Psych chap 6

vicarious reinforcement

Carla notices that Marco, a classmate, receives a sticker from the teacher for raising his hand to answer a question. The next time the teacher asks the class a question, Carla raises her hand to answer. What is this an example of?

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Thorndike's Law of Effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

automatic, reflexive behavior

classical conditioning always involves what?

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired w/ the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior & then gets paired or associated w/ the behavior

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

observational learning

learning yoga poses by watching a yoga group in the park is an example of what kind of learning?

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

spontaneous recovery

pavlov cited __________ ___________ to support his theory that extinction is not the same as forgetting

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

live, verbal, & symbolic

Albert Bandura identified 3 kinds of models in observational learning. What are they?

latent learning

An adult recalling the location of a gas station when he unexpectedly runs out of gas is an example of what kind of learning?

stimulus generalization

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats is an example of what?

instincts

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, & joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

conditioned response

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel w/ a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm & giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. Which term describes Khaleel's squirming & giggling?

stimulus discrimination

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish btwn the sound of a slamming door & the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent a(n) ________.

neutral & unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

continuous

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him & gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

partial

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

stimulus generalization

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries bc she is allergic to them. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, & even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts w/ fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

reflexes

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped & quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

acquisition

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

spontaneous recovery

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

cognitive

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________ map, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms w/o turning on a light.

operant conditioning

The skinner box is an example of __________ _________. Worked with modifying voluntary behavior.

reflexes and instincts

What helps an organism adapt to its environment & do(es) not have to be learned?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone & repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

primary

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

continuous reinforcement

a dog receives a treat each time he sits on command is an example of what?

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical & operant conditioning)

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself & only has reinforcing qualities when linked w/ something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

variable ratio

slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired w/ an unconditioned stimulus

little albert

subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished

aversion therapy

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors. Used for breaking alcohol addictions & habit of bitting nails

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

high-order conditioning

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

second-order conditioning

what is the same as high-order conditioning?

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly w/o change