Psych - Ch. 13 Social - Prep: Learning Curve

A young man with a white mother and black father was raised by his mother and maternal grandparents. How is he likely to be classified?

African-American.

Kai watches as a student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. According to the fundamental attribution error, how would he explain the student's behaviour?

She is a clumsy person.

Siblings Josh and Jackie share the use of their parents' second car. They constantly argue over who gets the car for each night of the weekend. If a mediator were brought in to settle the dispute, which approach might the mediator first apply?

The mediator would lead each sibling to think about the other's underlying needs and goals.

While driving to work, Marcia's car started smoking and broke down on a road with a lot of traffic. Her cell phone's battery died so she could not call for help. She was unsuccessful in getting someone to stop to help for more than two hours until a police officer offered assistance. Marcia's difficulty in getting someone to help is an example of:

diffusion of responsibility.

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others:

diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks.

Nineteen-year-old Tom has spent five hours a day playing violent video games since he was eight years old. According to research on the effects of violent video game usage, one can predict that Tom will likely:

display desensitization to violent images, as shown by blunted brain responses on an fMRI.

Mark says that the majority of criminals who commit armed robbery are African-Americans who reside in low-income housing neighbourhoods. Mark believes that African-Americans are naturally violent people who deserve to be incarcerated at higher rates than white Americans. This is a good example of:

blame-the-victim.

Prejudice contains:

both beliefs and emotions.

Samantha and Ashley are friends who met online. Their friendship is likely to be:

both long-lasting and satisfying.

Ingrid is looking for a new car. She wants one that is dependable and affordable. Which form of persuasion would probably be MORE convincing to her?

central route persuasion

In the Stanford Prison Study, subjects were randomly assigned to be prisoners and guards in the experiment. The guards wore khaki prison uniforms, carried nightsticks, and wore sunglasses, while the prisoners wore prison garb with their prison numbers on the back. These costumes signified the _____ each of the subjects was to play in the experiment.

role

Marla just told her father that she is a lesbian. Her father asks her to leave his house and never return. Marla has experienced:

sexual orientation prejudice.

Maria recently graduated college and is now a professor at a university. This is her first semester at her new job. Maria makes sure that she dresses the part of a professor, taking ideas of attire from the professors she had while a college student. She also makes sure that she behaves as a professor. Maria likely feels like:

she is acting a role.

Hostilities between a riverfront community's two racial subgroups were dramatically reduced when the threat that the river would flood its banks required them to work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of:

superordinate goals.

A telemarketer calls one night and asks for a one dollar donation to a local charity for children. Scott happily agrees. A week later the same telemarketer calls asking for a twenty dollar donation to the same charity and he agrees. This is known as:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Shortly after learning he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behaviour is best explained in terms of:

the frustration-aggression principle.

Recently Tanya has been caught in heavy traffic when travelling to and from work. This situation has caused her to arrive at work late and arrive home at a much later time than normal. When she comes home, she slams the front door and tends to yell more at her children and husband over things that are rather insignificant. This behaviour can best be explained by the:

frustration-aggression principle.

Christine thinks her job's strict tardiness policy is an indication of her boss's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the company's high sales goal: her boss has to report how many shoes were sold each day to the corporate headquarters. Her judgment best illustrates the:

fundamental attribution error.

Barry is watching golf and sees Tiger Woods scowl after a missed putt. He would be making the fundamental attribution error if he assumed that he:

has an angry and volatile personality.

Clarissa and Julio are in English class together and have been assigned to sit next to each other. What will affect their first impression of each other?

physical attractiveness

Groupthink is fuelled by a desire for:

group harmony.

What explains the rise of fascism in the 1930's?

group polarization

Tanya is in a waiting room at a doctor's office and notices that everyone in the waiting room is checking their cell phone. She is witnessing:

the chameleon effect.

Roger recently lost his job and believes that it is a result of the increase in Mexican immigrants. He is demonstrating:

the scapegoat theory.

In which situation is one most likely to conform? - when feeling competent - when in a group of at least two - when a prior commitment has been made - when everyone else in the group agrees

when everyone else in the group agrees

Diffusion of responsibility is most likely to occur:

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other bystanders present.

What might explain why, when asked controversial questions, students' answers are more diverse when using anonymous electronic clickers than when raising their hands?

The students may feel as though others in the class are observing their behaviour.

What might account for why, in college residence halls, students' attitudes become more similar to those living near them?

They may feel as though others in the residence hall are observing their behaviour.

_____ is the unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Altruism

Which of the following individuals is most likely to take the time to help someone in an emergency situation? - Arturo, who feels guilty for not helping others in the past - Maggie, who is angry about not getting a needed salary increase - Max, who believes the person who needed help created their own problem - John, who is in a hurry to work

Arturo, who feels guilty for not helping others in the past

Juan's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which of the following reasons might be strengthening Juan's conformity to the group?

He admires the group's attractiveness and status.

Marco drinks regularly and then, oftentimes, behaves aggressively. What might best explain Marco's behaviour?

He has high testosterone levels.

Mark, Jane, and Meagan are working on a class project together. Mark is not helping as much as he could and he knows it. Why is he social loafing?

He may view his individual contribution as dispensable.

Jesiah changes his internet name so that he will feel more comfortable posting comments on what he really thinks. How does this help him feel more comfortable?

He now feels anonymous.

Executives from a Japanese automobile company decide to build an automobile plant in the United States. In Japan, workers in automobile plants work together in teams. According to research on social loafing why would this not be as good an idea for United States workers?

In individualistic cultures social loafing would be more likely and decrease production.

Jaiden is an avid video game player. Some research demonstrates that Jaiden will:

both increased reaction time and improved visual-spatial skills.

Mary and Bill are in a romantic relationship and met each other through an online dating service. Their relationship is likely to be:

both long-lasting and satisfying.

Deficits in the functioning of the _____, accompanied by lower intelligence test scores, are positively correlated with aggression.

frontal lobe

Tameka is angry with Reggie for acting in a way she perceives as insensitive. She becomes quiet and sullen and does not respond to Reggie's attempt to communicate. He perceives Tameka as being sullen and insensitive to his attempts at conversation. The interaction between Tameka and Reggie is an example of:

mirror-image perceptions.

This is an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group.

prejudice

Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant and the woman is wearing a Hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:

prejudice.

Evan's father yells at him for being five minutes late for tee time. Rather than believe his father is a rude jerk, he decides that he may be having difficulties at his job. This means he makes a _____ attribution about his behaviour.

situational

A comedian has a series of jokes that work very well when there is a full house. However, tonight his gig is in an uncrowded room. His jokes are not going over well. The audience is talking back to him. Some begin to boo and he eventually is booed off-stage. What can best account for his unsuccessful night?

social facilitation

Kelly tells her friend that she thinks all African-American men look alike. This demonstrates:

that when categorizing people into groups people often stereotype.

According to contemporary newspaper accounts, in 1964 Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed to death in front of her apartment building. It took the assailant approximately 30 minutes to kill Genovese. Police reports showed that although 38 neighbours witnessed the event, no one helped or called the police. According to current knowledge of social psychology, this incident can be best explained by:

the bystander effect.

Sherelle is with three of her friends at a restaurant. One of her friends yawns, then another friend, and then Sherelle. She has just experienced:

the chameleon effect.

Why does social facilitation account for the home advantage noted in both college and professional athletic events?

the energizing effect of the enthusiastic audience

Eulalia stops for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at her when she sits at a table that has not been cleared. She is convinced that she should find another line of work--one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, she disregards the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. Eulalia has just fallen prey to:

the fundamental attribution error.

Chuck has just moved into a new neighbourhood. This new neighbourhood is full of drug addicts living in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer, Chuck replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." His attitude best illustrates:

the just-world phenomenon.

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is referred to as:

the other-race effect.

In which situation is one most likely to conform? - when from a culture that fosters civil disobedience - when one admires the group's status - when others in the group are not observing one's behaviour - when one feels secure

when one admires the group's status

When are people most likely to obey an order related to harming someone else?

when the person being harmed is far away

When are people most likely to obey?

when the person giving orders is seen as an authority figure

Javier has the potential to be an honour student but frustrates his teachers because of his actions. Rather than work to succeed, he tends to "dumb down" to act more like the students with whom he hangs out. He has at times answered questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like his friends. Javier's behaviour is an example of:

normative social influence.

Makayla has heard that the teachers are considering switching her to the gifted class. Makayla decides to "dumb down" to act more like her friends. She begins answering questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like her friends. Her behaviour is an example of:

normative social influence.

Lucas needs a new car but doesn't want to purchase a fuel efficient car because he thinks it is more expensive than the car he would like to buy. He also reasons that the fuel he would burn in his new car would not alter the greenhouse gases. His reasoning is an example of:

a social trap.

Mr. Rogers thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mr. Rogers appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective evidence that defines all members of this particular age group. Mr. Rogers is demonstrating:

a stereotype.

Before Rhonda left for college, she told her friend Michelle that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. However, during Rhonda's first week on campus, she was approached by a sorority member who invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Rhonda attended the party, she told Michelle, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Rhonda's change in attitude to match her behaviour reflects:

cognitive dissonance.

Tyler is with three of his friends at a restaurant. One of his friends yawns, then another friend, and then Tyler. Research has found that he and his friends that mimicked the yawn have increased levels of _____.

empathy

As Bella is driving to campus one day another car cuts her off and speeds ahead. Immediately she yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Her judgment best illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error.

Stephanie's new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room, and she assumes she must be a slob. She ignores the fact that she is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. Stephanie is demonstrating:

the fundamental attribution error.

The saying by Aristotle, "personal beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction" demonstrates what?

Physical attractiveness influences first impressions.

Melissa and Amanda are taking several classes together, just by chance. Prior to the semester they did not know each other. What is likely to happen by the end of the term?

They will become close friends.

Erin tells her mother that when she talks with male classmates they regularly think she is flirting with them. Erin is upset by this and wants her mother's advice. What should her mother say?

This is pretty common as about 70 percent of men mistake the friendliness of a woman as her flirting.

People are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error if they:

are not familiar with the person they are observing.

A(n) _____ is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way that may be positive, negative, or ambivalent.

attitude

Marsha and Luke have been married for over 50 years and have 4 children and 8 grandchildren. They are currently experiencing:

companionate love.

What might account for the increase in Internet bullies during adolescence?

deindividuation

What might account for the increased level of violence by hooded Ku Klux Klan members against African-Americans?

deindividuation

When reading the comments posted on the internet about a current news article Cheryl notices that many of them are racist in nature. What might account for this?

deindividuation

Seven-year-old Marcus's parents use harsh physical punishment and verbal intimidation to control his behaviour. Studies have shown that if his parents continue this type of discipline, Marcus is more likely to:

demonstrate delinquent behaviour in the future.

What is most likely to be able to account for the emergence of student radicalism in the 1960's?

group polarization

Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:

has more experience interacting with Asian people.

This is related to irritability, assertiveness, impulsiveness, and low tolerance for frustration.

high testosterone levels

Jesse is attending college in a city far away from home where he does not know anyone. According to the principle of proximity, Jesse will be most likely to make friends with:

his roommate.

Hugenberg and Bodenhausen found that people who were more quickly to associate good things with white names or faces also were the quickest to perceive anger and apparent threat in black faces. Their findings demonstrate:

implicit prejudice.

Marcie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton. She has never been served a 10-course meal before so she is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Because Marcie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Marcie is displaying:

informational social influence.

In the United States in the late 1980s, most Democrats believed inflation had risen under Republican president Ronald Reagan when in fact it had declined. This was likely a result of:

ingroup bias.

The jury deliberated on the rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. These jurors said that by looking like that, she had been asking to be assaulted. Their opinion is best explained in terms of the:

just-world phenomenon.

Maria has been invited to a new church by one of her closest friends. When she first attends, everyone seems so nice and friendly. She begins attending regularly. After a few weeks, sexual activity is discussed during one of the lectures where the women are told that they are forbidden to resist the sexual advances of any of the men associated with the church. Maria looks around and sees several women nodding their head in agreement but Maria feels extremely uncomfortable. At what point is Maria most likely to resist this teaching?

now, since it was first brought up

This is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

passionate love

Jerry and Claire have been married for several years and have three children together. Their children are likely a result of:

passionate love.

Zechariah is biracial. His mother is Caucasian and his father is African American. Other people will likely categorize him as:

African-American.

Gussie and Max have been happily married for 54 years. This morning, however, Gussie made an unkind remark about Max's table manners. Given research findings on marital satisfaction and attribution, what did Max think of this comment?

She must be having a bad day.

When a police officer pulls over a car because the driver is an African-American male in an expensive car, the police officer has committed:

a microaggression.

Laurie and Jim have been married for 20 years. When asked, Laurie indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision-making and household responsibilities. Laurie's description is an example of:

equity.

After hearing his colleague made a crude statement regarding Muslim women, Scott asks her why she feels that way. Her response is that the 9/11 terrorist attacks could happen again at any time. Scott's colleague is experiencing:

fearful emotions toward Muslims.

According to social psychologist Irving Janis, the problems associated with groupthink can be avoided by both businesses and government in decision-making when:

leaders invite various opinions and listen to others' critiques.

Negative attitudes toward another group of people are referred to as _____ and are based on a mixture of beliefs called _____.

prejudice; stereotypes

Shawntae is very concerned about the environment and consistently sorts her garbage by placing paper, plastic, metal, and glass in their respective recycling containers. Shawntae's concern for the environment is an example of a(n):

prosocial behaviour

What might have influenced the 2013 death of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed black teenager who was shot by a resident in his father's fiancé's community?

race-influenced perceptions

Maria and Dionne have worked together for several years. Each Christmas they exchange gifts and the gifts are pretty much equal in value. This best demonstrates:

reciprocity norm.

In 2007, Construction worker Wesley Autrey was waiting on a New York City subway train with his two young daughters when a man collapsed in a seizure, got up, then stumbled to the platform's edge and fell onto the tracks. Wesley jumped from the platform, pushed the man off the tracks and into a foot-deep space between them, and lay on top of him. Both men survived. The actions of Wesley demonstrates:

social responsibility

Marty enjoys watching violent action movies and television shows on most evenings, as well as listening to music with violent lyrics. When faced with real-life conflict, he tends to respond with aggressive behaviour because he believes that he needs to "act like a man." According to social psychologists, his beliefs may be caused by _____, which are mental files for how to act.

social scripts

Social psychologists study how people think, feel, and behave in _____.

social situations

Tameka volunteers twice a week at a homeless shelter along with members of her church youth group. They tutor and read to young elementary age children who are housed in the shelter. Tameka's volunteerism is an example of:

social-responsibility norm.

Beth and Marsha have worked together for about a year. They work well together and both are advancing in the career. What can best explain why Beth and Marsha like each other?

the reward theory of attraction

According to research on factors that determine the likelihood that two people will become friends, which proverb is most accurate?

Birds of a feather flock together.

South Florida has a high violent crime rate in comparison to other parts of the country. What might partially account for this phenomenon?

Both the crowded nature of the area as well as the high temperatures contribute.

Carl Wilkens was a missionary living in Kigali, Rwanda in 1994 with his family when militia began killing members of an ethnic minority group, the Tutsi. Wilkens was encouraged to leave the area but refused. After evacuating his family, he stayed and contested the 800,000-person genocide. When the militia came to kill him and his Tutsi servants, Wilkens' Hutu neighbours deterred them. Despite repeated death threats, he spent his days running roadblocks to take food and water to orphanages and to negotiate, plead, and bully his way through the bloodshed, saving lives time and again. Wilkens was exemplifying:

altruism.

In which situation is one most likely to conform? - when with one other person - when one thinks that the group is unattractive - when there is disagreement in the group - when others in the group are observing one's behaviour

when others in the group are observing one's behaviour

These researchers had students work in a room alongside another person, who was actually a confederate working for the experimenters. Sometimes the confederates rubbed their own face; sometimes they shook their foot. The students tended to rub their face when with the face-rubbing person and shake their foot when with the foot-shaking person.

Chartrand & Bargh

Lee tends to be easily provoked to behave aggressively. What might be a plausible explanation for his aggressiveness?

He has a low MAOA gene expression.

Everyone is attempting to get onto the Internet at the same time despite the fact that the Internet provider has asked people to log on only during off-peak hours. This best illustrates the dynamics of:

a social trap.

Judith purchased a nice home, whose value depreciated as a result of the housing crash. She was able to have the majority of her remaining mortgage payments forgiven, which eased a huge financial burden for her. She reasoned that the debt she was forgiven would not negatively impact the overall debt of the country. Judith's reasoning is an example of:

a social trap.

Social psychologists believe that _____ tends to be particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases in later stages.

passionate love; companionate love

Charlie's friend yells at him for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe his friend is a rude jerk, he decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Therefore, he makes a _____ about her behaviour.

situational attribution