Psych 7A Midterm 2 (Ch. 6-11)
Your roommate wakes up and reports that she was dreaming about a large insect chasing her around your dorm room. She was likely in _______ sleep
rapid eye movement (REM)
Carlyle Smith studied the sleep of students who were on summer vacation and those who had just studied for exams. He reported a large increase in ______________ in those who had just studied for exams.
rapid eye movements
A _______ is the region of space where stimuli affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system.
receptive field.
Categorization is the process of
recognizing the similarities and differences between concepts..
Chunking information facilitates encoding because it
reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded.
When a culturally unbiased intelligence test is being constructed, it should
refer to culturally specific objects from a wide variety of cultures.
The simplest way to maintain information in short-term memory is to repeat the information in a process called
rehearsal..
Behaviorists were particularly skeptical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could take place even in the absence of
reinforcement.
Research on the framing effect shows that when people have to choose between an option framed in terms of a gain and an option framed in terms of a loss, most people
remain indecisive..
Jill Bolte Taylor reported that her work with NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness) grew out of her concerns for her brother, who suffered from ___________.
schizophrenia
High IQ scores have been shown to predict _______, but not _______.
school performance; happiness.
Thanks to _______, we can distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes.
specialized taste receptors
Psychologists use the term "sensory modality" to refer to a
specific sense, such as vision or olfaction.
In rare cases of severe epilepsy, people can undergo _______ surgery, which severs the _______, the large band of neural fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
split brain; corpus callosum
Your friend insists that cigarette smoking calms his nerves, but you are skeptical because in reality, nicotine is a(n)
stimulant
Ever since Ryan was bitten by a gray cat, he cries when he sees any gray cat. One day, he sees a gray squirrel scamper across his front yard and he begins crying. Ryan's behavior illustrates
stimulus generalization
Luther is deathly afraid of spiders. Yesterday he saw a scorpion and became very fearful. This is probably due to
stimulus generalization..
A _______ is a physical event that a sensory receptor cell might detect, whereas a _______ is the final interpretation of that physical event.
stimulus; response
The surgery performed on HM was done to __________________.
stop his epileptic seizures
Almost every time Angelo tries to shoot baskets, he misses the hoop; sometimes his shots miss the backboard entirely. Based on the law of effect, it is likely that Angelo will
stop playing basketball..
Long-term potentiation is the term neuroscientists use to describe long-lasting enhancement of
strengthening of synaptic transmission.
Long-term potentiation is the term neuroscientists use to describe long-lasting
strengthening of synaptic transmission..
A reinforcer is a consequence that _______ a behavior.
strengthens
Psychologists have clinically defined drug addiction as substance use disorder, which is essentially the
strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse
The key aspect of the hard problem of consciousness is the _______ of each individual's conscious experience.
subjectivity
The Flynn effect refers to the
substantial increase in average scores on IQ tests that has taken place since the first IQ tests were developed..
Circadian rhythms are regulated by the _______ of the hypothalamus.
suprachiasmatic nucleus.
The retina is the
surface at the back of the eye where the image is focused
Linguists like Noam Chomsky distinguish between the specific words that are put together in a sentence, called the _______, and the meaning underlying those words, called the _______.
surface structure; deep structure
Biting into a lemon is likely to stimulate taste receptor cells for _______ and _______.
sweet; sour
Professor Ramachandran asks the audience to do the "kiki"/"bouba" task. They almost all agree on which Martian alphabet letter is kiki and which is bouba. He is showing the audience the experience of ____________________.
synesthesia
In the popular cartoon Where's Waldo, viewers search for a character in a red-and-white striped shirt and hat. This character, Waldo, is hidden among numerous people and objects, many of which are also colored red and white, making Waldo very difficult to locate. In this cartoon, the red-and-white-stripe theme is the
target
The collections of 50-150 cells on the surface of the tongue, back of the mouth, and roof of the mouth are called
taste buds
Chemicals in the mouth encounter the surface of taste receptor cells at
taste pores
Our two chemosensory systems are the _______ system and the _______ system.
taste; olfactory
The stage of language development that a child passes through after the one-word stage is the _______________ stage when utterances are typically two to three words.
telegraphic
The optic disc is the part of the retina
that has no photoreceptors.
Memory, as a general construct, is best defined as
the ability to store and retrieve learned information.
In psychology, the word "noise" is defined as
the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus.
The first widely used intelligence tests for adults were developed by American psychologists to determine
which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I.
Behaviorists were especially critical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could occur
without reinforcement..
The cocktail party effect describes a phenomenon in which
you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place.
Suppose you have a phobia of flying. How might classical conditioning be used to help you overcome your phobia?
you should associate flying with something pleasurable in order to reduce your fear
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreaming, the content of dreams results from
your brain attempting to make meaning out of random bursts of neural activity.
You do not act out your vivid dreams because
your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move
Size constancy refers to
your perception that an object remains the same size, even as you get closer or farther away..
Reinforcement can be distinguished from punishment in that reinforcement _______ a target behavior, whereas punishment _______ a target behavior.
. increases; decreases.
According to the figure, what is the IQ score of an individual in the 50th percentile? A) 50 B) 85 C) 100 D) 115
100
You accidently ingest a tranquilizer, mistaking it for an over-the-counter painkiller. Which of the following can you expect to experience?
Feelings of relaxation and fatigue.
Depressant drugs typically act on the _______ neurotransmitter system
GABA
Which of the following is an example of a person who is in the cognitive stage of skill acquisition?
George is just beginning to learn how to play the guitar and has to concentrate hard to avoid hitting the wrong notes.
Which statement describes information likely stored in episodic memory?
George recalls the first time he saw his girlfriend.
You attend a lecture in which the speaker explains how vision organizes images. This is most likely a lecture about
Gestalt psychology..
Which situation involves the concept of priming?
Grace read an article about her favorite actor, and later, when choosing a movie, she unknowingly chose to watch a movie with that actor
Two groups of subjects are asked to work their way through a maze. Group 1 is allowed to view the maze from 15 feet above before beginning; Group 2 is given a practice run through the maze before beginning. Predict the performance of the groups.
Group 1 will be less capable of working their way through the maze as Group 2.
Which statement correctly differentiates between habituation and sensitization?
Habituation is a decreased response to a stimulus, whereas sensitization is an increased response to a stimulus.
What caused Clive Wearing's memory loss?
He contracted an encephalitis virus that damaged his brain.
Which of the following is an example of a person in the autonomous phase of skill acquisition?
James's basketball play is so fluid that he looks as if he were born to play.
Which situation describes the use of episodic memory?
Jim remembered the excitement of the birthday party his friends had planned for him..
_______ are the basic speech sounds that make up language, while _______ are the basic units of meaning in a language.
Phonemes; morphemes
A(n) _______ is a specific set of steps that will always solve a particular problem, whereas _______ are easy-to-follow rules that often solve a problem.
algorithm; heuristics
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as
an unconditioned stimulus..
Morphine is a powerful _______ because it acts on neurons in the brainstem, enabling them to block pain signals coming from the body.
analgesic.
For someone to emulate modeled behavior, the person must
be motivated to reproduce the behavior..
The main difference between binocular and monocular depth cues is that
binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.
Jevons was interested in how many things we can visually take in at one time. He studied this by throwing handfuls of ____________ onto a white surface.
black beans
Imagine you are volunteering for the first time in a residential hospital for brain injury rehabilitation. You meet a patient named Ben who can say "hello" and "thank you" but little else. It is likely that Ben has sustained damage to
broca's area
Hypnosis can be effective in reducing pain, if the hypnotist trains the patient to
disconnect from the unpleasant emotions attached to the pain.
Semantic memories differ from episodic memories in that semantic memories
do not include details about how information was learned..
Sixteen-year-old Barron has an IQ of 123. It is likely that he will
do well in college
Two of the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability are _______ syndrome and _______ syndrome.
down; fragile X
After conditioning Little Albert to fear white rats, Watson expected his fear to ___________________ rabbits.
generalize to
The ability of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences is called _______ capacity
generative
We should be skeptical of the idea that the racial gap in IQ is due to
genetic influences.
Research on memory consolidation and interference suggests that if you are studying for an exam, you should
get a good night's sleep to facilitate consolidation.
Knowing that a trait is heritable
gives us information about specific populations..
When your sudden understanding of a tough problem leads to a solution, without your having to result to trial and error, you have most likely experienced
insight.
For punishment to be effective,
it should be combined with plenty of positive reinforcement to teach the desired behavior.
The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is called
linguistic relativism.
The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is known as
linguistic relativism..
Scientists who study language are called
linguists
A _______ is a primary reinforcer, whereas a _______ is a secondary reinforcer
lollipop; diploma
A reluctance to take a risk that might lead to a loss of money is an example of
loss aversion
Slow-wave sleep is so named because an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a person's brain in that stage of sleep will show
low-frequency, high-amplitude cycles of activity..
One of the controls in place in Skinner's work with pigeons was _______________.
maintaining the pigeons' body weights well below normal
The reason that Pinker uses made up words such as toma or chan is to ___________.
make sure the child is applying a rule and not just repeating what they have heard
Due to a lack of thiamine, people with Korsakoff's syndrome develop cell loss in the
mammillary bodies.
Freud's interpretation of dreams included the idea of _______ content, the features of the dream that are obvious to the dreamer.
manifest
The main function of nociceptors is to sense
pain..
In terms of prototypes and concepts, an apple is to fruit as a _______ is to _______.
pancake; breakfast food.
Learned behavior is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by _______ reinforcement.
partial
To learn anything through observation, the learner must
pay attention to the model.
Stimulant drugs generally
quicken metabolic and neural activity..
"Eureka moments" are most closely associated with
insight
You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated
insight
Meissner's corpuscles respond to
touch
Sleep apnea involves difficulty with _______ during sleep.
Breathing
Which of the following bits of information would be the easiest to chunk, and thus encode?
XYZZYX.
Which of the following utterances is most characteristic of a patient with Wernicke's aphasia?
"The dear football is dead but not dead that I'm happy that I'm not dead.".
Why is it important for intelligence tests to be standardized?
-
Which of the following pairs of sentences have the same deep structure?
"Her birthday is in two weeks" and "In two weeks, it will be her birthday."
Which of the following would be the most likely response from a Wernicke's aphasia patient who is asked if he or she is having a good day?
"The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing."
Researchers have found that people's IQ scores start to decline after the age of
45..
Using the original calculation of IQ scores, a 12-year-old girl with an IQ of 50 has a mental age of _______ years.
6.
By convention, children with IQ scores below _______ are considered intellectually disabled.
70
Chang is an 8-year-old boy who can do all the tasks a typical 10-year-old can do. His chronological age is
8
When we examine the standard distribution of IQ scores, we see that about _______ percent of the population will achieve an IQ score _______. A) 20; below 70 B) 20; above 150 C) 75; above 130 D) 95; between 70 and 130
95; between 70 and 130
Imagine that you and a friend are riding in a car singing along to loud music. Which of the following external sounds is most likely to be considered "noise" and ignored?
A noisy motorcycle passes you from the opposite direction
Which statement best describes what today's IQ scores represent
A person's performance on intelligence tests relative to a comparison group of people
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
A piece of blueberry pie
Which is an example of positive punishment?
A student is caught texting in class and the professor reprimands him in front of his classmates.
What can you conclude about the map on the visual cortex?
A) Specific regions of visual space are organized as inputs to specific regions of the visual cortex. B) The brain is able to map physical locations well, but colors are not mapped to real space. C) Only features in the left visual field are constructed in the left visual cortex, but all other features are processed by other parts of the brain. D) The brain does not distinguish between the left and right visual fields
What does this figure demonstrate?
A) The right visual cortex receives information about what we see in the right half of the visual field. B) The left visual cortex receives information about what we see in the right half of the visual field. C) Objects on our right side are processed by the left eye only. D) Objects on our right side are processed by the right eye only.
Which of the following is the best example of insight?
After staring at a chessboard for several minutes, you realize the move you need to make to checkmate your opponent.
Which of the following examples best captures the concept of sleep debt?
After staying up for three days, you will sleep much longer than normal..
Which of the following situations best exemplifies the use of the availability heuristic?
Aiko tells her friend that a certain restaurant has poor service because she was once served the wrong order there.
Which of the following is one of Robert Sternberg's proposed components of intelligence?
Analytical intelligence, or "book smarts".
English language units like "-ing" and "-ed" are considered morphemes because they
Are used in sentences to meet certain rules of grammer
Why do modern-day IQ scores compare individuals of the same age group rather than using the original formula (mental age/chronological age × 100) to calculate IQ scores?
Assessing intelligence in terms of mental age versus chronological age does not work well for adults.
Which of the following is an example of babbling?
Ba-ba-ba-pa-pa.".
Which of the following best demonstrates observational learning?
Ben watched a skateboarder do a trick many times and now Ben can perform the trick, himself.
_______ cues to depth are dependent on information from both eyes.
Binocular.
A patient that you are visiting in the hospital experienced trauma to his left cerebral hemisphere and can barely say "Hello" and "Thank you." However, he can understand what you say to him. The patient's brain damage is most likely in
Broca's area..
In classical conditioning, the _______ and the _______ are usually the same.
CR;UR
Which of the following is the best example of hindsight bias?
Changing one's attitude about a person base on how others view that person.
A group of parents are discussing whether music videos featuring scantily clad women are encouraging teenagers to become sexually active. Which of the following processes is being considered by the parents as the reason that music videos influence sexual activity in teens?
Classical conditioning
Which of the following statements best captures the essence of experiments on free will, consciousness, and brain activity?
Conscious decisions are immediately preceded by activity in the motor cortex.
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, which of the following people would be the most likely to suffer from colorblindness?
Cornell, whose long-wavelength cones lack sensitivity
Which situation describes the phenomenon of retroactive interference?
Darnell keeps referring to his old VCR as a Blu-ray player..
Which pair of words is most closely related in terms of a semantic web?
Dog and cat.
Which pair of words would be most closely related in a semantic web?
Dog and dig
What is the next letter in the sequence O-T-T-F-F-S-S?
E
Some of the many things that can cause an eardrum to rupture are an ear infection, SCUBA diving, and poking the ear with a sharp object. Which of the following might a ruptured eardrum cause?
Environmental bacteria will be more likely to get into the middle ear..
Marc had a dream that he was swimming in the ocean, when he suddenly began sinking to the ocean floor. In the dream, he frantically tried to swim back to the surface but a mermaid was pulling him down. Which of the following could be a Freudian interpretation of Marc's dream?
He harbors unconscious anger toward his wife, who is constantly overspending
Jerome is shown pictures of five objects: a truck, a skyscraper, a cake, a lizard, and a pond. In which scenario is priming then utilized?
He is asked to describe something that people eat for dessert, and he describes a chocolate cake..
Michel Siffre showed that for most people, their natural circadian rhythm does not match the 24-hour day that we live by. He kept count of his days in the cave as determined by his own waking and sleeping. At the end of the scheduled six months, the people above ground told him it was time to emerge. What is most likely the experience he had then?
He was surprised that the time was up as he thought he had at least a week more to go.
Which of the following research questions is a psychophysicist likely to be most interested in asking?
How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?
Which statement about the capacity of long-term memory is most accurate?
Human memory has a nearly limitless capacity that is difficult to quantify.
Which pair of family members is likely to have the most similar IQ scores?
Identical twins
What would be Thorndike's response to the question: "What is the best way to predict the likelihood that an organism will repeatedly engage in a specific behavior?"
If a behavior provides pleasure, the organism will engage in the behavior
Which trait is the strongest indicator of an individual's susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion?
Imaginativeness
Which of the following best distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?
In operant conditioning, a behavior elicits a stimulus; in classical conditioning, a stimulus elicits a behavior.
Which of the following examples best illustrates an application of the Gestalt rule of continuity?
In the movie theater, you perceive that an actor is moving rather than just appearing first in one place and then in
What distinguished UCI professor appeared in this video and spoke about cognitive maps?
James McGaugh
Which country asked for a book about the idea of delayed gratification and the marshmallow test?
South Korea
Imagine you are caring for a patient who in the past abused alcohol. You find that the patient's memory is heavily impaired. It is very likely that that the patient has
Korsakoff's syndrome
_______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away.
Latent
Which example best represents memorization by hierarchy?
Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color
Which of the following illustrates a low level of emotional intelligence?
Lupe ignores her husband when he comes home from work stressed..
In which of the following scenarios would you be most likely to succumb to a false alarm in signal detection?
Monitoring for the vibration of your phone in your pocket while you are sitting
The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information.
Monty Hall problem
The part of Jill Price's brain that is enlarged is also enlarge in people diagnosed with _____________.
OCD
Which situation below describes the use of hierarchies for memorizing information?
Organizing notes into three central themes and studying information in relation to those themes.
Which of the following is the best example of test-retest reliability?
Patrick scores 115 on an IQ test; when he takes the same test one month later, he scores 117
What movie starring Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman was based on Kim Peek?
Rain MAn
Which task is an example of nondeclarative skill learning?
Rhonda improves her speed in assembling toys in the factory after 100 hours of work.
Which of the following describes the downside of savant-level memory ability?
Savants find it difficult to maintain close relationships.
Which of the following is most consistently correlated with IQ scores?
School performance
Bethany grows up in a home where her mother is unloving toward Bethany's father. She hears her mother insult her father, and she notices that her father rarely protests being treated this way. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Bethany's future relationships?
She may treat men with disrespect, as she is apt to repeat her mother's behavior.
Jan's husband calls her while she is at the grocery store to ask her to pick up six varieties of chips for a party. He tells her the varieties he wants and hangs up. While walking to the chip aisle, she repeats the list to herself, then begins to pick up the chips. Which varieties will she most likely remember?
She will remember a few varieties in no particular order.
Which of the following findings provides the most evidence that the family environment influences IQ scores?
Siblings reared together have more similar IQ scores than siblings reared apart..
An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam. After allowing the students three minutes to look over the list, she asks one student to recite the terms back to her, from memory. What information will this student likely be able to recall from the list?
Since there was a delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the beginning of the list, showing a primacy effect. .
An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam and immediately asks one student to recite the terms back to her. Which terms will this student most likely recall from the list?
Since there was no delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the end of the list, showing a recency effect..
Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
Sleep allows for physical and mental restoration and energy conservation.
Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests?
Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization establishes the performance average and variability.
_______ are collections of 50-150 cells and are located on the surface of your tongue, back of your mouth, and roof of your mouth.
Taste buds
Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of
Telegraphic speech
Your sister attempts to condition her dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. She gives the dog a biscuit and a second later rings the bell. She does this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. Why isn't this conditioning working?
The bell should have been rung before the dog ate the biscuit.
Which statement is consistent with the conclusion from Sperling's study of sensory memory?
The duration of sensory memory is brief, lasting less than 300 milliseconds.
Which of the following individuals is displaying superstition?
The last time Rose hit a home run, she patted her batting helmet just before taking her swing; now she pats her batting helmet every time she enters the batting box.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The return of a previously extinguished CR in response to the CS after a period of rest.
You have misplaced your cell phone, and you ask a friend to call you so you can hear its high-pitched, musical ring. Assuming the ringer is on and is loud enough to hear, what would tell your brain that the phone is somewhere directly to your right?
The ringer sounds slightly louder in your right ear than in your left ear..
What makes motherese appealing to babies?
The singsong qualities of motherese communicate positive emotion and reward.
Which of the following statements does the existence of savant syndrome support, with regard to intelligence?
There is intelligence beyond that measured by traditional IQ tests..
Which of the following is an example of a person who is most likely in the associative phase of skill acquisition?
Though Dave has improved his speed and accuracy throughout his typing course, he still makes typographical errors.
Babies string meaningless sounds—like "da"—together over and over again. Linguists call this
babbling.
Ivy is told that men far outperform women on standardized math tests. Which of the following reflects stereotype threat?
Though Ivy is a gifted mathematician, she performs poorly on the SAT math section.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates stereotype threat?
Tim enjoys needlepoint, so he joined a class. The other students, all women, tell him that men cannot be good at needlepoint. This makes him uncomfortable, and he has started making lots of mistakes..
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the working backward heuristic?
To organize documents in your computer, you create an "All Documents" folder and proceed to subdivide it into increasingly specific folders.
Why would you feel pain when placing your hand on both a hot and a cold pipe at the same time?
Touch receptors are reporting the sensations of heat and cold, but the brain combines the two and perceives pain.
Researchers have studied problem solving by examining the course of people's solutions to the _______ problem, which involves transferring a series of different-sized disks from one spindle to another, following a specific set of rules
Tower of Hanoi
Which of the following situations best exemplifies the gambler's fallacy?
Tyson believes that his chances of winning the next raffle drawing have improved because he has lost five drawings in a row
Which of the following best demonstrates sensory adaptation?
Unless they think about it, long-time workers at a bakery do not notice the aroma of bread baking in the oven.
How does fragile X syndrome differ from fetal alcohol syndrome?
Unlike fragile X syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome is entirely preventable..
_______ and _______ are the two basic types of tasks in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).
Verbal; nonverbal performance .
Which would provide the strongest evidence that education influences IQ scores?
When comparing groups of children of the same age who differ in number of years of education, children who have one extra year of education have higher IQs..
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of confirmation bias?
You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control.
Which scenario represents the concept of rehearsal?
You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone.
Which scenario best captures the concept of context-dependent retrieval?
You perform better on a driving test when you are in the car in which you learned to drive.
Which of the following is most consistent with a typical NREM dream?
You remember that you had been dreaming about something, but the memory is not vivid.
Which of the following constitutes a false alarm in signal detection theory?
You turn off the radio to answer your phone, but the phone is not ringing..
An abstract idea or mental representation of an object or event is called
a concept..
In the word "rebuilt," re is (built)
a morpheme, but not a phoneme.
George Sperling was able to differentiate between the amount of information that could be stored in sensory memory and the time until the memory faded by cuing participants to recall
a row of letters in a visual array.
_______ is most characteristic of the experience of flow
a sense of time passing quickly
The concept of labeled lines refers to the fact that
a separate set of nerves transmits information from each sensory receptor organ to the brain.
A person who has lost her sense of smell is most likely to experience
a significant reduction in the ability to experience flavor.
In order to distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes, humans have
a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories.
Any physical event that affects a sensory cell so an individual can detect the event is called
a stimulus..
Retrieval is the process of
accessing information from long-term memory
Some psychoactive drugs work as _______, meaning that they artificially stimulate receptors in a neurotransmitter system. Others work as _______, meaning that they block activity at particular receptors.
agonists; antagonists
Psychoactive drugs classified as _______ aid stimulation of receptor sites in the brain, while those classified as _______ block stimulation of receptor sites in the brain.
agonists; antagonists.
Initially making a low offer in order to get a bargain on a second-hand item is an example of the
anchoring effect.
You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiation, so you ask for a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you an hourly rate close to your initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the
anchoring effect.
Patient H.M., whose hippocampi and medial temporal lobes were removed, suffered from
anterograde amnesia.
A stimulus is
any sensory event that an individual can detect.
An elderly man has had a stroke, and his language is now impaired as a result. By definition, he has
aphasia..
Monozygotic twins raised together have a higher correlation in IQ scores than MZ twins raised apart. This offers proof that
are genetically identical.
The concept of change blindness is illustrated when you
are so absorbed in a book that you don't notice when your roommate enters the room..
All of the following are examples of the cocktail party effect except:
as you wait in a theater for a movie to begin, you tune out all of the chatter around you while you focus on a text message that has just arrived from your cousin
If Tuan wanted to use the method of loci to help him remember a list of items to get at the grocery story, he should
associate each item on the grocery list with a physical location in his house.
Standard deviation is the
average amount that each individual score falls above or below the mean..
If you had a device implanted in your brain that allowed you to stimulate the release of dopamine in the forebrain, you would likely
avoid all other activities in favor of self-stimulation.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the size cue for monocular depth perception?
c. While walking on the beach, you perceive that your friend is far away because he looks very small..
Though some people use the term short-term memory to refer to memory for recent events, like weekend plans, psychologists use the term to refer to memory that is limited in
capacity, and to a duration of a few seconds.
Roger is at a party talking and laughing with a group of friends. He sets his plastic soda cup down and seconds later picks up the glass mug that someone put in its place. He fails to notice that the drink was replaced. This is an example of
change blindness.
Both the sense of taste and the sense of smell rely on cells designed to detect
chemicals
The purpose of the first intelligence tests was to identify
children who should be sent to the most and least challenging schools.
Modern-day IQ scores
compare individuals in the same age range..
In order for a percentile score to be useful, you must
compare the score with those of other people in the same population.
The rotating mask illusion involves seeing the __________ side of the mask as being _______________.
concave; convex
Attention is defined as a
concentration of the mind on a particular object or process
Pavlov called the dog's salivation at hearing the metronome the ______________.
conditional reflex
Information contained in nondeclarative memory includes associations between stimuli that elicit behavior. These associations are learned via
conditioning
Your ability to perceive the color of a vibrant blue sky or a red rose depends on the responses of the _______ in your retina, and your ability to find your way to the bathroom in the dark depends upon the _______ in your retina.
cones; rods
The photoreceptors we need to appreciate a blue sky on a sunny day are the _______, whereas the photoreceptors we use to detect the stars outside at night are the _______.
cones; rods .
When a split-brain patient tries to describe in words why her left hand selected a stimulus card corresponding to an image presented in her left visual field, she engages in _______ to have her unconscious recognition make sense.
confabulation
Experiments with split-brained patients have illustrated that
consciousness is not dependent on the language center of the brain..
Psychologists call the process by which encoded information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory
consolidation.
Whenever a rat pushes a red button, it is rewarded with a piece of food. This is an example of a(n) _______ reinforcement schedule.
continuous
A split-brained patient is so named because his or her _______ has been severed in order to limit the severity of seizures.
corpus callosum.
Joe had surgery on his ____________ to help with his ____________.
corpus collosum; epilepsy
Crystallized intelligence is reflected in your ability to
correctly name the members of the U.S. Supreme Court..
While you are changing a light bulb in the kitchen, it breaks, leaving the broken end stuck in the socket. First you turn off the power. Then, to avoid getting cut, you use half a potato to remove the broken bulb. According to Sternberg's views, you have displayed _______ intelligence.
creative
The reason Sternberg's test includes captioning a cartoon is to assess ________, which he thinks is a component of intelligence.
creativity
Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence.
crystallized
The symptoms of a stroke can be recalled with the acronym FAST, which means you should examine the person's face, arms, speech, and attend to the element of time. This is an example of a(n) _______ task.
cued-recall
A circadian rhythm is a
cycle of sleeping and waking that occurs approximately every 24 hours.
The cognitive process of assessing information to select a course of action among several alternatives is called _______. One aspect of this process, called _______, is the cognitive process of forming an opinion or making an evaluation by comparing possible actions.
decision making; judgment
Psychologists use the term _______ to describe memory for information that is able to be articulated, while _______ describes memory for information that aids performance of tasks.
declarative; nondeclarative
The surgery that H.M. underwent impaired his _______ memory but left his _______ memory largely intact, meaning he could still learn to perform procedural tasks like mirror drawing.
declarative; nondeclarative
The easy problem of consciousness can be solved by
defining different conscious experiences in terms of different brain states. .
For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to
determine how various experiences result in different behaviors
The Binet-Simon scale was originally designed to
determine which children were mentally disabled and get them help..
Your professor has invented a device that can measure the change in brain activity of each student in her class, and she can now tell if you are dozing off during her lecture. She has solved the
easy problem of consciousness
In the process of forming memories, when perception ends, _______ begins.
encoding
The physical memory trace in the brain is often referred to by neuroscience researchers as the
engram
Another name for the physical memory trace in the brain is the
engram.
This mother wants her daughter to get into a good preschool so that she will be able to get into a good kindergarten then a good elementary school, etc. The mother is emphasizing the developmental effects of _____________.
environment
Infants who are breast-fed grow up to have higher IQs than those who are bottle-fed; this suggests a(n) _______ influence on IQ.
environmental
Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, skill, attitudes, or understanding as a result of
experience
Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies found that
exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in nursery school children.
Sleep paralysis is a phenomenon associated with
falling asleep or awakening..
The acquisition of a phobia is an example of
fear conditioning
Performance of a skill in the associative phase of skill acquisition is characterized by
fewer errors than in the cognitive phase..
You are reading a really boring assignment for another class. To motivate yourself to keep going, you promise yourself a piece of chocolate for every ten pages you read. You are using a _______ reinforcement schedule.
fixed ratio.
Many people report vivid recollections of high-impact events such as the Kennedy assassination, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the 2012 Newtown school shooting. These memories are referred to as
flashbulb memories.
When you drink coffee, the perceptual experience, called _______, is the combination of information from your taste receptors and your olfactory receptors.
flavor.
Jaeggi and colleagues (2008, 2010) claim that training on the n-back task increases _______ intelligence in young adults
fluid
Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increases in _______ intelligence
fluid
Raymond Cattell suggested that generalized intelligence is made up of
fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
Your uncle is about to undergo chemotherapy and is worried about the nausea that often accompanies such treatment. You should advise him to eat
foods he dislikes right as he begins treatments..
Information stored in the sensory buffer is retained
for a few seconds
Anterograde amnesia involves a loss of the ability to
form new memories.
The sensory receptors in your skin that are specialized to report information about changes in temperature are the
free nerve endings..
Naming as many state capitals as you can requires you to engage in
free recal
A plot showing the range of scores on the x-axis and the number of people who got each score on the y-axis is called a
frequency distribution.
The primary function of the outer ear, or pinna, is to
gather sounds and direct them to the middle ear
Thorndike's research led him to believe that the learning process is
gradual.
For the first few nights after you purchased a clock, you had trouble sleeping because the ticking of the second hand disturbed you. Now you do not notice the sound of the second hand at all. This is an example of
habituation
When Laura began wearing glasses they felt uncomfortable on her face, but after a few days she didn't even notice she was wearing them. This is an example of
habituation..
The receptor cells that are specialized to detect vibrations along the cochlear membrane are called
hair cells
Your friend comes home from a party in an altered state and mistakes your housecat for a lion. Your friend may have taken a(n)
hallucinogen
Accounting for differences in subjective experiences among people is the
hard problem of consciousness
The "Flynn effect" refers to the finding that the average scores on IQ tests
have substantially increased since the first IQ tests were developed.
You are recruited for a psychological study. The experimenter begins by having you focus on his voice, close your eyes, and listen to his suggestions. He asks you to extend your arm and tells you that you are holding a heavy ball, at which point you feel your arm start to fall. You are likely participating in
he Stanford hypnotic susceptibility test..
Your roommate shows you a picture of a new friend, Jason. Minutes later, you meet someone named Garrett waiting in line for dinner. Next time you see Garrett, you call him Jason. You may have been influenced by
he anchoring effect
A statistical estimate of the extent to which individual differences in genes in a population contribute to individual differences in a trait is called
heritability..
Flow is the state you can achieve when your skill level is _________ and your challenge level is _____________.
high; high
A woman developed a tumor that diminished her ability to form new long-term memories. Though memory involves numerous parts of the brain, the part most likely affected by the tumor is the
hippocampus..
A Hebbian synapse is a theoretical relationship between two neurons in which the strength of the connection between neurons is a function of
how often the presynaptic neuron causes the post synaptic neuron to fire..
During your therapy session, your therapist speaks very softly, suggesting that you concentrate first on her voice and then on the image of a calm, cool ocean. This therapist is likely practicing
hypnosis
The social theory of hypnosis states that
hypnosis is likely a function of a person accommodating the hypnotist.
The transitions between sleep stages are triggered by _______, while REM sleep seems to be a function of the _______.
hypocretin in the hypothalamus; pons.
Narcolepsy is mainly the result of a deficiency in the _______ receptors.
hypocretin.
At what time during this experiment did the deception occur?
immediately after the participant signed the informed consent document
Our knowledge of facts, such as the year that President Kennedy was shot or the fact that Paris is a city in France, is collectively called _______ memory.
implicit
The art movement that included a branch that created images out of points of color was ________________.
impression
The tendency of baby birds to recognize, bond with, and follow the first moving object they see is called
imprinting
Short-term memory is sometimes referred to as working memory because
in order to hold information in short-term memory, we must use it..
Memory researchers define forgetting as the
inability to retrieve information from long-term memory..
Sometimes a solution to a problem suddenly comes to us. This event is called
insight..
One problem that sufferers of _______ face is _______, a disorder in which people seem to be unaware of when they actually are asleep.
insomnia; sleep-state misperception
The ability to acquire, retain, and apply knowledge is called
intelligence.
According to the duplex theory, we use both _______ differences and _______ differences to localize sounds.
intensity; latency
After a behavior is established, the best way to maintain it for the long run is to reinforce it
intermittently..
The main distinction between sensation and perception is that only perception involves
interpreting what the stimulus is.
A phobia is the
irrational fear of particular objects or situations..
Fluid intelligence
is the ability to reason abstractly to solve novel problems..
One of the best sources of evidence that there is a sensitive period for human language development is that
it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language.
A major criticism of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is that
it is difficult to know how many intelligences there really are, unless there are objective criteria to help us decide between an "intelligence" and a "skill," "talent," or "ability."???????
Weber's fraction expresses the _______ as a proportion of the original stimulus.
just noticeable difference (JND).
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes the experience of believing that you
know something but you are not able to articulate it..
The data in the figure show the test scores of students who took the same intelligence test on two separate occasions. Students' first scores are shown on the left and their second scores are shown on the right. Based on the data, it is reasonable to conclude that the test A) lacks inter-observer reliability. C) lacks test-retest reliability. B) has very high cross-test reliability. D) has very high convergent validity.
lacks test-retest reliability.
Saying that language is lateralized in the brain means that
language function is primarily associated with one hemisphere of the brain..
The duplex theory holds that we use both intensity and _______ differences to localize sounds, depending on the _______ of sounds
latency; frequencies
Students who are given unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only token attempts to solve new problems, even if the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is most likely due to
learned helplessness.
Dyslexia is defined as difficulty in
learning to read
The flexible, transparent structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the back of the eye's interior is called the
lens.
All of the following have been shown to correlate with high IQ scores except
life satisfaction.
Last night Enrico dreamt that he was walking through a strange city and was surrounded by tall buildings. According to Freud, the buildings themselves are the _______ content of Enrico's dream.
manifest
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a brain imaging technique that
measures rapid changes in voltage (electrical potential) throughout the brain.
You come home to find your roommate sitting in the middle of the floor, slowly repeating the words "relax, let go, be at peace" with his eyes closed. He is practicing
meditation
Cognitive scientists typically measure reaction times in response to visual stimuli in order to investigate
mental processing time
The Binet-Simon scale was meant to reveal whether a child's _______ age matched his or her _______ age.
mental; chronological
The method of loci is a mnemonic device that involves
mentally placing items to be remembered in some imaginary environment..
The susceptibility of our memories to include false details that fit in with real details of an event is called the
misinformation effect..
Elizabeth Loftus found that she could alter a person's memory of an event by presenting ________________________.
misleading post-event information
The hindsight bias describes the tendency to
misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs.
You associate each line of a poem that you need to memorize with a particular object in your dorm room. This is an example of aiding your memory via
mnemonic devices
When one individual imitates another, _______ has occurred.
modeling.
Occlusion is a _______ depth cue
monocular
In general, the slower a subject's reaction time is in a cognitive psychology experiment, the
more mental processing is required for the subject to respond..
The active substance in the opium poppy is _______, one of the most effective _______, or painkillers
morphine; analgesics
The singsong, high-pitched speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies is called
motherese.
You would expect your pupil to be largest when you are
navigating through a dark forest at night
Three weeks ago, you received a score of 115 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). If you take the test again today, assuming there is test-retest reliability, you should score
nearly the same on the second test as you did on the first.
Escape conditioning is a form of _______ in which the subject learns to perform a response to remove an aversive stimulus.
negative reinforcement.
In an experiment, a loud buzzer is turned off every fifth time a rat presses a button. This represents both _______ reinforcement and a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
negative; fixed ratio
Unlike agonists and antagonists, _______ do not interfere with the normal binding of neurotransmitters to receptors
neuromodulators
Which of the following is an example of a receptive field for a touch receptor cell?
neurons in the brain
In a _______ test, a subject is presented with a sample stimulus. After a short delay, the sample stimulus is shown again along with a novel alternative. The subject is rewarded for selecting the novel stimulus.
non-matching-to-sample
Our memory for carrying out motor and perceptual procedures is referred to as _______ memory
nondeclarative
One of the main reasons psychologists sometimes use nonsense syllables, rather than real words in studies of memory, is that
nonsense syllables are unlikely to be associated with someone's existing knowledge
By definition, a test that has been administered to many people so that performance average and variability are established has been
normalized
The process of shaping
not only speeds up learning, but it can also be used to teach very complex tasks..
Bandura was particularly interested in
novel aggressive acts
A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the _______, located at the base of the frontal lobe.
nucleus accumbens
Among the brain structures in the reward pathway, the _______ is most important for understanding why addiction can be so powerful.
nucleus accumbens.
Andre was unable to make a paper airplane until he watched his cousin Miriam make a few. Now Andre can fold his own paper airplanes. This is an example of
observational learning..
In order for you to enjoy the smell of a flower, molecules called _______ from the flower must land on your olfactory epithelium, which lines the inside of the nose
odorants
The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain.
olfactory bulb
An individual's attentional spotlight most directly enables one to direct attention to
one part of the visual field
According to the figure, about _______ of all people have an IQ score between 100 and 115. A) one-quarter B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds
one-third
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on _______ conditioning.
operant .
A child learns that whenever she eats all of her dinner she gets a dish of ice cream for dessert. This type of learning is best explained by
operant conditioning
The _______ theory of color vision is the idea that color vision is based on a system of paired opposites of color.
opponent-process.
Tiny bones called _______ transmit vibrations to the inner ear.
ossicles
Psychologists describe consciousness as one's
perception of his or her own mental processes.
In a sense, phantom limb pain is a purely _______ phenomenon.
perceptual
Geno was just an average student in school, but he operates a very successful auto repair shop. According to Sternberg's views, Geno most likely has a reasonable amount of _______ intelligence.
practical
When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _______ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of _______ interference.
proactive; retroactive
This study, which involves electrical brain stimulation of specific areas of the brain, may shed light on face blindness or _________________.
prosopagnosia
The field of study concerned with psychological measurement is ______________.
psychometrics
The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called
psychophysics..
If you are arguing with your friend about whether you both have the same subjective experience of the beauty of a particular painting, you are talking about
qualia
Kim Peek was described as a savant mainly because he was able to
remember all of the details of every book he had ever read.
Early studies of short-term memory by Brown and Peterson showed that information in short-term memory vanishes in about 20 seconds unless you
repeat the information to yourself
In order for our visual system to work properly, the lens must focus light onto the
retina
Imagine that you were in a car accident in which you hit your head on the steering wheel. The next day you could not remember anything that had occurred in the week before the accident. You were suffering from
retrograde amnesia
Jamal has multiple intellectual disabilities. Yet, he has an extraordinary ability in mathematics and is able to solve complex mathematical problems within seconds. On this basis, Jamal would most likely be characterized as displaying
savant syndrome.
A team of psychologists administers two new intelligence tests to 1,000 people. Eighty percent of those taking the tests answer less than 40 percent of the questions correctly on Test 1 and more than 75 percent of the questions correctly on Test 2. Based on this information, the tests
seem to lack cross-test reliability and convergent validity
The study of the meanings of words is known as
semantics
Detection of the sound of a bell ringing is referred to as a _______. Once you interpret the stimulus as the sound of your alarm clock, it is referred to as a _______.
sensation; perception.
This morning, a very loud clap of thunder right outside your window startled you. For the rest of the day, any kind of loud sound—a car backfiring, a dropped dish—causes you to jump out of your chair. This is an example of
sensitization
The brief impressions formed as a result of neural activity in and around sensory receptors are called _______ memories.
sensory
_______ memory gives us a very brief impression of what we feel when we first detect a stimulus
sensory
Vision and hearing are different
sensory modalities..
It is not surprising that MDMA (ecstasy) can trigger depression during withdrawal because the drug produces significant changes in the distribution of
serotonin
MDMA, or ecstasy, increases the risk of depression because the drug produces significant changes in the activity of
serotonin
One key difference between sensory memory and short-term memory is that
short-term memories can be described, while sensory memories cannot..
You would expect that your pupils would be smallest when you are
sitting on the beach on a very sunny day..
Some have speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is actually the result of
sleep apnea
You awaken some nights gasping for air, and your roommate tells you that you snore loudly, even when you are just dozing. Your symptoms are consistent with
sleep apnea..
Your roommate walks into the kitchen rather shaken and tells you that, upon waking, she was unable to move or speak for about thirty seconds. This phenomenon is called
sleep paralysis
Drugs classified as depressants typically
slow down neural transmission and behavior.
As we age, which type of sleep will eventually cease altogether?
slow-wave
The research of Albert Bandura is most closely associated with
social learning.
Young children playing tag in the park are engaged in
social learning.
Research suggests that racial differences in average IQ among Americans is most likely due to
socioeconomic factors.
Your cat comes running as soon as she hears you open a can of food. In this example, the _______ is the conditioned stimulus.
sound of the can being opened
The activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreams states that dreams are
the result of random activation throughout the cortex
Your brain is able to distinguish between the sound of a car horn and the sight of the car itself because
the set of nerves that relays information from the ear to the brain is different from the set that relays information from the eye to the brain
Drug withdrawal symptoms can be very unpleasant, especially because
the symptoms are the exact opposite of the euphoric feelings induced by the drug..
Ashley was telling her friend about a movie she saw last night when she realized she could not remember the lead actor's name. She could only remember that it began with a B. This is an example of
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that
the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations.
The reason that we have blind spots in our visual fields is that
there are no photoreceptors on the optic disc..
Saying that there is a sensitive period for human language acquisition in early life means that
there is a time during development when children must be exposed to a language in order to master it.
The case of the patient Tan is significant to the history of psychology and neurology because the case provides evidence that
there may be a direct correspondence between a specific part of the brain and specific language skills.
If you believe that hypnosis is a truly altered state of consciousness in which you have more flexible behaviors, you believe in the _______ theory of hypnosis.
trance
The classic theory about hypnosis being a uniquely altered state of consciousness is known as the _______ theory of hypnosis.
trance
Thorndike believed that most learning occurred by
trial and error
A psychological test that measures the trait it is intended to measure is said to be
valid..
The cochlea relays information to the brain about sound when
vibrations in the cochlea bend the hairs of the hair cells, producing an action potential in a neuron underneath the hair cells.
The concept of the availability heuristic is illustrated when you
vow to never drive again because of the horrible accident you witnessed in front of your house
Flynn suggests that the reason we would score very high on the IQ test of our grandparents and they would score very low on today's test is ___________________.
we have been educated to have mental skills that they lacked
Libet's study involving the measurement of readiness potential in the motor cortex helped to
weaken the case for the existence of free will.