PSYCH Chapter 2

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

High; low

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

Scatterplot

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

correlation

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

empirical studies

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________.

participants were not allowed to seek available treatment

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

placebo effect

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample; population; generalization

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?

there is a relationship between gender and intended major

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

-0.9

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

-1.0 and 1.0

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

Confirmation bias

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

Random sampling; random group assignment

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

Reliability

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured

_______ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

_______ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

Peer reviewers ________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

is large and randomly selected

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

small sample size

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________.

why empirical research is needed