overview

Don sometimes wonders why he keeps doing research with adolescents because it often seems as though they pay very little attention when completing the rating scales involved in his work. Don is concerned that their inattention will introduce ____ error.

participant

Indicate where these researchers found their ideas.After losing her own father when she was 11, Bess has always wondered about how children and adolescents adjust to the knowledge that a parent is terminally ill and to the parent's death.

personal interest

Irwin works as an employment assistant at a sheltered workshop for adults with developmental disabilities. He notices that when his clients come back from vacation, they often have difficulty readjusting to the workplace. He wonders how he can ease the transition.

practical problems

A research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring self-esteem made eye contact during an interview, whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided eye contact. Assuming that more eye contact is associated with higher self-esteem, what kind of validity is being demonstrated?

predictive

A first-hand report in which the authors describe their own observations is a _____ source.

primary

A book describing an anthropologist's field research in a remote region of a Pacific island, written by the anthropologist

primary source

A journal article reporting on research conducted by the authors of the article

primary source

If you have any questions about this study, you may contact Professor Brown at [email protected] or 555-555-1212.

questions and further information

The categories are arranged sequentially and are of the same size; the zero is meaningful.

ratio

Jina likes to weigh things out before making decisions. She is prone to creating lists of pros and cons and making choices on the basis of reasoning things out.

rationalism

How results are _____

reported

What _____ may be used

research designs

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are called

research participants.

What _____ may be used

research strategies

Statistical analyses

results

While reading her abnormal psychology text, Nancy reads about research on the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia. The textbook is best described as a _____ source.

secondary

A chapter in a book that provides a literature review

secondary source

A meta-analysis published in a journal

secondary source

How subjects are _____

selected

Obtained by dividing the items on a questionnaire or test in half, computing a separate score for each half, and then calculating the degree of consistency between the two scores for a group of participants

split-half

Marta assures her friend Sara, who is 41 weeks pregnant and enduring a miserably hot, humid summer, with no sign of the baby being ready to be born, that everyone knows eating a salad made with spinach, blackberries, and walnuts will stimulate labor.

tenacity

Upon hearing that one of her favorite actors has died, Natasha worries out loud about who the other two deaths will involve, as she is certain that deaths come in threes. Natasha's assertion that deaths come in threes is based on which of the following?

tenacity

The estimate obtained by comparing the scores obtained from two successive measurements

test-retest

According to your text, a ____ hypothesis is one for which all of the variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observed.

testable

A ____ is a set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a behavior.

theory

Involved the deliberate withholding of the cure for syphilis, even when a cure became available

tuskegee

You may withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty.

voluntary participation