Psych chap 10

genital stage

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

Eysenck's Theory

-Theory proposes that extraversion, neuroticism, and or superego traits are from biological basis

Anal (18-36 months)

2nd psychosexual stage- pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination

Phallic (3-6 years)

3rd psychosexual stage- pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

factor

A graduate student is using a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns. She is performing a ________ analysis.

reaction formation

A man, unsure of his own sexuality, openly discriminates against homosexuals in his workplace. The man is using ________ to deal with his inner conflict.

Latency Period (6-puberty)

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Reinforcement

According to B. F. Skinner, similarities in responses across different situations are caused by similar patterns of reinforcement ------- have been received in such situations in the past.

social relationships with parents

Adler used the term inferiority complex to describe situations in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world. Early ________ have an important effect on how well children are able to outgrow feelings of personal inferiority.

inferiority complex

Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences

regression

After Paul's professor told him that he had failed his exam, Paul banged his fists on her desk, threw his books on the ground, and whined that she was being unfair. Paul was coping with his anxiety by using

Sublimination

All of the following were methods that Sigmund Freud used to discover hidden unconscious material EXCEPT

cardinal

An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism. Because the trait is named in his honor, it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a(n) ________ trait for the Italian prince.

There are no right answers, but some answers are "more common" than others.

An individual is shown an inkblot card and asked to describe what s/he sees. Which of the following statements would be correct about the administration and scoring of this test?

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

16

Cattell proposed that a certain number of pairs of traits describe personality. How many pairs of traits did he propose?

Traits

Characteristics that are inherited

projective

Chase is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to interpret it. Chase is most likely taking a(n) ________ personality test.

displacing

Corey was fired from his job today. When he came home, he yelled at his wife for forgetting to run the dishwasher. Corey is ________ his anger toward his boss onto his wife.

vague, limited population, abstract concepts

Criticism of freud's ideas ab personality development

Behavioral assessment

Direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe personality characteristics

can lead to high levels of anxiety

Discrepancies between the actual self and the ideal self

assumptions

Each personality theory is built on different=-------and focuses on somewhat different aspects of personality

conditional positive regard

Ethan is senior class president, quarterback of the football team, and captain of the baseball team. His parents are proud of their all-American, jock son. They go to all his games and practices. Midway through the senior year, Ethan decides to try out for the senior play. He gets the title role of Romeo in Romeo and Juliet. His parents disapprove. They do not want their jock son to go flitting around in tights. They think it unseemly. They do not go to his rehearsals nor do they attend the performance. Ethan is being raised by his parents through the receipt of

Oral (0-18 months)

First psychosexual stage- pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

3 parts

Freud thought that the human psyche is divided into

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Neuroticism

George is a worrier. He always seems tense, because he is anxious about his health, his job, and his relationships. Which factor of personality best encapsulates these attributes of George?

Temperament

In support of biological approaches to personality, infants are born with a particular ________, a basic, innate disposition. It encompasses several dimensions, including general activity level and mood, and is consistent from infancy well into adolescence.

secondary traits

In trait theory, preferences and attitudes.

humanistic

Instead of seeing people as controlled by unconscious forces, a set of stable traits, reinforcements, or inherited factors, -------approaches emphasize people's basic tendency to grow to higher levels of functioning.

projection

June has no qualms about betraying friends and colleagues, but as a result, she doesn't trust anyone and is constantly suspicious that people will betray her. June's behavior best fits

collective unconscious

Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements

reaction formation

Kimberly hates her new neighbor, Bob. She thinks that he is a rich snob who is constantly showing off with his fancy new cars, boats, and landscaping. Despite her opinion, every time she sees Bob, she goes out of her way to wave, smile, and ask how Bob is doing. Which defense mechanism is Kimberly using?

reciprocal determinism

Little Ellie watches her brother get rewarded for picking up his room. She decides to go pick up her room as well, hoping for the same reward. According to Bandura, Little Ellie's behavior exemplifies

intelligence

Many clinicians use Rorschach inkblots to try to understand all of the following EXCEPT

sublimation

Nancy is a professional boxer. While growing up, Nancy realized that she found pleasure in physically fighting and overpowering other people. Nancy then decided to divert this undesirable impulse into a socially approved behavior. As a result, she took up boxing as a profession. According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms is Nancy most likely using?

regression

Oliver is staying home from work due to illness, and being sick always makes him feel vulnerable. He spends the day talking in a "baby voice" and wants to stay in bed with a blanket and stuffed bear. Oliver is showing some signs of using ________ as a coping mechanism.

the personality analysis seems sophisticated

One factor that contributes to a person's tendency to believe a false personality profile is that

people tend to believe the results even though they may have no validity

One of the dangers of self-report personality measures is that

the assumption that people are basically good is unverifiable

One problem with the humanistic approach is that

Conscientiousness

Paolo came to the first day of class and set his notebook down on his desk. His classmates stared at him in disbelief as he opened his perfectly organized three-ring binder that already contained handwritten notes on the first chapter and highlighted images from the textbook. Paolo most likely scores high on which of the following personality traits?

direct reinforcement, paying close attention to our prior successes and failures, encouragement from others

People with high self-efficacy have higher aspirations and greater persistence in working to attain goals and ultimately achieve greater success than those with lower self-efficacy. How do we develop self-efficacy?

humanistic

Proponents of ________ approaches to personality are most likely to reject determinism and stress the freedom of individuals to make their own choices

humanistic

Proponents of which of the following approaches to personality are most likely to take an interactionist stand on the nature vs. nurture issue, rather than a strict "nature" or a strict "nurture" position?

Preconscious

Some of the unconscious is made up of ________, which contains material that is not threatening and which is easily brought to mind, such as the memory of where you sit in class.

high agreeableness and high neuroticism

Steffen took a personality test for his new job. The test report indicated that was likely to be "highly helpful with trying to assist clients in resolving issues, but may also express high levels of anxiety during tense client interactions." Which of the following personality trait profiles does Steffen likely have?

superego

The element of the psyche that might make you feel guilty if you steal your little sister's allowance is your

temperament

The inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life is known as

extroversion

The most influential trait approach today contends that five broad trait factors—called the "Big Five"—lie at the core of personality. Which of the following traits is one of the "Big Five" and also one of Eysenck's three major dimensions?

ego; society and culture

The neo-Freudians placed greater emphasis than Freud on the functions of the ________, and they also paid greater attention to the effects of ________ on personality development.

test standardization

To create the MMPI-2, groups of psychiatric patients with a specific diagnosis, such as depression or schizophrenia, were asked to complete a large number of items on a test. The test authors then determined which items best differentiated members of these groups from a comparison group of normal participants. This process is called

explain personality

Trait theories provide labels for personality but don't

cardinal traits

Traits that are characteristics that direct most of the person's activities (the person's dominant traits that influence all of our behaviors)

projective

What type of personality test is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Preconscious

When asked what your phone number is, it takes a few moments to recall it. It was not in your immediate thoughts. According to Freud, at what level of consciousness was it?

conscientiousness

When selecting a partner for a class project that is to determine 50 percent of your grade, you would be best served picking a person high in

The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety

Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms, and why?

Theory relies too heavily on complicated analyses.

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Freud's ideas about personality development?

narcissistic

Which of the following is characterized by self-absorption and an inflated view of self?

Students believed the information was accurate

Which of the following is true of students' beliefs regarding their Stewart Personality Inventory profiles

Everyone has all five of the personality traits to some degree

Which of the following statements about personality trait theory is TRUE?

Albert Bandura

Which psychologist is credited with formulating social cognitive theory?

denial

While doing laundry, Michelle found several old receipts for hotel rooms, flowers, and expensive gifts in her husband's pants pockets. Michelle is still convinced that her husband is not having an affair. Which defense mechanism is Michelle using to minimize her anxiety?

psychosexual

________ stages refer to developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.

oedipal conflict

a child's intense, sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent

Trait Theory

a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics

self-report measures

a method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior

Rorschach test

a projective test that uses inkblots as the ambiguous stimulus

test standardization

a technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Archetype

an original model on which something was patterned or replicated; the ideal example of a particular type of person or thing

Karen Horney

asserted that women envied men's independence, success, and freedom.

social cognition approach

cognition and observation of others

behavioral assessment

direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe personality characteristics

biological and evolutionary approaches to personality

important parts are inherited

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Dopamine

neurotransmitter most closely related to individual differences in thrill- or sensation-seeking tendencies

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Big Five Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

humanistic

people want to be good

psychodynamic

personality is primarily unconscious and inner forces

Hans Eysenck

personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion

conditional positive regard

positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

neo-Freudian psychoanalysts

psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points

Projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

ego

rational and logical parts of personality that attempts to balance the desires of the ID and reality

conscience

sense of right and wrong in superego

TAT

series of pictures used to write a story

latency

tamra surprised everyone when she stopped playing with the boys and became interested in playing with dolls with the girls. According to Freud, Tamra is in the _________ stage of psychosexual development.

projective personality tests

techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's personality characteristics can be analyzed

reality principle

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

pleasure principle

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

Productive Personality

test that person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it.

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Personality

the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person

self-actualization

the process by which people achieve their full potential

central traits

traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions