Psych chapter 6-10
Perceptual Set
A set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects, top-down, what we hear, taste, feel, and see; A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
Working Memory
A stage where short-term memories combine with long-term memories
Unconditional Stimulus and Response
A stimulus which triggers a response naturally, before/without any conditioning
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Signal Detection Theory
A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background use. Assumes there is no signal absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience
With respect to the linguistic determinism hypothesis, the linguistic relativism hypothesis is _____ hypothesis.
A weaker
In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:
After a few hours without the food (unconditioned stimulus, the tone (conditioned stimulus) was presented again.
Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of the two different-sized cans is a better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that the larger size is usually a better buy. Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica is using a(n) _____.
Algorithm; Heuristic
A garden snake slithers past Shayla's feet as she walks to her driveway. Shayla startles, momentarily frightened. A spike of activity is probably occurring in the _____ in Shayla's brain.
Amygdala
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of:
An extrinsic reward
Phi Phenomenon
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
Long Term Potentiation
An increase in a nerve cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
Because of abuse and neglect, Marcy was not exposed to spoken or signed language until age 10. Research suggests that her ability to master:
Any language is lost
Which individual's behavior may MOST easily be explained by the arousal theory of motivation?
Artie, who rode 10 different roller coasters in one day
As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he has run into the co-worker is known as:
Automatic Processing
Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, "Are they following me?" Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as:
Automatic processing
The textbook suggests that _____ and _____ memory are the newest modifications to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic model of memory
Automatic processing; Working
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
After being told that his parents had just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Wayne is likely to experience an outpouring of _____ due to activation of the sympathetic division of his autonomic nervous system
Epinephrine
Memory (2)
It is information that has been acquired and stored and can be retrieved (2)
Evidence that emotion follows physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____ theory. Evidence that emotion follows the placement of a cognitive label on physiological arousal would be most consistent with the two-factor theory.
James Lange; Two factor theory
Narcissism
Excessive self-love and self-absorption
Divergent thinking involves:
Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem
Episodic
Experienced events; Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
What can shape and color our views?
Experiences, assumptions, expectations, motivation, emotions, and context
Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words
Explicit and Implicit
Whenever Tarik reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by _____ motivation.
Extrinsic
The tendency of facial muscle states triggering corresponding feelings, such as fear or happiness, is called the:
Facial feedback effect
The public might think the economic situation is not as bad as it really is if the government reported employment at 88 percent, rather than saying that the unemployment rate is 12 percent. Which phenomenon is influencing the public's judgment in this situation?
Framing
When an issue is presented in a specific way that affects one's judgment and decision making, this is known as:
Framing
A year after surviving a car accident, Angie responds with terror at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:
Generalization
When stressed, people crave carbohydrates. Carbohydrates help raise levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect. This is an example of taste preferences being influenced by _____ factors
Genetic
Gestalt
German word meaning "whole"; an organized whole; Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendancy to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Grit
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
As an elementary school teacher, Luis has many students for whom English is a second language. He notices that many of these students have more difficulty understanding new vocabulary terms than the rest of the class, and have a tendency to misplace adjectives in their writings. These students are experiencing difficulty with:
Grammar
Representativeness Heuristic
Judge the likelihood of something by intuitively comparing it to particular prototypes
Dr. Simmons is interested in studying primate behavior as it is related to primate thought. If they want to do further research on behaviors that other animal researchers have already found in primates, which of these topics should they choose?
Group aggression, altruism, and transmission of cultural patterns
Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:
Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations
Availbility Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Kinesthetic Receptor
Kinesthetic receptor
Grammar
Language's set of rules that enable people to communicate
Classical Conditioning
Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction
Shalinda's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her without the ability to express herself linguistically, because of damage to her _____ lobe.
Left frontal lobe
Skin Sense: Pressure Energy Source
Light pressure
Vision Energy Source
Light waves
According to your text, transduction involves three processes. Which of these is NOT one of these processes?
Interpreting
If a parent wants to increase the amount of enjoyment and time a child reads books as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ for reading
Intrinsic Motivation
Ty's mother is frustrated that he will not spend the time on his schoolwork that he does practicing and playing baseball. Ty will spend hours practicing in the hot sun every summer day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by
Intrinsic Motivation
Shalin is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Shalin is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.
Intrinsic; extrinsic
Some instructors use the generic pronoun he when referring to psychologists and the generic pronoun she when referring to administrative assistants. In students' minds, they automatically think of psychologists as men and administrative assistants as women. Why?
Linguistic determinism predicts that language shapes one's thinking
By motivating people to satisfy their physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to:
Maintain homeostasis
Heiarchy of Needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs
_____ is NOT an effective effortful processing strategy to better remember information.
Massed Practice
Skin Sense: Pressure Receptor
Mechanoreceptors
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
As adopted children get older, their intelligence scores become:
More like their biological parents
Megan starts making a grocery list early in the week, and adds items daily throughout the week. At the end of the week, when Megan gets to the grocery store, she realizes that she left her list at home. The items she is MOST likely to recall on the list are those that she added:
Most recently
Eleanor suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. Based on the case study of Mrs. M. described in the textbook, the stroke is MOST likely to impair Eleanor's ability to perceive:
Motion
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior is called
Motivation
_____ is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Motivation
Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment, children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll.
Much more likely, compared to children not exposed to the adult model,
Kinesthetic Sense Organ
Muscle, joints, tendons
Joel enjoys posting his views on social media. However, when another user makes a dismissing remark about one of Joel's posts, Joel becomes very irritated and responds in kind. This behavior is a symptom of
Narcissism
Convergent Thinking
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. Ex: SAT
Sherry is visiting colleagues in Mexico City and is asked to try a local delicacy, sautéed ant eggs. She is reluctant to do so as her _____ makes her less willing to consume this odd food
Neophobia
While you are visiting friends in New York, you are asked to try Saltfish. You are reluctant to do so since your _____, which was adaptive for your ancestors, makes you less willing to consume this unfamiliar food
Neophobia
Fetaure Detectors
Nerve cells in the occipital lobe's visual cortex that respond to a scene's specific visual features—to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements; Nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement
Damage to different cortical areas results in different forms of aphasia. This BEST illustrates that language processing involves multiple:
Neural Networks
Ava looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. She immediately feels her heart start to pound. She is confused by this response until she remembers her last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and she thought she was going to die. Ava realizes her heart is pounding because she is afraid. Which theory BEST explains this sequence of events?
Two Factor Theory
Skin Sense: Pressure Perception
Pressure
Meredith remembers the first several companies she contacted in her job search, but not the next few; this exemplifies the _____ effect
Primacy
Parallel Processing
Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near to each other. This is called the principle of _____.
Proximity
Retrieve
Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded
All our senses:
Receieve sensory stimulation, transform that stimulation into neural impulses, deliver neural information to our brain
Basal Ganglia's Function
Receive input from the cortex, but do not return the favor by sending information back to the cortex for conscious awareness of procedural learning
Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:
Recognition
An elementary school teacher is testing pupils' retention of state capitals. In Part I of the test, students must match some capitals to the correct states. In Part II, students have to supply the correct capital for each of several states. Part I is a _____ test of memory, and Part II is a _____ test
Recognition; Recall
One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.
Rehearsal
Rory agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So Rory repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Rory used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called:
Rehearsal
Cones
Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions
The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be _____ cues.
Retrieval
Recall
Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time
Photorceptors
Rods and cones are our eyes light-sensitive photoreceptors
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to feel that the world is an organized and predictable place is a(n) _____ need.
Safety
Venturesome Personality
Seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles
During a job interview, the prospective employee laughs at Ms. Dolly's jokes and seems to feign his smiles. She knows this from all of these clues EXCEPT that the smiles
Seem too wide
When Juan puts on a hat in the morning, he notices it is there. As the day goes on, he forgets that he is wearing it. This demonstrates the process of:
Sensory Adaptation
Sensory Receptors
Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
Claudia meets nine new neighbors at a block party. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates the:
Serial Position Effect
When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of the neurotransmitter _____ at certain synapses.
Serotonin
Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?
She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces
Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.
Short term
Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:
Signal Detection Theory
Skin Sense: Pain Sense Organ
Skin
Skin Sense: Pressure (Sense Organ)
Skin
Skin Sense: Temperature Sense Organ
Skin
What is the only sense that doesn't route to the thalamus?
Smell
Veronica is excited to be studying developmental psychology in China. Veronica knows that children's facial expressions are largely universal and that children do all of these EXCEPT:
Smile when they are happy
Hearing Perception
Sound
Hearing Energy Source
Sound Waves
Creative Enviroment
Sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas
Homeostasis
Staying the same; A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
___________ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Syntax
Taste Receptor
Taste Buds
A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to study participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This BEST illustrates:
That information can be processed outside of conscious awareness
Opponent Process Theory
That opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) Theory
That the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors. One most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
Divergent Thinking
The ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Depth Perception
The ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
In the last few months of 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as:
The availability heuristic
If one mimics another person's facial expressions of emotion, one probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is BEST explained in terms of the:
The behavior feedback phenomenon
Careema and Ava are riding on a roller coaster. Both girls' sympathetic nervous systems are active. Careema, though, feels apprehensive, whereas Ava is exhilarated. Which statement is true?
The girls differ in the valence of their emotions
Difference Threshold
The minimum stimulus difference a person can detect half the time; the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time (just a noticeable difference)
Absolute Threshold
The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
A few hours after eating at an airport restaurant, Ethlyn began to feel extremely nauseous. The next time Ethlyn was in the airport and walked by a restaurant, she felt nauseous. How can this BEST be explained?
The nausea from the restaurant is an unconditioned response
Optic Nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Memory Consolidation
The neural storage of a long-term memory
Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval information
Set Point
The point at which the "weight thermostat" may be set. When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
Blind Spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Webber's Law
The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Sensation
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Perception
The processes by which her brain organizes and interprets sensory input; The process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful
Long Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions
Babbling Stage
The stage in speech development, beginning around 4 months, during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language
One Word Stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Reception
The stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, heat, etc)
Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Behavior Feedback Effect
The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
Skin Sense: Temperature Receptor
Thermoreceptors
Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Shereshevsky had an amazing memory but struggled with:
Thinking abstractly
Encode
To get information into our brain
Figure Ground
To separate faces from backgrounds; The organization of the visual fields into objects that stand out from their surroundings
Taste Sense Organ
Tongue
In testing thousands of different materials for use as light bulb filaments, Thomas Edison BEST illustrated a problem-solving approach known as:
Trial and Error
With respect to theories of color perception, the _____ theory applies to the first stage of color processing, whereas the _____ applies to the second stage.
Trichromatic; opponent process
When Greg's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted the harmless symptoms as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him to experience an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional response is BEST understood in terms of the:
Two Factor Theory
How might one describe the shape of the function relating the probability of an item's recall to the item's position on a list?
U-shaped
When people communicate _____, they are often less focused on others' reactions and less inhibited in their self-disclosures
Via text message
Smell Energy Source
Volatile Chemicals
Skin Sense: Temperature Perception
Warmth/Cold
Physiological Needs (Maslow)
A basic bodily requirement (thirst, hunger)
Incentives
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Emotions
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and, most importantly, (3) conscious experience resulting from one's interpretations
Cognitive Learning
Acquiring new behaviors and information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience(observing the behavior of others)
A speeding car almost runs Lena over while she is riding her bike. The frightening experience causes a surge of activity in Lena's:
Amygdala
Insight
An abrupt, true-seeming, and often satisfying solution
According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience and most of these are present during infancy. Which of these is one of these basic emotions?
Disgust
Neophobia
Dislike of unfamiliar things
"How many uses can you think of for a brick?" Norman is asked by the examiner. Norman is taking a test of:
Divergent Thinking
Parallel Processing
Doing many things at one; Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
With respect to the influence of experience on perception, the philosophers Immanuel Kant and John Locke:
Had opposing views
Hearing Receptor
Hair cells (inner ear)
Smell Receptor
Olfactory Cells
Yarik's roommate asked if he would like to grab lunch before class. Yarik declined because he is not feeling hungry at the moment. This is likely because their:
PYY hormones are low
Skin Sense: Pain Perception
Pain
What are the 3 skin senses?
Pain, pressure, temperature
Imaginative Thinking Skills
The ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections
Vestibular Sense Organ
Semi circular canal
How many pieces of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?
5-7-9
The intelligence scores of adopted children are LEAST likely to be positively correlated with the scores of their adoptive siblings during:
Adulthood
We strive to satisfy 3 needs:
Competence, autonomy, relatedness
Basal Ganglia
Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills
Ostracism
Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
Hearing Sense Organ
Ears
Ground beef that is described as 75 percent lean seems much more appealing than beef that is 25 percent fat. This is an example of the _____ effect.
Framing
Nudge
Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions
Automatic Processing
Happens without our awareness; Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings
Skin Sense: Pain Energy Source
Heavy Pressure
Damage to this part of the brain disrupts the recall of explicit memories.
Hippocampus
Morpheme
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
Who is the father of behaviorism?
John B. Watson
Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he might use the technique of:
Linear Perspective
Casual observation and intelligence tests before age 3:
Only modestly predict children's future aptitudes
The physical changes that accompany emotional experience are:
Partly conscious and partly unconscious
_____ is the result of damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion posits that people experience emotion
Simultaneously with their physical response
Taste Perception
Taste
Affiliation Need
The need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
What do we automatically process?
Time, space, frequency
Vestibular Receptor
Vestibular Sacs
Concussions and electroconvulsive therapy are MOST likely to result in the elimination of memories from _____ memory
Working
Two Factor Theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
People watching their team lose important games often make faces, yell at the screen, and demonstrate general agitation. Although they aren't playing the game themselves, they may be able to experience the frustration felt by the players because of ________________ activity in the brain.
Mirror Neuron
Algorithms
Step by step procedures that guarantee a solution
Several studies have indicated that the generic pronoun he
Tends to trigger images of males but NOT females for both children and adults
Perceptual Adaptation
The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
Intrinsic Motivation
The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
The desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Telegraphic Speech
The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs
Explicit (Declarative) Memory
The facts and experiences we can consciously know and "declare." Formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking then storing that information
Adlartok's face is completely blank when their usual package delivery driver greets them out of uniform in a café one weekend afternoon. Adlartok's failure to recognize the driver out of their customary context is BEST seen as a failure of _____ processing.
Top Down Processing
When Lahn encounters an unfamiliar word, they use the context provided by its sentence and surrounding paragraph to construct an understanding of its meaning, Lahn's example BEST illustrates _____ processing.
Top Down Processing
_____ is the process in which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals
Transduction
Transduction
Transforming this cell stimulation into neural impulses
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount, is called:
Webbers Law
Kinesthetic Perception
Movement
Four years ago, Acme Tool and Die included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers started receiving quarterly bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at the company has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is BEST explained in terms of:
Operant Conditioning
Belief Perserverance
Our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence
The oil company, BP, displayed _____ before spilling in the Gulf of Mexico, downplaying safety concerns and the magnitude of the oil spill.
Overconfidence
Binocular Cues
People who see with two eyes perceive depth; A depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
Perceptual Set
Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to view her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
Perceptual Sets
Perceptual Constancy
Recognize objects without being deceived by changes in their color, brightness, shape, or size—a top-down process; Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
Our senses do all of these EXCEPT:
Record sensory information and save it for later processing
At the zoo, a chimpanzee has figured out how to use the right kind of stones to crack open the nuts thrown to him by spectators. In Skinner's terms, the chimpanzee's problem solving has been shaped by:
Reinforcement
James Laird and his colleagues subtly induced students to make a frowning expression by asking them to "contract these muscles" and "pull your brows together" (supposedly to help the researchers attach facial electrodes). They found that the students:
Reported being a little angry
A lie detector, or polygraph, is used to monitor a person's:
Respiration
In the 1990s, the U.S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Abraham Maslow's need for:
Self Actualization
When Portia sees a motivational poster exhorting, "Be the change you want to see in the world," Portia recalls Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, especially the need for:
Self- transcendence
Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:
After it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells
Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by:
Extrinsic motivation
Vision Sense Organ
Eyes
Semantic
Facts and general knowledge; Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
_____ is an ideal form of stored energy
Fat
Certain neurons seem to be wired to detect certain angles, lines, edges, and movements. For example, we can quickly detect the structures of a human face and interpret the expression on that face. The nerve cells that respond to these specific features are called:
Feature Detectors
What do cones detect?
Fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Arousal Theory
Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Focuses on the priority of some needs over others
What are Rods necessary for?
For peripheral and twilight vision when cones dont respond
Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory
Memories that are formed without our awareness that we are building a memory and without rehearsal or other processing in working memory
Hippocampus
Memory; A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts and events—for storage
Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
The drive for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills and ideas, and for meeting a high standard is called _____ motivation
Achievement
Retinal Disparity
A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
Wernicke's Area
A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression. People were unable to understand others' sentences and could speak only meaningless sentences (auditory cortex)
Flashbulbs Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Critical Period
A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned
Justyce is in a movie theater and on the screen one of the actors is cut across the arm. He gasps but everyone else in attendance is silent. Which country might he be in?
China
_______________ maintains that our capacity for developing language is natural and quick because we come equipped with a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules
Chomsky
The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend viewing violence, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?
Correlation does not prove causation
Vestibular Energy Source
Direction of gravity
Instinct Theory
Genetically predisposed behaviors
Erico is a figure skater preparing for the upcoming national championships. His coach has suggested he practice mentally for the competition. Which scenario would one recommend he imagine?
He should imagine his jumps and spins while listening to his skating music
An 8-year-old cat Minnie ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for 2 months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When the neighbor returned from her 2-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to her owner. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices
Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation
Orexin
Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus (increases appetite)
Aphasia
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
Studies of our ability to perceive and communicate emotions indicate that:
In a crowd of people, it's easier to detect a single angry face than a single happy face.
Phonemes
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Neutral Stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
The primacy effect refers to the fact that:
Items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.
The textbook notes that _____ has many words for interpersonal emotions such as sympathy; this contrasts with English, which has a rich vocabulary for self-focused emotions such as anger
Japanese
Skin Sense: Pain Receptor
Nocireceptor
Smell Sense Organ
Nose
Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery, he could:
Not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch
Smell Perception
Odor
Leptin
Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger (decreases appetite)
John has a harder time remembering that tomatoes are considered a fruit than are apples. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit.
Prototype
Store
Retain that information
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray and are sensitive to movement
Vision Receptor
Rods and Cones
Self Disclosure
Sharing ourselves- our joys, worries, and weaknesses with others
Vision Perception
Sight, color
Taste Energy Source
Soluble Chemicals
Randy has an above average intelligence quotient (IQ) but average motivation. In contrast, his brother Steven has an average IQ but high motivation. According to research results, which brother is likely to have higher achievement in his lifetime?
Steven will achieve more
Who of these is likely to have a greater working-memory capacity?
Young adults
Drive Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Linguistic Relativism
The idea that language influences the way we think
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
Storage
The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved
Convergence
The inward angle of the eyes focusing on a near object
Fovea
The retinas area of central focus; The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster
Two Word Stage
The stage in speech development, beginning about age 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two-word
Framing
The way we present an issue
Angela sent an email to her best friend in which she teased her about getting her first B in a college course. Angela believed her teasing was good-natured and funny. Her friend responded that she was hurt and accused Angela of being insensitive and uncaring. Which aspect of Angela's email is LEAST likely to have contributed to this misunderstanding?
The words she used to tease her friend
Memory experts who are skeptical about reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that:
Therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of false memories
At about 24 months of age, the _____ stage of language development typically begins
Two Word
Expertise
Well developed knowledge
Top Down Processing
You interpret what your senses detect; Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct prescriptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Self Determination Theory
the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
Aptitude
A natural ability to learn
Motivations
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Monocular Cues
A depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
What is an example of recall?
A fill in the blank test
Iconic Memory
A fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli; A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Broca's Area
A frontal lobe brain area, usually in the left hemisphere, that helps control language expression; A person would struggle to speak words, yet could still sing familiar songs and comprehend speech (motor cortex)
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skill; Plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning
Glucose
A major source of energy for your body's cells
Relearning
A measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had studied before, even if you dont recall having seen the information before
Visual Cliff
A model of a cliff with a "drop-off" area that was actually covered by sturdy glass.; A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
A police officer comes to talk to you about an automobile accident you may have witnessed the previous day. Since you were in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the officer's wording affect your recollection of the incident? You would be more likely to remember:
A more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other)
Whereas a computer's hard drive may be said to enable the memory process of storage, using its keyboard is analogous to the process of:
Encoding
Shallow Processing
Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Vestibular Perception
Balance
Individuals with IQ scores over 135 are said to:
Be intellectually gifted
Anastasia was born deaf to hearing-impaired parents. Anastasia is fluent in sign language and has achieved high academic scores in school. How is Anastasia likely to perform on a standard intelligence test compared to hearing children their age?
Because the intelligence test is in the culture's dominant language, Anastasia may not perform as well
The more people examine the evidence for their point of view, the more they tend to:
Become convinced they are correct
John B Watson
Behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; classical conditioning
BF Skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
When Professor Jans failed to recognize several times that Simone had their hand raised to answer a question, Simone began to think the professor disliked them. Despite learning later that the professor's limited vision would have made it impossible for them to see their raised hand, Simone continued to think the professor disliked them. Simone's reaction BEST illustrates:
Belief Perserverance
Subliminal
Below our threshold for being able to consciously detect a stimulus
Linguistic Determinism
Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Abigail hasn't eaten since breakfast. It is now time for dinner. Abigail's stomach is growling, and she feels very hungry. One reason that she is feeling hungry is because her:
Blood glucose level has dropped
Kinesthetic Energy Source
Body movement
Survey research reported in the textbook found that in _____, university students' recent peak moments satisfied belongingness or relatedness needs
Both South Korea and the United States
Short Term Memory
Briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten
Chen Yu suffered a head injury after crashing his motorcycle. When he awoke from a two-day coma, he found that he could formulate his thoughts linguistically, but he had lost the ability to speak. Chen Yu suffered damage to _____ area in his brain's left hemisphere.
Broca's
Alone in the woods, Yolanda hears a noise. She thinks she sees a bear coming toward her. Yolanda's heart starts pounding and, at the same time, she realizes she is afraid. This sequence of events is BEST explained by which theory of emotion?
Cannon-Bard
Which brain structure plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning?
Cerebellum
Operant Conditioning
Changing behavior choices in response to consequences
Deep Processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number
Chunking
Jaylen found the item number of the product she wanted to order from a catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jaylen was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the item number.
Chunking
When asked to memorize the 15 letters C I A C B S A B C F B I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used a tactic called _____
Chunking
Even when grass is seen through sunglasses, it appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This BEST illustrates:
Color Constancy
When one groups similar objects, events, ideas, or people in the mind, one has formed a(n) _____.
Concept
Cannon-Bard Theory
Concluded that our bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately but simultaneously. Ex: My heart began pounding as I experienced fear
Humans lack visual clarity in peripheral vision. This is because of the small number of receptors called _____ located there.
Cones
James is threading a needle under a bright light bulb. During this task, James' vision is driven mainly by the _____ in his _____.
Cones; fovea
Social media sites are sometimes described as "echo chambers," or environments in which people rarely encounter beliefs coinciding with their own, thereby reinforcing their existing views and preventing their consideration of alternative views. Social media sites may therefore encourage:
Confirmation Bias
Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This reflects that childhood is a(n) _____ for mastering aspects of language
Critical Period
Transmission
Delivering this neural information to the brain to be processed
A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8 percent in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ threshold.
Difference
In a television interview, a once-famous rapper insists that he did not steal the hook of his only hit from a song by a well-known rock band of the era. The rapper hums the melodies of both songs in succession, claiming that the final notes are not the same. Most viewers cannot distinguish the notes. At least in the rapper's hummed rendition, the frequencies of the final notes are separated by less than the typical person's _____ threshold.
Difference
PYY
Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain (decreases appetite)
As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious exertion.
Effortful Processing
In psychological science, _____ is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
Embodied cognition
Ravi picked the wrong day to ask the boss for a much needed day off. The boss is stressing about a project proposal that is due in a couple of days. This BEST illustrates that Ravi lacks:
Emotional intelligence.
Bottom Up Processing
Enables your sensory systems to detect the lines, angles, and colors that form images; Information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information
Michelle was driving home from running errands with her four children when her car broke down about a mile from her house. She tried to get it to start but it just would not do anything. She tried to call her husband to come help her but received no answer. Michelle decided to walk home with her four children. After walking about half a mile in the 95-degree weather with her children Michelle could see her street in the distance. It seemed like she would never get home. It felt like she had been walking for hours. Michelle's perception of the distance to her home is being influenced by:
Her emotions
When solving a multiple-choice question, eliminate options that are obviously incorrect, and eliminate options that contain absolute terms such as all or every. These rules of thumb are known as:
Heuristics
Damage to the brain's _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip
Hippocampus
Carlos's memory for the approximate population of California is to his memory for how to tie a necktie as the brain's _____ are to its _____.
Hippocampus and frontal lobes; Basal Ganglia and cerebellum
One's memory for one's most embarrassing moment is to one's anxious reaction to a blood test as the brain's _____ are to its _____
Hippocampus and frontal lobes; basal ganglia and cerebellum
Ghrelin
Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain (increases appetite)
Skin Sense: Temperature Energy Source
Hot/Cold
Research has demonstrated that our memories of pain depend on which of these factors?
How much pain we feel at the end of the experience
Recognition
Identifying items previously learned (multiple choice)
George is a participant in an experiment in which he will be asked to assess a person's trustworthiness based on a brief exposure to a photo of the person. Based on prior research results, what is the briefest exposure possible that will enable George to make an accurate assessment?
One tenth of a second
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Which statement is true with respect to the relationship between thinking and language?
People sometimes think in images rather than words
"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to:
Phonemes
Abiyah has learned how to do cartwheels and receives praise from his parents each time he does one. Abiyah will repeat the trick if he finds that attention enjoyable. In this example, attention would be:
Positive enforcement
Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. These components may be exemplified, respectively, by:
Pounding heart, increased pace, sense of fear
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of physical energy, such as sights, sounds and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret