psych chapter 13
psychoanalysis
(1) Sigmund Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; (2) Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed that the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
The Big Five personality factors include:
A. conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of the following?
Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are most likely to object to this statement because:
Critics of Carl Rogers are likely to voice all of these objections.
______________ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.
Free association
The ____________ includes a "lie scale" that can assess the extent to which a person is "faking" to make a good impression.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Oedipus
[ED-uh-puss] complex according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
unconditional positive regard:
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:
a positive self-concept.
personality inventory:
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
terror-management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
People who have _____________ believe that chance or outside forces determine their fate. People who have _____________ believe that they control their own destiny.
an external locus of control; an internal locus of control
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Freud suggested that adults with a passive and submissive personality, marked by a childlike dependence, demonstrate signs of:
an oral fixation.
Researchers attempt to understand personality using biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Analysis at the psychological level is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:
attributional style.
Our _________________ is influenced by our biology, our social experiences, and our cognition and personality.
behavior
Garrick is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Which of the following Big Five personality factors would best describe his personality?
emotional stability
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption.
Jack feels that his economic situation is due to the current political situation and the lack of incentives for small businesses. Jack fails to realize that his unnecessary spending and poor business choices may have contributed to his current situation. Jack has a(n):
external locus of control.
According to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, the individual variation that is apparent across people can be reduced to several dimensions, including which of the following?
extraversion-introversion
Defensive self-esteem is to _____________ as secure self-esteem is to _____________.
fragility; sturdiness
When people are open with their own feelings, drop their facades, and are self-disclosing, they are displaying:
genuineness.
Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on the board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are best explained by:
identification
self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Julie knows that only she can turn her life around and be responsible for those choices. Julie has a(n):
internal locus of control.
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth.
spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us
People with high-self esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to:
persist when faced with a difficult task.
Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are to ______________ as water, sun, and nutrients are to ______________
positive growth in humans; the growth of healthy trees
You imagine the self you want to be—a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming—a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of:
possible selves.
The _____________ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.
psychoanalytic
People experiencing a depressed hopelessness often have ____________ than optimistic people.
reduced disease-fighting immune systems
In Western psychology, the ___________ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality.
self
During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told, "You often worry about things much more than you admit, even to your best friends." Mark's amazement at the psychic's apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates:
the Barnum effect.
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
personal control
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:
the human capacity for evil.
Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems that can explain the dynamics of the human mind. These three systems refer to:
the id, the ego, and the superego.
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
As a psychologist, you ask one of your clients to complete the MMPI. After you score the MMPI, you notice that the client endorsed answers which make her seem healthier than she really is. These answers would be detected on:
the lie scale.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this:
the spotlight effect.
When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates:
the spotlight effect.
humanistic theories
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.
psychodynamic theories
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
