Ch. 8

Aiden and Rey live next to a busy highway. When they first moved, it was difficult to sleep with the noise of the traffic, but now they don't seem to notice, which is the result of a. observational learning. b. sensitization. c. habituation. d. imprinting.

habituation

Which of the following is an advantage of observational learning? a. Anyone in a child's life can act as a role model. b. It is most effective for teaching desirable rather than undesirable behaviors. c. The learning occurs rapidly. d. It expands learning capacity.

it expands learning capacity

Nick wants to encourage his 6-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets $1. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods? Question 12 options: a. Habituation, positive punishment, and a fixed interval schedule b. Shaping, negative reinforcement, and a variable interval schedule c. Chaining, negative punishment, and a variable ratio schedule d. A token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

A token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning? a. Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic stressful, but now can do it with ease. b. As a child, Maxwell had a frightening experience with his neighbor's large dog. He now fears all large dogs. c. Hoping to understand more about her parent's culture, Parvati carefully watches as her grandmother prepares a traditional South Indian meal. d. Gabriel tells his 4-year-old daughter each night: "No dessert until you eat your dinner without complaining." To get the dessert, his daughter obeys.

Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic stressful, but now can do it with ease.

Cliff has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Cliff wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he "snaps" himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of _____ therapy. a. systematic desensitizing b. insight c. aversion d. flooding

Aversion

Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior, while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s)? a. Operant conditioning only b. Operant conditioning and observational learning c. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning only

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a. Operant conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; classical conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. b. Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. c. In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. d. In contrast to operant conditioning, classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change.

Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: (1) ignoring them; (2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; (3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and (4) requiring them each to write an essay on proper behavior. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation. a. Extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment b. Positive punishment, positive reinforcement, extinction, negative punishment c. Negative punishment, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, extinction d. Extinction, positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

Extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment

In which of the following examples is the person likely to show the highest and steadiest rate of response over time? a. In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino. b. Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors' lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job. c. Hoping to catch a message from her boyfriend, Wendy checks her e-mail again and again throughout the day. d. Jaime has a paper due once a month in his sociology course. His productivity is low at the beginning of the month and high as the deadline approaches.

In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino.

Why is the process of sensitization advantageous? a. It improves fixed action patterns. b. It improves reaction time. c. It improves cognition. d. It facilitates adaptation.

It improves reaction time.

Which of the following is a primary advantage of observational learning? a. It synchronizes behaviors, particularly between two unacquainted individuals. b. It creates imprinting in both human beings and lower animal species. c. It transmits information across generations within families and cultures. d. It provides rapid adaptation to situations beyond our control.

It transmits information across generations within families and cultures.

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination? a. Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home. b. Now when Oscar sees a cat or small dog coming toward him, he immediately begins to yelp in pain. c. Now whenever Oscar sees a cat, including the cat in his own home, he runs away. d. Now when Oscar hears a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, he runs away.

Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home.

As a gate creaks open, Ollie the puppy notices a strange cat heading into the yard. The cat hisses and scratches Ollie on the nose, causing Ollie to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning? a. Now when seeing the cat that scratched Ollie's nose, Ollie runs away, but Ollie still feels comfortable with the cat that lives in the same house with Ollie. b. Now when seeing a cat or small dog approaching, Ollie immediately begins to yelp in pain. c. Now seeing a cat, including the cat that lives in the same house, Ollie runs away. d. Now when hearing a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, Ollie runs away.

Now when hearing a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, Ollie runs away.

Steve and Bethany both work full time. Because Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties? a. Steve should consistently comment upon Bethany's lack of help with cooking and dish washing until her behavior changes. b. Steve should refuse to cook and clean, forcing Bethany to realize how her actions affect their relationship. c. Steve should ignore negative behaviors and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing. d. Steve should make a list of how all of Bethany's behaviors have affected his life.

Steve should ignore negative behaviors and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing.

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition? a. The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus. b. The unconditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the conditioned stimulus. c. The conditioned stimulus evokes an emotional response in the participant. d. The unconditioned stimulus evokes a negative response in the participant.

The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.

Fourth-grade teacher Maria promised her class a pizza party if everyone got an "A" on the next math test. This is an example of a. associative learning. b. classical conditioning. c. a token economy. d. negative reinforcement.

a token economy

Which of the following is true regarding latent inhibition? a. Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in relatively poor learning. b. Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in very effective learning. c. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning. d. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in very effective learning.

c. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning.

Martha wants to teach her dog Max the command, "Get beer, Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle, taking out a can of beer with his mouth, and bringing it to her dinner guest. Which of the following training methods is likely to work best? a. Chaining and positive reinforcement b. Shaping and positive punishment c. Chaining and negative punishment d. Shaping and negative reinforcement

chaining and positive reinforcement

Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as a. counterconditioning. b. flooding. c. systematic desensitization. d. inhibition.

counterconditioning

As a child, Jordan would jump excitedly when the Sponge Bob Square Pants theme song started playing on the television, receiving laughter and attention from adults for the excited jumping. Now that Jordan is a teenager, adults no longer direct laughter and attention at the excited jumping, and Jordan no longer reacts to the familiar theme song. This scenario illustrates the process of a. latent inhibition. b. discrimination. c. extinction. d. generalization.

extinction