Psych Chpt. 5

Hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

Somniloquy

Sleep-talking

Somnambulism

Sleepwalking

Delta Waves

Slowest and high-amplitude brain waves during sleep.

Controlled Processes

The most alert states of human consciousness; individual's actively focus their efforts toward a goal

Tolerance

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect.

Physical Dependence

The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.

Arousal

The physiological state of being engaged with the environment.

Psychological Dependence

The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.

Awareness

The subjective state of being conscious of what is going on.

Narcolepsy

The sudden, overpowering urge to sleep.

Alpha Waves

Waves associated with relaxation or drowsiness.

Desynchronous

Waves that do not form consistent patterns.

Sleep

A natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness.

REM Sleep

An active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs

Nightmare

Frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep; usually involves the person being in danger.

Incubation

Refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem.

Beta Waves

Reflect concentration and alertness.

Synchronous

Regular waves with consistent patterns

Default Network

A collection of neurons that are active during mind wandering and daydreaming, essentially whenever we are not focused on a task.

Autism

A disorder that affects communication and social interaction.

Alcoholism

A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body's way of monitoring the change from day to night.

Latent Content

According to Freud, a dream's hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning.

Unconscious Thought

According to Freud, a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness.

Manifest Content

According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning.

Hallucinogens

Also called psychedelics, psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

Consciousness

An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences

Hypnagogic Reverie

An overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep, the sense that everything is going to work out.

Theta Waves

Are slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves.

Circadian Rhythms

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles.

Barbiturates

Depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity.

Tranquilizers

Depressant drugs, such as Valium and Xanax, that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain. Dreams result from the brain's attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.

Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

Addiction

Either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.

Psychedelic

Hallucinogens

Divided Consciousness View of Hypnosis

Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one of which follows the hypnotist's commands and the other of which acts as a "hidden observer."

Social Cognitive Behavior View of Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.

Insomnia

Inability to sleep

Unconscious

Knocked out

Non-REM Sleep

Lack of rapid eye movement and lack of dreaming.

Opiates

Opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress activity in the central nervous system and eliminate pain.

Biological Rhythms

Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior.

Cognitive Theory of Dreaming

Proposes that we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind; rests on the idea that dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive processing involving information and memory.

Stimulants

Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity. The most widely used stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.

Depressants

Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity

Delta Sleep

Stage 3 and 4 of sleep; our deepest sleep; the time when our brain waves are least like our brain waves while we are awake. It is during delta sleep that it is the most difficult to wake sleepers. This is also the stage when bedwetting (in children), sleepwalking, and sleep talking occur. When awakened during this stage, people usually are confused and disoriented.

Automatic Processes

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

Night Terror

Sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear.

Myoclonic Jerks

Sudden muscle movements

Stream of Consciousness

Term used by William James to describe the mind; a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. The content of our awareness changes from moment to moment

Hypnotizability

The extent to which a person's responses are changed by being hypnotized.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

The unexpected sleep-related death of an infant less than one year old.

External Stimuli

Things we hear, see, and respond to.

Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)

This disorder, caused by a genetic mutation, involves a progressive inability to sleep. Over time, the person sleeps less and less, becomes agitated, engages in strange motor movements, and is confused. The person may hallucinate and enact dreams. FFI has no known cure, and it leads to death, typically about 18 months after symptoms appear.

Desynchronized

Thrown off their regular schedules.

Daydreaming

Which lies between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep.