Psych chapter 6-10

Perceptual Set

A set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects, top-down, what we hear, taste, feel, and see; A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Working Memory

A stage where short-term memories combine with long-term memories

Unconditional Stimulus and Response

A stimulus which triggers a response naturally, before/without any conditioning

Confirmation Bias

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Signal Detection Theory

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background use. Assumes there is no signal absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience

With respect to the linguistic determinism hypothesis, the linguistic relativism hypothesis is _____ hypothesis.

A weaker

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

After a few hours without the food (unconditioned stimulus, the tone (conditioned stimulus) was presented again.

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of the two different-sized cans is a better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that the larger size is usually a better buy. Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica is using a(n) _____.

Algorithm; Heuristic

A garden snake slithers past Shayla's feet as she walks to her driveway. Shayla startles, momentarily frightened. A spike of activity is probably occurring in the _____ in Shayla's brain.

Amygdala

Intuition

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of:

An extrinsic reward

Phi Phenomenon

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Long Term Potentiation

An increase in a nerve cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Because of abuse and neglect, Marcy was not exposed to spoken or signed language until age 10. Research suggests that her ability to master:

Any language is lost

Which individual's behavior may MOST easily be explained by the arousal theory of motivation?

Artie, who rode 10 different roller coasters in one day

As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he has run into the co-worker is known as:

Automatic Processing

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, "Are they following me?" Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as:

Automatic processing

The textbook suggests that _____ and _____ memory are the newest modifications to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic model of memory

Automatic processing; Working

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

After being told that his parents had just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Wayne is likely to experience an outpouring of _____ due to activation of the sympathetic division of his autonomic nervous system

Epinephrine

Memory (2)

It is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved (2)

Evidence that emotion follows physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____ theory. Evidence that emotion follows the placement of a cognitive label on physiological arousal would be most consistent with the two-factor theory.

James Lange; Two factor theory

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self-absorption

Divergent thinking involves:

Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem

Episodic

Experienced events; Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

What can shape and color our views?

Experiences, assumptions, expectations, motivation, emotions, and context

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words

Explicit and Implicit

Whenever Tarik reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by _____ motivation.

Extrinsic

The tendency of facial muscle states triggering corresponding feelings, such as fear or happiness, is called the:

Facial feedback effect

The public might think the economic situation is not as bad as it really is if the government reported employment at 88 percent, rather than saying that the unemployment rate is 12 percent. Which phenomenon is influencing the public's judgment in this situation?

Framing

When an issue is presented in a specific way that affects one's judgment and decision making, this is known as:

Framing

A year after surviving a car accident, Angie responds with terror at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:

Generalization

When stressed, people crave carbohydrates. Carbohydrates help raise levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect. This is an example of taste preferences being influenced by _____ factors

Genetic

Gestalt

German word meaning "whole"; an organized whole; Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendancy to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Grit

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

As an elementary school teacher, Luis has many students for whom English is a second language. He notices that many of these students have more difficulty understanding new vocabulary terms than the rest of the class, and have a tendency to misplace adjectives in their writings. These students are experiencing difficulty with:

Grammar

Representativeness Heuristic

Judge the likelihood of something by intuitively comparing it to particular prototypes

Dr. Simmons is interested in studying primate behavior as it is related to primate thought. If they want to do further research on behaviors that other animal researchers have already found in primates, which of these topics should they choose?

Group aggression, altruism, and transmission of cultural patterns

Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:

Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

Availbility Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Kinesthetic Receptor

Kinesthetic receptor

Grammar

Language's set of rules that enable people to communicate

Classical Conditioning

Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction

Shalinda's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her without the ability to express herself linguistically, because of damage to her _____ lobe.

Left frontal lobe

Skin Sense: Pressure Energy Source

Light pressure

Vision Energy Source

Light waves

According to your text, transduction involves three processes. Which of these is NOT one of these processes?

Interpreting

If a parent wants to increase the amount of enjoyment and time a child reads books as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ for reading

Intrinsic Motivation

Ty's mother is frustrated that he will not spend the time on his schoolwork that he does practicing and playing baseball. Ty will spend hours practicing in the hot sun every summer day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by

Intrinsic Motivation

Shalin is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Shalin is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.

Intrinsic; extrinsic

Some instructors use the generic pronoun he when referring to psychologists and the generic pronoun she when referring to administrative assistants. In students' minds, they automatically think of psychologists as men and administrative assistants as women. Why?

Linguistic determinism predicts that language shapes one's thinking

By motivating people to satisfy their physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to:

Maintain homeostasis

Heiarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs

_____ is NOT an effective effortful processing strategy to better remember information.

Massed Practice

Skin Sense: Pressure Receptor

Mechanoreceptors

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

As adopted children get older, their intelligence scores become:

More like their biological parents

Megan starts making a grocery list early in the week, and adds items daily throughout the week. At the end of the week, when Megan gets to the grocery store, she realizes that she left her list at home. The items she is MOST likely to recall on the list are those that she added:

Most recently

Eleanor suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. Based on the case study of Mrs. M. described in the textbook, the stroke is MOST likely to impair Eleanor's ability to perceive:

Motion

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior is called

Motivation

_____ is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Motivation

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment, children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll.

Much more likely, compared to children not exposed to the adult model,

Kinesthetic Sense Organ

Muscle, joints, tendons

Joel enjoys posting his views on social media. However, when another user makes a dismissing remark about one of Joel's posts, Joel becomes very irritated and responds in kind. This behavior is a symptom of

Narcissism

Convergent Thinking

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. Ex: SAT

Sherry is visiting colleagues in Mexico City and is asked to try a local delicacy, sautéed ant eggs. She is reluctant to do so as her _____ makes her less willing to consume this odd food

Neophobia

While you are visiting friends in New York, you are asked to try Saltfish. You are reluctant to do so since your _____, which was adaptive for your ancestors, makes you less willing to consume this unfamiliar food

Neophobia

Fetaure Detectors

Nerve cells in the occipital lobe's visual cortex that respond to a scene's specific visual features—to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements; Nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement

Damage to different cortical areas results in different forms of aphasia. This BEST illustrates that language processing involves multiple:

Neural Networks

Ava looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. She immediately feels her heart start to pound. She is confused by this response until she remembers her last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and she thought she was going to die. Ava realizes her heart is pounding because she is afraid. Which theory BEST explains this sequence of events?

Two Factor Theory

Skin Sense: Pressure Perception

Pressure

Meredith remembers the first several companies she contacted in her job search, but not the next few; this exemplifies the _____ effect

Primacy

Parallel Processing

Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near to each other. This is called the principle of _____.

Proximity

Retrieve

Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded

All our senses:

Receieve sensory stimulation, transform that stimulation into neural impulses, deliver neural information to our brain

Basal Ganglia's Function

Receive input from the cortex, but do not return the favor by sending information back to the cortex for conscious awareness of procedural learning

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:

Recognition

An elementary school teacher is testing pupils' retention of state capitals. In Part I of the test, students must match some capitals to the correct states. In Part II, students have to supply the correct capital for each of several states. Part I is a _____ test of memory, and Part II is a _____ test

Recognition; Recall

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

Rehearsal

Rory agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So Rory repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Rory used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called:

Rehearsal

Cones

Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions

The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be _____ cues.

Retrieval

Recall

Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time

Photorceptors

Rods and cones are our eyes light-sensitive photoreceptors

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to feel that the world is an organized and predictable place is a(n) _____ need.

Safety

Venturesome Personality

Seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles

During a job interview, the prospective employee laughs at Ms. Dolly's jokes and seems to feign his smiles. She knows this from all of these clues EXCEPT that the smiles

Seem too wide

When Juan puts on a hat in the morning, he notices it is there. As the day goes on, he forgets that he is wearing it. This demonstrates the process of:

Sensory Adaptation

Sensory Receptors

Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

Claudia meets nine new neighbors at a block party. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates the:

Serial Position Effect

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of the neurotransmitter _____ at certain synapses.

Serotonin

Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?

She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

Short term

Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:

Signal Detection Theory

Skin Sense: Pain Sense Organ

Skin

Skin Sense: Pressure (Sense Organ)

Skin

Skin Sense: Temperature Sense Organ

Skin

What is the only sense that doesn't route to the thalamus?

Smell

Veronica is excited to be studying developmental psychology in China. Veronica knows that children's facial expressions are largely universal and that children do all of these EXCEPT:

Smile when they are happy

Hearing Perception

Sound

Hearing Energy Source

Sound Waves

Creative Enviroment

Sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas

Homeostasis

Staying the same; A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

___________ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Syntax

Taste Receptor

Taste Buds

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to study participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This BEST illustrates:

That information can be processed outside of conscious awareness

Opponent Process Theory

That opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) Theory

That the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors. One most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

Divergent Thinking

The ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways

Creativity

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Depth Perception

The ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

In the last few months of 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as:

The availability heuristic

If one mimics another person's facial expressions of emotion, one probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is BEST explained in terms of the:

The behavior feedback phenomenon

Careema and Ava are riding on a roller coaster. Both girls' sympathetic nervous systems are active. Careema, though, feels apprehensive, whereas Ava is exhilarated. Which statement is true?

The girls differ in the valence of their emotions

Difference Threshold

The minimum stimulus difference a person can detect half the time; the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time (just a noticeable difference)

Absolute Threshold

The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

A few hours after eating at an airport restaurant, Ethlyn began to feel extremely nauseous. The next time Ethlyn was in the airport and walked by a restaurant, she felt nauseous. How can this BEST be explained?

The nausea from the restaurant is an unconditioned response

Optic Nerve

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Memory Consolidation

The neural storage of a long-term memory

Grouping

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval information

Set Point

The point at which the "weight thermostat" may be set. When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

Blind Spot

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Webber's Law

The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Perception

The processes by which her brain organizes and interprets sensory input; The process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful

Long Term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions

Babbling Stage

The stage in speech development, beginning around 4 months, during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language

One Word Stage

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Reception

The stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, heat, etc)

Spacing Effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Behavior Feedback Effect

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

Facial Feedback Effect

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Skin Sense: Temperature Receptor

Thermoreceptors

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Shereshevsky had an amazing memory but struggled with:

Thinking abstractly

Encode

To get information into our brain

Figure Ground

To separate faces from backgrounds; The organization of the visual fields into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Taste Sense Organ

Tongue

In testing thousands of different materials for use as light bulb filaments, Thomas Edison BEST illustrated a problem-solving approach known as:

Trial and Error

With respect to theories of color perception, the _____ theory applies to the first stage of color processing, whereas the _____ applies to the second stage.

Trichromatic; opponent process

When Greg's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted the harmless symptoms as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him to experience an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional response is BEST understood in terms of the:

Two Factor Theory

How might one describe the shape of the function relating the probability of an item's recall to the item's position on a list?

U-shaped

When people communicate _____, they are often less focused on others' reactions and less inhibited in their self-disclosures

Via text message

Smell Energy Source

Volatile Chemicals

Skin Sense: Temperature Perception

Warmth/Cold

Physiological Needs (Maslow)

A basic bodily requirement (thirst, hunger)

Incentives

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Emotions

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and, most importantly, (3) conscious experience resulting from one's interpretations

Cognitive Learning

Acquiring new behaviors and information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience(observing the behavior of others)

A speeding car almost runs Lena over while she is riding her bike. The frightening experience causes a surge of activity in Lena's:

Amygdala

Insight

An abrupt, true-seeming, and often satisfying solution

According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience and most of these are present during infancy. Which of these is one of these basic emotions?

Disgust

Neophobia

Dislike of unfamiliar things

"How many uses can you think of for a brick?" Norman is asked by the examiner. Norman is taking a test of:

Divergent Thinking

Parallel Processing

Doing many things at one; Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

With respect to the influence of experience on perception, the philosophers Immanuel Kant and John Locke:

Had opposing views

Hearing Receptor

Hair cells (inner ear)

Smell Receptor

Olfactory Cells

Yarik's roommate asked if he would like to grab lunch before class. Yarik declined because he is not feeling hungry at the moment. This is likely because their:

PYY hormones are low

Skin Sense: Pain Perception

Pain

What are the 3 skin senses?

Pain, pressure, temperature

Imaginative Thinking Skills

The ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections

Vestibular Sense Organ

Semi circular canal

How many pieces of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?

5-7-9

The intelligence scores of adopted children are LEAST likely to be positively correlated with the scores of their adoptive siblings during:

Adulthood

We strive to satisfy 3 needs:

Competence, autonomy, relatedness

Basal Ganglia

Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills

Ostracism

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Hearing Sense Organ

Ears

Ground beef that is described as 75 percent lean seems much more appealing than beef that is 25 percent fat. This is an example of the _____ effect.

Framing

Nudge

Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

Automatic Processing

Happens without our awareness; Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings

Skin Sense: Pain Energy Source

Heavy Pressure

Damage to this part of the brain disrupts the recall of explicit memories.

Hippocampus

Morpheme

In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Who is the father of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he might use the technique of:

Linear Perspective

Casual observation and intelligence tests before age 3:

Only modestly predict children's future aptitudes

The physical changes that accompany emotional experience are:

Partly conscious and partly unconscious

_____ is the result of damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion posits that people experience emotion

Simultaneously with their physical response

Taste Perception

Taste

Affiliation Need

The need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

What do we automatically process?

Time, space, frequency

Vestibular Receptor

Vestibular Sacs

Concussions and electroconvulsive therapy are MOST likely to result in the elimination of memories from _____ memory

Working

Two Factor Theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

People watching their team lose important games often make faces, yell at the screen, and demonstrate general agitation. Although they aren't playing the game themselves, they may be able to experience the frustration felt by the players because of ________________ activity in the brain.

Mirror Neuron

Algorithms

Step by step procedures that guarantee a solution

Several studies have indicated that the generic pronoun he

Tends to trigger images of males but NOT females for both children and adults

Perceptual Adaptation

The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

The desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Telegraphic Speech

The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

The facts and experiences we can consciously know and "declare." Formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking then storing that information

Adlartok's face is completely blank when their usual package delivery driver greets them out of uniform in a café one weekend afternoon. Adlartok's failure to recognize the driver out of their customary context is BEST seen as a failure of _____ processing.

Top Down Processing

When Lahn encounters an unfamiliar word, they use the context provided by its sentence and surrounding paragraph to construct an understanding of its meaning, Lahn's example BEST illustrates _____ processing.

Top Down Processing

_____ is the process in which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals

Transduction

Transduction

Transforming this cell stimulation into neural impulses

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount, is called:

Webbers Law

Kinesthetic Perception

Movement

Four years ago, Acme Tool and Die included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers started receiving quarterly bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at the company has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is BEST explained in terms of:

Operant Conditioning

Belief Perserverance

Our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

The oil company, BP, displayed _____ before spilling in the Gulf of Mexico, downplaying safety concerns and the magnitude of the oil spill.

Overconfidence

Binocular Cues

People who see with two eyes perceive depth; A depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

Perceptual Set

Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to view her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

Perceptual Sets

Perceptual Constancy

Recognize objects without being deceived by changes in their color, brightness, shape, or size—a top-down process; Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

Our senses do all of these EXCEPT:

Record sensory information and save it for later processing

At the zoo, a chimpanzee has figured out how to use the right kind of stones to crack open the nuts thrown to him by spectators. In Skinner's terms, the chimpanzee's problem solving has been shaped by:

Reinforcement

James Laird and his colleagues subtly induced students to make a frowning expression by asking them to "contract these muscles" and "pull your brows together" (supposedly to help the researchers attach facial electrodes). They found that the students:

Reported being a little angry

A lie detector, or polygraph, is used to monitor a person's:

Respiration

In the 1990s, the U.S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Abraham Maslow's need for:

Self Actualization

When Portia sees a motivational poster exhorting, "Be the change you want to see in the world," Portia recalls Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, especially the need for:

Self- transcendence

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:

After it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells

Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by:

Extrinsic motivation

Vision Sense Organ

Eyes

Semantic

Facts and general knowledge; Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

_____ is an ideal form of stored energy

Fat

Certain neurons seem to be wired to detect certain angles, lines, edges, and movements. For example, we can quickly detect the structures of a human face and interpret the expression on that face. The nerve cells that respond to these specific features are called:

Feature Detectors

What do cones detect?

Fine detail and give rise to color sensations

Arousal Theory

Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Focuses on the priority of some needs over others

What are Rods necessary for?

For peripheral and twilight vision when cones dont respond

Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory

Memories that are formed without our awareness that we are building a memory and without rehearsal or other processing in working memory

Hippocampus

Memory; A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts and events—for storage

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

The drive for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills and ideas, and for meeting a high standard is called _____ motivation

Achievement

Retinal Disparity

A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

Wernicke's Area

A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression. People were unable to understand others' sentences and could speak only meaningless sentences (auditory cortex)

Flashbulbs Memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Critical Period

A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

Justyce is in a movie theater and on the screen one of the actors is cut across the arm. He gasps but everyone else in attendance is silent. Which country might he be in?

China

_______________ maintains that our capacity for developing language is natural and quick because we come equipped with a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules

Chomsky

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend viewing violence, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

Correlation does not prove causation

Vestibular Energy Source

Direction of gravity

Instinct Theory

Genetically predisposed behaviors

Erico is a figure skater preparing for the upcoming national championships. His coach has suggested he practice mentally for the competition. Which scenario would one recommend he imagine?

He should imagine his jumps and spins while listening to his skating music

An 8-year-old cat Minnie ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for 2 months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When the neighbor returned from her 2-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to her owner. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation

Orexin

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus (increases appetite)

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

Studies of our ability to perceive and communicate emotions indicate that:

In a crowd of people, it's easier to detect a single angry face than a single happy face.

Phonemes

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Neutral Stimulus

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

The primacy effect refers to the fact that:

Items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.

The textbook notes that _____ has many words for interpersonal emotions such as sympathy; this contrasts with English, which has a rich vocabulary for self-focused emotions such as anger

Japanese

Skin Sense: Pain Receptor

Nocireceptor

Smell Sense Organ

Nose

Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery, he could:

Not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch

Smell Perception

Odor

Leptin

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger (decreases appetite)

John has a harder time remembering that tomatoes are considered a fruit than are apples. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit.

Prototype

Store

Retain that information

Rods

Retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray and are sensitive to movement

Vision Receptor

Rods and Cones

Self Disclosure

Sharing ourselves- our joys, worries, and weaknesses with others

Vision Perception

Sight, color

Taste Energy Source

Soluble Chemicals

Randy has an above average intelligence quotient (IQ) but average motivation. In contrast, his brother Steven has an average IQ but high motivation. According to research results, which brother is likely to have higher achievement in his lifetime?

Steven will achieve more

Who of these is likely to have a greater working-memory capacity?

Young adults

Drive Reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Linguistic Relativism

The idea that language influences the way we think

Sensory Memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Fixation

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Storage

The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

Convergence

The inward angle of the eyes focusing on a near object

Fovea

The retinas area of central focus; The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

Two Word Stage

The stage in speech development, beginning about age 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two-word

Framing

The way we present an issue

Angela sent an email to her best friend in which she teased her about getting her first B in a college course. Angela believed her teasing was good-natured and funny. Her friend responded that she was hurt and accused Angela of being insensitive and uncaring. Which aspect of Angela's email is LEAST likely to have contributed to this misunderstanding?

The words she used to tease her friend

Memory experts who are skeptical about reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that:

Therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of false memories

At about 24 months of age, the _____ stage of language development typically begins

Two Word

Expertise

Well developed knowledge

Top Down Processing

You interpret what your senses detect; Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct prescriptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Self Determination Theory

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Aptitude

A natural ability to learn

Motivations

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Monocular Cues

A depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Achievement Motivation

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

What is an example of recall?

A fill in the blank test

Iconic Memory

A fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli; A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Broca's Area

A frontal lobe brain area, usually in the left hemisphere, that helps control language expression; A person would struggle to speak words, yet could still sing familiar songs and comprehend speech (motor cortex)

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skill; Plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

Glucose

A major source of energy for your body's cells

Relearning

A measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had studied before, even if you dont recall having seen the information before

Visual Cliff

A model of a cliff with a "drop-off" area that was actually covered by sturdy glass.; A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

A police officer comes to talk to you about an automobile accident you may have witnessed the previous day. Since you were in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the officer's wording affect your recollection of the incident? You would be more likely to remember:

A more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other)

Whereas a computer's hard drive may be said to enable the memory process of storage, using its keyboard is analogous to the process of:

Encoding

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Vestibular Perception

Balance

Individuals with IQ scores over 135 are said to:

Be intellectually gifted

Anastasia was born deaf to hearing-impaired parents. Anastasia is fluent in sign language and has achieved high academic scores in school. How is Anastasia likely to perform on a standard intelligence test compared to hearing children their age?

Because the intelligence test is in the culture's dominant language, Anastasia may not perform as well

The more people examine the evidence for their point of view, the more they tend to:

Become convinced they are correct

John B Watson

Behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; classical conditioning

BF Skinner

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

When Professor Jans failed to recognize several times that Simone had their hand raised to answer a question, Simone began to think the professor disliked them. Despite learning later that the professor's limited vision would have made it impossible for them to see their raised hand, Simone continued to think the professor disliked them. Simone's reaction BEST illustrates:

Belief Perserverance

Subliminal

Below our threshold for being able to consciously detect a stimulus

Linguistic Determinism

Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Abigail hasn't eaten since breakfast. It is now time for dinner. Abigail's stomach is growling, and she feels very hungry. One reason that she is feeling hungry is because her:

Blood glucose level has dropped

Kinesthetic Energy Source

Body movement

Survey research reported in the textbook found that in _____, university students' recent peak moments satisfied belongingness or relatedness needs

Both South Korea and the United States

Short Term Memory

Briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten

Chen Yu suffered a head injury after crashing his motorcycle. When he awoke from a two-day coma, he found that he could formulate his thoughts linguistically, but he had lost the ability to speak. Chen Yu suffered damage to _____ area in his brain's left hemisphere.

Broca's

Alone in the woods, Yolanda hears a noise. She thinks she sees a bear coming toward her. Yolanda's heart starts pounding and, at the same time, she realizes she is afraid. This sequence of events is BEST explained by which theory of emotion?

Cannon-Bard

Which brain structure plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning?

Cerebellum

Operant Conditioning

Changing behavior choices in response to consequences

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number

Chunking

Jaylen found the item number of the product she wanted to order from a catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jaylen was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the item number.

Chunking

When asked to memorize the 15 letters C I A C B S A B C F B I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used a tactic called _____

Chunking

Even when grass is seen through sunglasses, it appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This BEST illustrates:

Color Constancy

When one groups similar objects, events, ideas, or people in the mind, one has formed a(n) _____.

Concept

Cannon-Bard Theory

Concluded that our bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately but simultaneously. Ex: My heart began pounding as I experienced fear

Humans lack visual clarity in peripheral vision. This is because of the small number of receptors called _____ located there.

Cones

James is threading a needle under a bright light bulb. During this task, James' vision is driven mainly by the _____ in his _____.

Cones; fovea

Social media sites are sometimes described as "echo chambers," or environments in which people rarely encounter beliefs coinciding with their own, thereby reinforcing their existing views and preventing their consideration of alternative views. Social media sites may therefore encourage:

Confirmation Bias

Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This reflects that childhood is a(n) _____ for mastering aspects of language

Critical Period

Transmission

Delivering this neural information to the brain to be processed

A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8 percent in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ threshold.

Difference

In a television interview, a once-famous rapper insists that he did not steal the hook of his only hit from a song by a well-known rock band of the era. The rapper hums the melodies of both songs in succession, claiming that the final notes are not the same. Most viewers cannot distinguish the notes. At least in the rapper's hummed rendition, the frequencies of the final notes are separated by less than the typical person's _____ threshold.

Difference

PYY

Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain (decreases appetite)

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious exertion.

Effortful Processing

In psychological science, _____ is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

Embodied cognition

Ravi picked the wrong day to ask the boss for a much needed day off. The boss is stressing about a project proposal that is due in a couple of days. This BEST illustrates that Ravi lacks:

Emotional intelligence.

Bottom Up Processing

Enables your sensory systems to detect the lines, angles, and colors that form images; Information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

Michelle was driving home from running errands with her four children when her car broke down about a mile from her house. She tried to get it to start but it just would not do anything. She tried to call her husband to come help her but received no answer. Michelle decided to walk home with her four children. After walking about half a mile in the 95-degree weather with her children Michelle could see her street in the distance. It seemed like she would never get home. It felt like she had been walking for hours. Michelle's perception of the distance to her home is being influenced by:

Her emotions

When solving a multiple-choice question, eliminate options that are obviously incorrect, and eliminate options that contain absolute terms such as all or every. These rules of thumb are known as:

Heuristics

Damage to the brain's _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip

Hippocampus

Carlos's memory for the approximate population of California is to his memory for how to tie a necktie as the brain's _____ are to its _____.

Hippocampus and frontal lobes; Basal Ganglia and cerebellum

One's memory for one's most embarrassing moment is to one's anxious reaction to a blood test as the brain's _____ are to its _____

Hippocampus and frontal lobes; basal ganglia and cerebellum

Ghrelin

Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain (increases appetite)

Skin Sense: Temperature Energy Source

Hot/Cold

Research has demonstrated that our memories of pain depend on which of these factors?

How much pain we feel at the end of the experience

Recognition

Identifying items previously learned (multiple choice)

George is a participant in an experiment in which he will be asked to assess a person's trustworthiness based on a brief exposure to a photo of the person. Based on prior research results, what is the briefest exposure possible that will enable George to make an accurate assessment?

One tenth of a second

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Which statement is true with respect to the relationship between thinking and language?

People sometimes think in images rather than words

"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to:

Phonemes

Abiyah has learned how to do cartwheels and receives praise from his parents each time he does one. Abiyah will repeat the trick if he finds that attention enjoyable. In this example, attention would be:

Positive enforcement

Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. These components may be exemplified, respectively, by:

Pounding heart, increased pace, sense of fear

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of physical energy, such as sights, sounds and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret