Psych chap 6
vicarious reinforcement
Carla notices that Marco, a classmate, receives a sticker from the teacher for raising his hand to answer a question. The next time the teacher asks the class a question, Carla raises her hand to answer. What is this an example of?
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
variable interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
Thorndike's Law of Effect
behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
automatic, reflexive behavior
classical conditioning always involves what?
extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired w/ the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior & then gets paired or associated w/ the behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
observational learning
learning yoga poses by watching a yoga group in the park is an example of what kind of learning?
cognitive map
mental picture of the layout of the environment
unconditioned response (UCR)
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
spontaneous recovery
pavlov cited __________ ___________ to support his theory that extinction is not the same as forgetting
acquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
model
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
vicarious reinforcement
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
conditioned response (CR)
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest
continuous reinforcement
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
rewarding behavior only some of the time
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
live, verbal, & symbolic
Albert Bandura identified 3 kinds of models in observational learning. What are they?
latent learning
An adult recalling the location of a gas station when he unexpectedly runs out of gas is an example of what kind of learning?
stimulus generalization
Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats is an example of what?
instincts
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, & joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
conditioned response
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel w/ a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm & giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. Which term describes Khaleel's squirming & giggling?
stimulus discrimination
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish btwn the sound of a slamming door & the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent a(n) ________.
neutral & unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
continuous
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him & gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
partial
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?
stimulus generalization
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries bc she is allergic to them. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, & even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts w/ fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
reflexes
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped & quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
acquisition
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
spontaneous recovery
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.
cognitive
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________ map, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms w/o turning on a light.
operant conditioning
The skinner box is an example of __________ _________. Worked with modifying voluntary behavior.
reflexes and instincts
What helps an organism adapt to its environment & do(es) not have to be learned?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone & repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
primary
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
continuous reinforcement
a dog receives a treat each time he sits on command is an example of what?
operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical & operant conditioning)
primary reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself & only has reinforcing qualities when linked w/ something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
variable ratio
slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired w/ an unconditioned stimulus
little albert
subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished
aversion therapy
treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors. Used for breaking alcohol addictions & habit of bitting nails
observational learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others
instinct
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
reflex
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
high-order conditioning
using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
second-order conditioning
what is the same as high-order conditioning?
habituation
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly w/o change