Psych Ch. 11 and Ch.12

Superego

internalize ideals and it represents the real and the ideal

rationalization

offering self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions

adulthood brain

-brain cells die gradually they are being prune in order to be efficient -fluid intelligence declines and crystallized intelligence increases

3 kinds of temperament

-easy babies ( they will go w anybody) -Difficult Babies ( cry all the time and constantly need to be held) -Slow to warm up babies( in the middle...)

Jean Piaget

-idea of Schemas -assimilation -accommodation

social cognitive

-personalities are shaped by our interaction with others -cognitive behavioral psychology= focuses on environment/society and stresses the importance of thoughts and perceptions -Bandura's Model=reciprocal determinism///personality is developed by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors =people choose environment //you shape your friends and your friends shape you =personalities shape have we interpret events///angry people see things more threatening =create situations by how we react//if u expect someone to be mad at u, u might give them a harder time and make them mad at u ---expectancies what a person expects from a situation or their behavior =two common expectancies are -self efficacy= expectancy that ur efforts will be successful, the belief that u can do something -locus of control= the amount of people expect to have control over their lives -internal locus control= they can control their own fate though hard work,skill, and avoid punishments -external locus of control= do not believe they control their own fate they are convinced that chance and luck is what determines their destiny and that they cant change the course of their life

Gender Role

-some babies are born anatomically one gender but identify with the other bc they were exposed in the womb with the opposite hormones and sometimes too much that leads to gender reassignment

Personality theories

1) psychoanalytic perspective= emphasizes the importance of the unconscious and the early childhood 2)Humanistic perspective= an optimistic look, emphasizing the self and fulfillment of a persons unique potential\ 3)Social cognitive perspective= emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes includes the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self regulation. 4) trait perspective = emphasizes the descriptions and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals

At roughly what age would a child reach the stage of formal operations?

12 At around age 12, a child would reach the stage of formal operations. Prior to that, he would be unable to perform many of the processes involved in that stage, such as solving logical problems.

assimilation

=mental process that modifies new information to fit into an existing schema we assimilate new experiences we interpret them in terms of our existing schemas

Child development occurs quickly from the fetal stage into the development of a fully formed human. Which of the following developmental milestones occurs first?

A blastocyst forms The formation of a blastocyst takes place first. Fingernails, (A), develop at the end of gestation, the skull, (B), doesn't fully form until after birth, twins, (C), occur during the first trimester, and implantation, (E), occurs after fertilization.

Proponents of which theory might suggest that traits such as introversion and extraversion could be changed over time if properly reinforced?

Learning Remember, whenever you see the word "reinforced," immediately look for choices that involve learning or behaviorism. Those who believe in the learning theory of personality argue that our personality forms as a reaction to the events in our lives, and as our behaviors are reinforced or punished, our personality will follow.

Nature of Gender

Males and Females differ in -genitals= penises vs vaginas -Sex chromosomes= xx or xy -sex hormone= testosterones vs estrogens everyone is born a a girl and at the 6th week xy fetus should produce male hormones Male -larger right hemisphere =male superiority in spatial ability =picture things in the minds eyes =map reading and direction - corpus callosum is smaller =their brains are more specialized to focus about one thing Female -larger left hemisphere =better to recognize emotions =talent to learn languages = speak and read better and earlier - corpus callosum is larger =use both part of the brain for language and spatial skills

Four Stage Theory of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor stage- born to 2( use their senses and motor actions, stranger anxiety, object permanence) preoperational stage- 2 to 6 ( egocentrism= is all about them and ability to mentally represents objects and events and pretend using imagination, animism=inanimate objects are given life, centration, artificialism= mountains are created by humans, irreversibility= they have a brother but they don't know if their brother has a brother, they do not understand conservation ) Concrete operational stage= 6-12 ( start to think logically with concrete events that they experienced, they learn about conservation, solve problems by manipulating images= such as sub and add with blocks, theory of mind ) formal operational stage= 12-death(reasoning is expanding to include more abstract thinking, problem solving, etc., ) it is criticized for being too simplified

Regression

a retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated

According to Keating, many college students do not actually reach formal operations, even though Piaget's theory suggests that they should. Keating makes this claim because college students couldn't

answer abstract logical problems. The students in Keating's study could not solve abstract logical problems. Therefore, they seemed not to have reached formal operations as expected.

Erik Erikson

believe adolescence is the crisis between identity and role confusion 8 STAGE MODEL infancy(year 1) trust vs mistrust toddlerhood( 1-3) autonomy vs, shame and doubt preschool 3-6 initiative vs guilt elementary school(6-13) competence vs inferiority adolescence ( 13-20) identity vs role confusion young adulthood (20-40) intimacy vs isolation middle adulthood( 40-60) generativity vs stagnation late adulthood (60-death) integrity vs despair

Albert

believed in social tensions instead of only sexual interactions -inferiority complex =believed that much of our adult behavior is linked to childhood struggles with feeling inferior

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively influenced by experience

Centration

child's tendency to fixate on just one aspect of the problem or object

Freuds theory of personality 3 levels of consciousness

conscious= thoughts and feelings of what you are aware preconscious= info stored in memory unconscious=the most important; animal instincts that you are unaware of its existence

Repression

defense mechanism that is thought to work banishing (repressing) any thoughts, feelings, and memories that cause anxiety into the unconscious.

ego

developed after birth -balances the id and superego

superego

developed by age 5 or 6 -internal parental voice w rules values, and morality -opposite of the i

the ID

drives that fuel the id -eros= life instinct/biological urges(hunger,thirst) Libido= sexual energy or motivation -thanatos= death instinct, aggressive, reckless

Lev Vygotsky

early development occurs through parental instruction and interaction with the social environment - zone of proximal development = a gap exist between what is possible vs the impossible for the child at any stage =social and cultural environment helped them move from one zone of development into the next

According to Freud, a defense mechanism is used when a person encounters anxiety, and it acts to protect the person's *

ego. The ego, according to Freud, emerges from the conflict between the internal id and the externally imposed superego. The ego is fragile, though, and defense mechanisms serve the purpose of diverting anxiety away from the ego to protect it. The life and death instincts are also parts of Freud's theories, but do not fit here.

Fluid and Crystallized intelligence

fluid= ability to solve problems independent of your personal experience and education( think quickly and abstractly) crystallized= knowledge that is based on facts, by past experiences and prior learning( stronger over age)

The approach of personality championed by Carl Rogers is called

humanistic. Rogers championed the humanistic approach of personality. Learning perspective, (A), is similar to the theory of Skinner, trait theory, (B), is associated with Kelley, and neoFreudians, (E), are psychologists like Carl Jung

In Freud's theory of personality, the ________ is the seat of impulses

id The id is the seat of impulses, according to Freud. The ego, (A), is the mediator, and the superego, (B), is the conscience. The mask, (C), and anima, (D), are both Jungian concepts, not Freudian.

Defense Mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality -repression -regression -reaction formation

schemas

mental frameworks that help interpret information -mental structures that guide thinking

Self concept

mix of thoughts and feelings that answers the fundamental question , who am I?

Ego

mostly conscious and makes peace between the id and superego( at the top of the iceberg)

According to a learning perspective, the most important determinant of how we behave in any given situation is *

our previous learning history. According to learning theory, we are products of our environment. We act the way we do because in the past, we were reinforced for certain behaviors and punished (or not reinforced) for competing behaviors.

Jose applied for a full scholarship to a local university and made it to the semifinals, but then it was announced that another student at his school won. Jose was later heard by several friends criticizing the school, saying that the people there were rude and the professors he met didn't seem very smart. Freud would day that Jose is using the defense mechanism of *

rationalization Jose was very much in favor of the school as he was getting closer to winning the scholarship, but according to Freudian theory, when he lost the scholarship it created an enormous amount of anxiety for him. To deal with this anxiety and protect his ego, he offered a logical, rational explanation for why he didn't like the school in the first place. Denial, (A), is the refusal to acknowledge something that causes anxiety, projection, (B), is the attributing of one's own problems to others, reaction formation, (C), is acting in an opposite way from what you feel, and regression, (D), involves retreating to an earlier stage of development in the face of anxiety.

According to Piaget, basic knowledge structures are called

schemas. Basic knowledge structures are called schemas. Equilibration, (C), is the restructuring of schemas, and nodes, (E), is a term used in cognitive psychology to refer to ideas in memory

Humanistic psychologists see people as inherently good. They believe that people are trying to reach their potential at all times. This process is called

self-actualization. The term used by Rogers and others is self actualization . This is the idea that we are striving toward perfection. The other terms are not used in personality psychology

Dementia

set of symptoms related to thinking, memory loss, confusion, and potential changes in personality that becomes severe enough to interfere with regular functions

Displacement

shifting sexual and aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or a less threatening object or person

Reaction Formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites example: wanting to punch someone in the face and instead give that person flowers

person centered perspective

that we were all good humans as long as we nurture a growth promoting environment that requires 3 conditions -genuineness (parents n teachers should be transparent) -acceptance ( they are not afraid to make mistakes and be themselves in front of the people around them) -empathy ( ability to share others feelings and reflect their meanings) =that led to a healthy self concept

Theory of mind

the ability to understand other peoples feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. as well as their own and also how to predict behavior

Object Permanence

the awareness that things exist when they are out of sight

imprinting

the process in which certain animals for attachments during a critical period very early in life

Developmental Psychology

the study of our physical, cognitive,social, and emotional changes through out our whole life from prenatal to preteen to post retirement

Adolescence

the transition period childhood and adulthood extending from puberty to independence - the struggle with the need to stand out and belong

According to Piaget's theory, we develop schemas *

through experience. Piaget argued that schemas are developed and added to throughout life through experience

The personality theory that is most likely to use an objective test to determine someone's personality is

trait. An objective personality test is one in which a subject is given a multiplechoice test and asked to select which of the following items most describes his or her personality. A widely known trait test that uses this format is the MyersBriggs test. Psychoanalytic proponents, (A), would use some form of projective tests, like the Rorschach inkblot test, while the other options do not have specific tests associated with them.

Id

unconscious and instinctive self ( at the bottom of the iceberg)

Adolescence years

-a lot of physical change and real need to belong to something -it can be a confusing years -

4 Behaviors

-separation anxiety -exploration -stranger anxiety -reunion

Which of the following skills makes formal operations different from other stages? *

Abstract logic Abstract logic makes formal operations different from the other stages. The ability to conserve, (B), occurs during concrete operations, we accommodate, (C), earlier when we have fewer schemas, and adaptation, (D), occurs throughout the developmental process.

The process of culling neuronal connections to improve the efficiency of brain activity is called

Answer (B) is correct. Pruning is the process of culling neuronal connections to improve the efficiency of brain activity. The other answer choices are not terms used by developmental psychologists

infancy and childhood

Attachment = an enduring social emotional relationship between a child and a parent or caregiver -babies temperament is plays a role -infants form attachments w anybody that responds to their signals -love is more important than food for attachment

adolescence body

Boys -growth spurt later -produce live sperm Girls - menarche -pubic hair -breasts

What task might be beyond the reach of a child in the preoperational stage? *

Conservation Conservation might be beyond the reach of a child in the preoperational stage. All of the other activities occur during the preoperational stage

You have three friends: the first is bossy and always tells you what to do, the second is always telling you what is right or wrong, and the third tries to help mediate between the two. If you were giving Freudian nicknames to your friends, they would be, in order,

Id, Superego, Ego. The order would be id, superego, and ego. The id is the part of the personality that is always demanding immediate gratification, the superego is your conscience, and the ego is the mediator between the two structures.

The process of fitting into the environment is called, according to Piaget,

adaptation. Adaptation is the process of fitting into the environment.

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves pushing painful information deep into our memory so that we don't have access to it?

Repression Repression is when we push painful information deep into our memory so we do not have to deal with it. Don't confuse that with regression, (A), which is reverting back to a previous developmental stage to deal with anxiety. Reaction formation, (B), is engaging in a competing behavior to avoid having to engage in an inappropriate behavior, and sublimation, (C), is substituting a socially acceptable urge for an unacceptable one.

According to Freud, your memory of your own birth would be at what level of consciousness? *

Unconscious Any memory you have of your birth would be buried in the unconscious. Subconscious, (B), is a term that is often confused in psychology, but Freud used unconscious . The conscious, (C), and preconscious, (D), are both areas that we have access to, and REM, (E), refers to paradoxical sleep.

The humanistic approach to personality makes which of the following claims? *

We are all inherently good. The humanistic theory claims that we are all inherently good. That we are inherently bad, (B), is not a perspective held by psychologists. That we are born with genes that give us potential only, (E), is a belief held by many developmental psychologists who subscribe to the theory of behavior genetics.

The child in question 7 eventually learns that dogs and cats are different creatures, and she can determine the difference between the two. This process is referred to as *

accommodation. Accommodation would explain why the child is able to determine the difference between a dog and a cat.

collective unconscious

a group of shared images or archatypes that are universal to all humans and that is why different cultures share similar myths and imagery

emerging adulthood

a period of the late teens and mid twenties bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Social Development

the way you react with others

adulthood body

- a peak between mid twenties after everything gradually declines declines -hearing declines first Women= go through menopause ( 40-60) men= gradual decrease on live sperm and speed of erection and testosterone levels

Accessing the unconscious

-dream analysis =manifest content and latent content -Freudian slips =slips of the tongue -free association =patient expose their ideas after hearing a word -projective tests =inkblot

A proponent of learning theory might be *

Skinner. Skinner could be considered a proponent of learning theory. Freud, (A), supported psychodynamic theory, as did Jung, (B). Rogers, (C), and Maslow, (D), were both proponents of humanistic/phenomenological theories of personality.

Phil has anxiety because he has very strong anger toward his parents. He knows this isn't right, so he decides to work hard to do all his chores and homework. According to the psychoanalytic approach, Phil is engaging in which defense mechanism? *

Sublimation In sublimation, we suffer anxiety about particularly troubling thought. To avoid the anxiety, we throw ourselves into a socially acceptable activity.

morality

ability to discern from right to wrong formation of individual character

According to Piaget, the most important process of development is

adapting to the environment. Learning to adapt to one's environment is the most important process of development, according to Piaget. Learning to solve logical problems, (A), is part of the adaptation process. Learning to speak, (B), occurs early, but people who already speak are still developing. Learning new words, (D), is not necessary for development. Cultivating relationships with one's parents, (E), is important for social development but not for cognitive development.

Trait Perspective

an individual's unique makeup of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits )that constitutes his or her personality =Allport -goal was to define personality in terms of identifiable behavior patterns -factor analysis is a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits =Cattell used the factor analysis approach to develop 16 personality factor inventory =Hans and Sybil Eysenck -personality dimensions=personality could be reduced down to 3 polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion, emotional stability-instability, and pychoticism =The Big Five Factors -openness( high= imaginative, preference for variety, independent.. low= practical, preference for routine, conforming) -conscientiousness(high=organized, careful, disciplined.. low=disorganized, careless, impulsive.) -extroversion/introversion ( high= sociable, fun loving, affectionate... low= retiring, sober, reserved) -agreeableness(high= soft hearted, trusting, helpful... low= ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative) -neuroticism(high=calm, secure, self satisfied.. low= anxious, insecure, self-pitying) (OCEAN) =the person situation perspective= Walter Mischel points out that traits may be enduring but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. therefore, traits are not good predictors of behavior -trait theorist argue that behaviors from a situation may be different but the average behavior remains the same, therefore traits matter

A significant criticism of Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development is that

children seem to acquire cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget predicted. Piaget's theories have long been considered absolute principles, and only in the past few decades have researchers discovered that children appear to understand concepts such as symbolism and object permanence much earlier than Piaget stated. But in research in many cultures the stages seem to be present and in that order, so choices (B) and (C) are incorrect. (D) is also incorrect in that this process unfolds largely irrespective of parents. Choice (E) is a criticism of Freud's theories, not Piaget's.

projection

disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is one during which children do NOT have the ability to

engage in imaginative play. In the sensorimotor stage, children do not engage in imaginative play. Children do not form mental representation until the beginning of the preoperational stage. According to Piaget, the other skills mentioned are more reflexive.

Nurture Gender

gender roles= expectations of how women and men should behave -children develop gender identity -Social Learning Theory=learn gender behavior by observing and being punished or rewarded ( boys don't cry) -Gender Schema = learn from cultures what it means to be a male or female. see the world through that lens and change their behavior to match

humanistic perspective

personality are shaped by individuals drive to be the best you can and their perception of his or her self -emphasizes on human potential(born good) -focuses on self awareness and free will -Abraham Maslow =developed hierarchy of needs and the concept of self actualization -Carl Roger =believes that the Actualizing Tendency(like the id) drive in all humans to be what we can be and do what is best for yourself =then that leads us to Self Concept which includes all the thought, feeling, and beliefs people have about themselves. it is the answer to the question, who am I? =two types of Self concept -real self=self we form on experiences -ideal self=self we would like to be ===Unconditional positive regard( to be valued by others regardless of we I am) leads to a positive self concept and then leads to Congruent( the real self and ideal self are closely matched) ===conditional positive regard( to be valued only if we act a certain way) that leads to negative self concept and then leads to Incongruence( a big gap between the real self and ideal self)

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development during which according to Freud the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones -oral (mouth sucking/ ) -anal (bowel movement) -phallic (discover they are a boy or girl age 3-6/ Oedipus complex/womb envy) -latency stage( dormant sexual feelings) -genital stage ( adult sexual interest)

Humanistic Theory

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. - Abraham maslow -carl Rogers

Which of the following is a correct application of Vygotsky's principle of scaffolding?

Mr. Geddie planned to assign his students work Mr. Geddie planned to assign his students that was challenging, but not so hard that it would be overwhelming for them. Vygotsky's theory is that there is a zone of proximal development (ZPD) between what the child can do easily and what the child can do only with help, and the job of any teacher, parent, or coach is to use scaffolding to keep the student in this ZPD for optimal learning. If the tasks are too easy, there is no cognitive challenge, and students may give up if the tasks are too hard. Only Mr. Geddie, (C), has the right combination for his students.

Infants are born

- born with reflexes sucking reflex rooting reflex grasping reflex -born near sighted -prefers their parents voice and also prefers a human voice over a computer -looks longer at face like images -prefers the smell of mother -Maturation= biological growth process to orderly changes in behavior independent of experience( crawl, walk, and run) -maturation and learning from the world around you = skill development ( ride a bike)

3 styles of control

-authoritarian= makes rules with consequences and children must follow bc they said so and they are usually not a warm person w child -permissive= cave in into their child's demands and have not many rules -authoritative = seeks to have a balance between the both they are demanding but they explain the reason for their rules and they are loving and responsive.

Carol Gilligan

-disliked Kohlberg's gender bias -Gilligan's levels of moral development level 1= individual survival ( selfish) level 2= care and responsibility of others ( self sacrificing) Level 3= Balance of care of self and others ( recognize ur own needs and others)

adolescence brain

-neurons are prune during this time( brain is being more efficient by getting rid of neurons that u don't need and keeping what you need) -neuron can develop more myelin sheet -development of prefrontal cortex -hard time with impulse control bc ur critical thinking isn't developed yet

Lawrence Kohlberg three level theory of moral development

-preconventional= age before age 9 concern of SELF interest and judge people based on their needs and point of view, and obey rules to get rewards -conventional morality= early adolescence conformity and worried about what would people think -post conventional morality= adolescences and beyond account for different values and basic right , and abstract reasoning

Ainsworth created 3 attachment styles

-secure= happily explore new things and interact w stranger when mom was there and got startle when mom left but came to be happy when she came back and went back to explore -insecure avoidant= scare of the stranger and cried a lot and freaked out when mom left just to act salty when she came back -insecure ambivalent = they were find with stranger didn't care when the mom came or left

accommodation

=mental process that restructure existing schemas so that new info could be better understood our mind accommodates in order to tell the difference between a dog and a horse

Archetypes and the collective unconscious are mostly associated with which neo Freudian?

Carl Jung Carl Jung believed that a collective unconscious connects all cultures, and he supported this theory by showing that the same types of figures and ideas appear in the stories and legends of many different cultures. He called these archetypes; some examples are The Great Mother, The Wise Old Man, The Mentor, and The Trickster. Adler and Horney are neoFreudians, but neither is associated with archetypes or the collective unconscious. Maslow and Rogers are humanistic psychologists and not neoFreudians.

"Our personality is nothing more than acquired habits that we learned though our experience." What theory would support this statement? *

Learning A learning theorist would believe this statement. He would believe that we are born as a blank slate and that experience is the key to personality. Trait theorists, (A), believe we are born with traits from our parents, psychodynamic theorists, (B), believe we carry trauma from birth in our unconscious, cognitive theorists, (D), are also called trait theorists, and humanistic psychologists, (E), believe we are all born inherently good.

`Which of the following statements best captures Freud's point of view about personality?

Personality is the result of unconscious drives or conflicts that we need to resolve. Freud believed that personality is formed from unconscious drives or conflicts that we need to resolve. Someone who subscribed to learning theory would say that it is formed from our reinforcement history, (A), and someone who subscribed to trait theories would say it is formed by being around our parents, (B).

Sandy complained there were more meatballs on his brother's plate than on his, but his mother explained that they each had the same number, it was just that Sandy's were closer together. According to Piaget, Sandy would be in which stage of cognitive development?

Preoperational Sandy is unable to grasp the concept of conservation, so even though his mother assures him both have the same number, the meatballs are more spaced out on the other plate and so they appear to take up more space (and therefore be more numerous). A child in the sensorimotor stage, (A), also does not understand conservation, but would be too young to articulate that. Children in the concrete, (C), and formal, (D), operational stages have already mastered conservation. Choice (E) is from Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

The difference between assimilation and accommodation is that

accommodation is the process of developing new schemas. Assimilation is the fitting of new experiences into existing schemas. Accommodation is the development of new schemas or adapting one's current schemas to incorporate new information

Fixation

according to freud a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an early psychosexual stage in which conflicts are unresolved

self concept

an understanding and evaluation of who we are Charles Darwin= that our self awareness begins when we can recognize ourselves in the mirror

During the _______________ stage of Freud's theory, the focus is on controlling one's environment. *

anal During the anal stage, children learn that much of their behavior is out of their control. However, potty training helps them to realize that there are some behaviors that they can control. A child who becomes anal retentive will eventually become a very controlling adult.

A child has a dog and refers to this dog as "doggie." She then sees a kitten for the first time and calls out "doggie!" This process is called *

assimilation. The process is called assimilation. Assimilation is the process of fitting experiences into existing schemas. Spreading activation, (C), is a process in cognitive psychology and memory, and accommodation, (D), refers to developing new schemas. Formalization, (B), is not a term used by developmental psychologists.

Unconscious

for Freud the unconscious represents a vast reservoir of often unacceptable and frequently hard to relate thoughts, feelings desires and memories. -Freud believe that our personality was shaped by the enduring conflict between our impulses to do we feel like and our restraints to control these urges -Id Ego and Superego -he believe that anxiety is due to the ego getting all stress out due to losing control between the id and superego and therefore our ego uses defense mechanisms

The most common complaint about Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it *

lacks real empirical support. While Freud's work is known widely around the world and can frequently be found in popular culture, most modern psychologists criticize it for relying on theories that were based on case studies of his patients. Tests of his theories using modern scientific techniques like experiments and correlational studies have yielded little support for these ideas. Choices (A) and (B) are core components of psychoanalytic theory, while option (C) is a criticism of learning theory and option (D) is a criticism of humanistic theory.

Klecksography

making pictures out of inkblot and it is used to drive conclusions of that patients personality

Information that is not available to conscious awareness because it would be too damaging is in the ___________ level of consciousness *

unconscious Our unconscious contains information that would be too damaging at the conscious level. Subconscious, (A), sounds correct, but Freud used the term unconscious

The process of conservation refers to a child's ability to *

understand a basic law of physics. One of the laws of physics says that the amount of material does not change when its shape changes. This is called the law of conservation. Remembering one's name, (A), and recognizing one's mother, (B), occur before conservation. Understanding aspects of language, (D and E), have nothing to do with conservation.

Denial

when you refuse to believe or even perceive painful realities

personality

your distinctive and enduring characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

The gap between the skills that children have the ability to do alone versus that which they can do with support is called

zone of proximal development. The gap is called the zone of proximal development (ZPD). Adaptation, (A), equilibration, (D), and accommodation, (E), are Piagetian concepts. Scaffolding, (C), refers to the assistance needed to bridge the gap of the ZPD; it is the teaching strategy used when one knows a child's ZPD.

pre natal

zygote= a fertilized egg embryo= the developing human 1st 8 weeks fetus= developing human between the embryonic and birth Teratogens= chemicals or viruses that get in to damage the placenta and baby such as caffeine , alcohol, etc. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome= birth defects and mental retardations