PSYCH Chapters 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19
Although the Hayflick limit predicts a maximum lifespan of 110 years, newer models now estimate the maximum life span to be
126 years
About what percentage of grandparents provide child care to their preschool grandchildren?
15
According to one source, about __________% of men and women had extramarital sex.
18%
According to the social clock of past generations, Noel should graduate from college at age
22
Approximately _____ of women are widowed by age 65.
25%
A baby born in the United States in the year 2005 could be expected to live about ______________ years longer than a baby born in the year 1900.
30
Adults in the United States usually become grandparents in their
40s and 50s
According to a nationally representative survey, ______ of adults have had premarital sex by age 20.
75%
According to your text, _________ of Americans favor euthanasia for a patient who is incurably ill and wants to die.
75%
According to gerontologists, individuals who are counted among the "oldest old" are at least _______________ years old.
85
According to your text, about how many Americans support a terminally ill person's right to decide whether or not to be kept alive?
85%
One major difference between Piaget's cognitive development model and Schaie's model of cognitive development is
Schaie's models address cognitive development across the life span, while Piaget ended at adolescence.
The question of whether people are well because they are active in late adulthood or active because they are well is a constant focus in studying the ______ theory.
activity
Kohlberg believed that moral development is advanced by all of the following EXCEPT
adopting a female perspective
According to your text, at this point in time the only definitive method available to diagnose Alzheimer disease is
after the person is dead
In older adults, the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment, a gradual loss of ability to distinguish fine details, is
age-related macular degeneration.
According to Kohlberg, the level of moral development that is ultimately reached is determined by
both; cognitive awareness and personal development
According to Sternberg, the ultimate pattern of love is __________ love, in which all three components of the triangular theory of love are present.
consummate
In old age, reserve capacity tends to
decline, and the effects are most noticeable when old people are faced with stressful demands.
As life expectancy increases, mortality rates
decrease
Frequency of sexual activity and satisfaction with sex life tend to________ during the 40s and 50s.
decrease
A longitudinal study of older adults demonstrated that negative emotions such as boredom, loneliness, and unhappiness
decrease after age 60
All of the following reasons have been cited to explain the growth of elderly single-person households EXCEPT
decreased old-age benefits that make assisted living unaffordable.
A young adult who is caught in the middle between parents engaged in hostile conflict is more at risk for
depression
A time when young people are no longer adolescents but have not yet become fully adult is called
emerging adulthood
According to Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, which is the most important psychological function of social interaction in old age?
emotional support
Information processing and fluid abilities are captured for expert problem solving in a process called
encapsulation
According to Schaie, a person who is working and is put into a position to supervise others would be in the ______ stage.
executive
According to Kohlberg, to reach the third and final stage of moral reasoning, post-conventional morality, one requires
experience
According to the five-factor model, Hank, who is gregarious and assertive, would be described as
extraverted
Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's study of moral reasoning is not valid since it did not include
females
According to Erikson, a failure to resolve the identity versus identity confusion crisis results in a lack of
fidelity
A life stage that some researchers claim represents an adult child's accepting and meeting of their elderly parents' needs is called
filial maturity
According to social convoy theory, we rely on our close friends and family for all of the following EXCEPT
financial support.
According to Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, people's goals for social interaction include
finding sources of information
According to your text, a "good death" would include all of the following EXCEPT
firm resistance to the end.
According to Erikson, generativity can take the form of
fostering the development of the young
A review of research on moral development in adulthood found that
gender differences are insignificant across life span
According to Baltes, all of the following are favorable conditions for the growth of wisdom EXCEPT
general mental ability.
According to Erikson, middle-aged adults are involved in the crisis of
generativity v. stagnation
Although the American Medical Association opposes physician aid in dying because it is against the doctor's oath to "do no harm," doctors can
give drugs that will shorten a life in order to relieve pain.
The textbook states that elderly parents who have _______________ with their adult children are less likely to be depressed.
good relationship
Accepting the reality that one has lost a loved one and readjusting to life by developing new interests and relationships is commonly known as
grief work
Many women may find that the sexual experiences of middle age are improved because they
have increased knowledge of their own sexual needs and desires.
The older adults most likely to be institutionalized are those who
have overburdened their busy families with their poor health and disabilities.
A cohabitating couple that eventually marries reduces the risk of marital dissolution by
having sex only with each other
Aspects of Erikson's theory that have been criticized include all of the following EXCEPT
he places too much emphasis on sexual strivings
Hormone therapy may increase the risk of __________ in postmenopausal women.
heart disease
Although there are noticeable declines in processing speed, memory, and inhibition in the brains of older adults, there are increases in
hippocampal regions.
According to identity process theory, statements such as "I am empathetic towards my friends" are part of one's
identity schema
One of the most important things a person can do to increase life expectancy and improve quality of life is to
increase physical activity
During middle adulthood, crystallized intelligence tends to __________, and fluid intelligence tends to __________.
increase; decrease
After reading a study about monkeys who were placed on systematic dietary restrictions, Mario restricted his own diet, hoping to replicate all of the following results EXCEPT
increased sexual performance.
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the emotional component is called
intimacy
According to Erikson, love is the virtue achieved from the resolution of
intimacy v. isolation
According to the rate-of-living theory of aging, slowing down _______________ should increase the life span.
metabolism
Cognitively speaking, __________ are in their prime.
middle-aged adults
A psychological turning point that often yields new insights into the self and corrects life's design and trajectory is called a
midlife review
All of the following are valid criticisms of the concept of the midlife crisis EXCEPT
midlife stress is limited chiefly to professional men.
According to research on parenthood, today's mothers spend ____ time on child care than mothers did in 1965.
more
U.S. women age 65 and over are _______________________ of the same age to be widowed.
more likely than men
Hearing loss in middle age is
most noticeable in the upper frequencies
All of the following are problems faced by grandparents raising their grandchildren EXCEPT
most states put pressure on the grandparents to assume permanent legal custody.
According to the five-factor model, Angelica, who is hostile and impulsive, would be described as
neurotic
A cluster of the traits of anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability is called
neuroticism
A sequence of age-related development that continues through the adult life span, identified by major, predictable life changes, describes the ______ model of personality.
normative stage
Successful or optimal aging has been measured using all of the following criteria EXCEPT
number of family and friendship relationships.
According to both Erikson and Valliant, more than half of the people they studied who had entered their fifties
often took responsibility for others.
Although there is a common belief that older adults tend to be depressed, research suggests that
older adults grow more content and satisfied.
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the motivational component is called
passion
According to Erikson's theory,
people who successfully resolve the final crisis can overcome despair.
For females, the climacteric is a
period of three to five years during which a woman's body undergoes hormonal changes that bring on menopause.
A complex form of cognition defined by John Dewey, based on active, persistent, and careful considerations, is called ______ thinking.
reflective
Active, persistent, and careful consideration of information or beliefs in the light of evidence that supports them and the conclusions to which they lead is called
reflective thinking
Cognitive development in middle adulthood is usually
related to acquiring specialized knowledge.
According to Schaie, an individual in the reorganizing stage is capable of
reorganizing his/her life and intellectual energies around meaningful pursuits.
Gilligan holds that women's morality is based on
responsibility
Loss of taste sensitivity in middle age usually
results from a decline in the sensitivity of taste buds
Aging that results from disease, abuse, and disuse is called ______________ aging.
secondary
A young woman passes through adolescence without developing a strong sense of personal identity. According to Erikson, what difficulty will she experience during young adulthood?
she will have problems with intimacy
Active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities, and roles is called
social integration
The single largest source of income for older people in the United States is
social security
According to Schaie, an individual in the responsible stage is capable of
solving practical problems associated with responsibilities to others.
Dementia is
sometimes physiologically caused.
Hormone replacement therapy is
sometimes prescribed to women for short term
Although Barry, a senior in high school, still lives with his parents, he has a part-time job after school and takes care of most of his own needs at home. Barry is at which stage of the recentering process?
stage 1
According to Erikson, which of the following must people achieve before they can begin to form intimate relationships?
strong sense of personal identity
According to your text, survivors of people who take their own lives have been called
suicide's other victim
An observable decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death is called
terminal drop
According to Gilligan, the central moral issue for women is
the conflict between self and others
According to recent research, which of the following statements about the effect of the transition to parenthood on marriage is TRUE?
the overall quality of the marriage may suffer
A life review is
the work to find closure by saying what you need to say to family members before it is too late.
All of the following are likely reasons why marital satisfaction of couples who are still together in late adulthood is greater than satisfaction of middle-aged couples EXCEPT
they are less happy with other aspects of life and thus look to marriage to satisfy their needs.
Advanced directives, often called "living wills," which are written while patients are still competent to make their own decisions, specify provisions with regard to all of the following EXCEPT
time and method that you wish for your death.
According to Jung, during the midlife transition, men and women
turn inward to express previously suppressed aspects of personality.
An important difference between primary and secondary aging is that primary aging is
unavoidable
According to Schaie, an individual in the achieving stage is capable of
using knowledge to pursue goals
Cremation, the practice of burning the bodies of the dead,
was performed in ancient Greece and was seen as a sign of honor.
According to Atchley's continuity theory, the most desirable pattern of development in later life is for older people to
welcome some change but maintain links with the past.
Children between the ages of 5 and 7 finally understand some basic tenets about death. All of the following are apparent to children at this age EXCEPT
what financial losses might mean to the family.
Those older adults who reported higher levels of positive emotion and retained their positivity were those
who were considered to be extroverts.
Adults who reach Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning tend to ask themselves,
why should people be moral in the first place?
The virtue gained during Erikson's final stage is
wisdom
Illiteracy in the world is common among ______________ in developing countries.
women of all ages
A person hears four letters, T - D - O - A, and is then asked to mentally rearrange them into a meaningful word (such as toad). The mental manipulation of this information occurs in ______ memory
working
All of the following appear to be common problems associated with caring for elderly, infirm parents EXCEPT
worrying about the need for care long before it actually becomes necessary.
If the normal aging brain does lose neurons over time, how might a person compensate for this loss?
Increased education, higher income, and decreased likelihood of disability may decrease the process of cortical atrophy.
According to research on "the social clock," which person would be viewed most negatively by other adults?
A 47-year-old woman who is having her first child
According to Carstensen, who would most likely want to get to know new and interesting people?
A young adult in good health
Autoimmune theory suggests that the aging immune system may release antibodies that attack the body's own cells. This cell breakdown has been suggested as a factor in
Alzheimer disease.
According to your text, which individual is MOST likely to still be living at home with his/her parents until age 30?
Antonio, male from Italy
Deliberate action taken to shorten the life of a terminally ill person, in order to end suffering and allow death with dignity, is called
active euthanasia.
Currently, suicide rates are highest for which population?
Middle-aged adults
According to the research of Carstensen, what is "the most reliable finding in social gerontology"?
Older people tend to reduce their social contacts.
In the context of the grief work model, which stage may include the sensation that the deceased individual is still present?
Preoccupation with the memory of the dead person
After a divorce, which grandparents typically have the least amount of contact with their grandchildren?
The father's parents when the mother has remarried
Age plays a significant part in how we accept the inevitability of death. Which of the following best describes a middle-aged person's view of death?
Thoughts change, and the focus is on how many years are left and how they should be spent.
All of the following are explanations for what has been termed the mortality revolution EXCEPT
a decline in sanitation and the proliferation of new diseases.
Mature thinking in middle adulthood is typically characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
acceptance of new information at face value.
According to Schaie, an individual in the acquisitive stage is capable of
acquiring knowledge for their own sake
According to the text, gay and lesbian couples are more likely than heterosexual couples to
all of these
According to your text, the most serious and debilitating type of intimate partner violence is
all of these
Depression is underdiagnosed in older adults for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that it may be
all of these
People in middle adulthood are likely to be involved in
all of these
People with positive emotional outlooks are likely to engage in more healthy practices, including
all of these
A risky drinker is a person who consumes how much alcohol?
all of these are characteristics of risky drinking
Diabetes has shown ______ in the past decade.
an increase
According to Carstensen, in middle age people use social interaction primarily
as a means of emotional support
Loss of endurance during middle adulthood results from a gradual decrease in the rate of
basal metabolism
People involved in complex work tend to
be flexible thinkers
According to Kohlberg, which of the following events is likely to promote the development of post-conventional moral reasoning in a young adult?
becoming a parent
About 50% of all recorded deaths in late adulthood in the United States are from which of the following causes?
cancer, stroke, heart disease
According to Erikson, the virtue of middle adulthood is
care
All of the following factors contribute to making older adults susceptible to falls EXCEPT
carelessness
During the early nineteenth century in Western cultures, the term climacteric came to mean
change of life
Children experience death in different ways depending on their cognitive and their emotional development. All of the following are mentioned in the textbook as reasons that make a loss more difficult for a child EXCEPT
children may worry about their parents' reactions to the death.
An important benefit of having friends in late adulthood is that
choosing friends gives one a sense of control.
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the cognitive component is called
commitment
Adequate sleep improves the learning of ______ motor skills.
complex
According to Sternberg, an individual scoring very high on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is demonstrating
componential intelligence
Ethical arguments against assisted suicide include
concern for the protection of the disadvantaged.
All of the following personality types reflect the typological model of personality EXCEPT
conflicted
The ability to adapt thinking and behavior to reduce or relieve stress that arises from harmful, threatening, and challenging conditions is referred to as
coping
The process of adapting to harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions is referred to as
coping
According to the text, generativity can be expressed in the middle years through
creativity
As children move away from home, they experience a reversal of life roles that Gutmann identified as gender
crossover
Death and loss are universal experiences that have a __________ context.
cultural
In the United States, middle adulthood is
currently the age of the best educated and most affluent cohort to ever reach middle age anywhere
Because each person's experience in dealing with loss is unique, mourning a miscarriage may also lead to confusion about how to handle the loss. Most grieving women studied have found that
differences in the way they and their husbands grieved became sources of tension and divisiveness.
A group that provides attention to both physical symptoms and psychological distress of dying people is known as a _________ intervention group.
dignity-conserving
For women especially, the distress of a loss can often be a catalyst for introspection. Widows often
discover submerged aspects of themselves and learn to stand on their own as they reevaluate their own lives.
According to the _______________ theory, the normal way to age is to cut down in activities and commitments to others and to become increasingly preoccupied with the self.
disengagement
At some time during middle age, adult children realize that their parents are old and that now they must be a pillar of strength for their parents, as well as for their own children. This realization may be
distressing
All of the following are among the seven instrumental activities of daily living used to measure cognitive competence EXCEPT
driving a car
The concept of retirement became widespread during
early 20th century
Middle-aged people tend to be __________ practical problem solvers, able to deal with real-life problems.
effective
According to Erikson, persons in late adulthood are in the crisis of
ego integrity versus despair.
According to functional age classifications, the "young old" are
elderly people who are vital, vigorous, and active.
According to the text, all of the following factors contribute to life satisfaction EXCEPT
introversion
Driving ability in middle adulthood usually
is better than ever before, because of experience
A noted gerontologist is giving a lecture titled "How to Age Successfully." Which of the following suggestions is the audience LEAST likely to hear?
limit your involvement w/ your grandchildren
According to the text, most siblings
lose touch with one another during middle adulthood, but reestablish contact during late adulthood
All of the following are examples of what Pauline Boss calls an ambiguous loss EXCEPT
loss of child by auto accident
Loss of strength after age 45 is attributed to
loss of muscle fiber
A heightened sense of well-being and less stress are experienced by individuals who
maintain healthy social relationships
Increases in life expectancy have changed views of suicide to include the view that
mature adults have a right to self-determination.
According to the text, losses in strength that occur in the elderly
may be reduced by weight training.
According to narrative psychology, life-story interviews with middle-age adults often reflect their
personalities
In the United States today, most women who have gone through menopause view it
positivley
According to Kohlberg, which of the following stages of moral reasoning cannot be reached until young adulthood?
post - conventional
Ageism is
prejudice or discrimination, usually against older people.
Although she is 76 years old, Jeanne lives by herself, teaches at the local college, and plays bridge every Tuesday night with her friends. Jeanne's functional age is
probably around 63 years old.
According to research presented in your text, wearing a uniform to work
promotes creativity among employees.
In addition to antidepressants for the treatment of depression, many elderly patients are also helped by
psychotherapy
According to your text, which of the following was NOT listed as a factor that predicted marital satisfaction?
quality of sexual relations
