Psych 6c

neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

embodied cognition.

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

perceptual adaptation.

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

There is no scientific support for extrasensory perception. With respect to the distinction between sensation and perception, that means that:

sensation is necessary for perception.

precognition

perceiving future events

clairvoyance

perceiving remote events, such as sensing that a friend's house is on fire

In an amusement park ride, the cars spin rapidly while accelerating along a track. A person's head movements during this ride are detected by hair cells in the:

semicircular canals.

endorphins.

"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

glutamate.

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

acetylcholine.

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

basilar membrane

A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.

Physical warmth may promote social warmth. In a café, for example, one may perceive another customer as friendlier when one is holding a steaming mug of coffee than when one is holding a chilled can of soda. This example illustrates the concept of:

Embodied Cognition

Marla has a persistent itch on her arm. This is MOST likely caused by the stimulation of _____ receptors.

Pain

The function of the basilar membrane is MOST similar to that of the _____ in vision.

Retina

Which statement BEST explains why psychics are sometimes able to make accurate predictions?

They make many guesses

Morrie has had a cold for 5 days, and his nose is so stuffy that he cannot smell anything. When he sips his coffee, he finds that it is tasteless. What is the MOST likely reason for this?

To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose.

olfactory epithelium

a thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell

Tania was running outside and she felt a sensation on her leg and stopped to look. She saw a large red bump that she deduced was caused by getting stung by an insect. This deduction seemed only to increase her anxiety and pain. The influence of the sting itself on Tania's pain is a _____ influence. The influence of her deduction is a _____ influence.

bottom-up; top-down

Which sequence correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?

cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells

inner ear

contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

synesthesia.

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")

Max is a catcher for a professional baseball team. Last week he injured his groin while playing, but finished out the game. It is MOST likely that Max:

did not feel any pain until after the game.

Lonnie is waiting for Brandon to arrive at a café for an afternoon coffee date. They have not been out together one-on-one yet; this is a prelude to a real first date in the evening and with dinner. Lonnie has made sure to order Brandon hot rather than iced coffee, and he's seated at a booth rather than a rickety chair or stool. These choices MOST likely reflect Brandon's knowledge of:

embodied cognition.

Several days ago, Ravi fell and hurt his ankle. Although it bothered him a little, he continued to walk on it. When he finally went to the doctor for X-rays, he found out he has a broken bone. It is likely that Ravi carries a gene that boosts the availability of:

endorphins

middle ear

hammer, anvil, stirrup

As Ted walks through a park, he hears the sound of a dog barking and is able to recognize the direction of the sound and if the dog is nearby. Ted is able to do this because:

he has two ears and the sound will first travel to the ear nearest to the sound.

dopamine.

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.

interaction

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that make up the _____ ear.

middle

telepathy:

mind to mind communication

outer ear

pinna and auditory canal

Dissociation theory

proposes that hypnosis is a special dual-processing state of dissociation—a split between different levels of consciousness.

auditory canal.

the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum

sensory interaction.

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

The dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences:

the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

social influence theory

theory that powerful social influences can produce a state of hypnosis

semicircular canals.

three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance

Our ability to localize the source of a sound is aided by the difference between the two ears in the _____ of the incoming sound wave

time and intensity, but not the frequency