Psych Chpt. 5
Hypnosis
An altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
Somniloquy
Sleep-talking
Somnambulism
Sleepwalking
Delta Waves
Slowest and high-amplitude brain waves during sleep.
Controlled Processes
The most alert states of human consciousness; individual's actively focus their efforts toward a goal
Tolerance
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect.
Physical Dependence
The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.
Arousal
The physiological state of being engaged with the environment.
Psychological Dependence
The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.
Awareness
The subjective state of being conscious of what is going on.
Narcolepsy
The sudden, overpowering urge to sleep.
Alpha Waves
Waves associated with relaxation or drowsiness.
Desynchronous
Waves that do not form consistent patterns.
Sleep
A natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness.
REM Sleep
An active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs
Nightmare
Frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep; usually involves the person being in danger.
Incubation
Refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem.
Beta Waves
Reflect concentration and alertness.
Synchronous
Regular waves with consistent patterns
Default Network
A collection of neurons that are active during mind wandering and daydreaming, essentially whenever we are not focused on a task.
Autism
A disorder that affects communication and social interaction.
Alcoholism
A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body's way of monitoring the change from day to night.
Latent Content
According to Freud, a dream's hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning.
Unconscious Thought
According to Freud, a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness.
Manifest Content
According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning.
Hallucinogens
Also called psychedelics, psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
Consciousness
An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences
Hypnagogic Reverie
An overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep, the sense that everything is going to work out.
Theta Waves
Are slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves.
Circadian Rhythms
Daily behavioral or physiological cycles.
Barbiturates
Depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity.
Tranquilizers
Depressant drugs, such as Valium and Xanax, that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain. Dreams result from the brain's attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.
Psychoactive Drugs
Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
Addiction
Either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.
Psychedelic
Hallucinogens
Divided Consciousness View of Hypnosis
Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one of which follows the hypnotist's commands and the other of which acts as a "hidden observer."
Social Cognitive Behavior View of Hypnosis
Hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.
Insomnia
Inability to sleep
Unconscious
Knocked out
Non-REM Sleep
Lack of rapid eye movement and lack of dreaming.
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress activity in the central nervous system and eliminate pain.
Biological Rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior.
Cognitive Theory of Dreaming
Proposes that we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind; rests on the idea that dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive processing involving information and memory.
Stimulants
Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity. The most widely used stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.
Depressants
Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity
Delta Sleep
Stage 3 and 4 of sleep; our deepest sleep; the time when our brain waves are least like our brain waves while we are awake. It is during delta sleep that it is the most difficult to wake sleepers. This is also the stage when bedwetting (in children), sleepwalking, and sleep talking occur. When awakened during this stage, people usually are confused and disoriented.
Automatic Processes
States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.
Night Terror
Sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear.
Myoclonic Jerks
Sudden muscle movements
Stream of Consciousness
Term used by William James to describe the mind; a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. The content of our awareness changes from moment to moment
Hypnotizability
The extent to which a person's responses are changed by being hypnotized.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
The unexpected sleep-related death of an infant less than one year old.
External Stimuli
Things we hear, see, and respond to.
Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
This disorder, caused by a genetic mutation, involves a progressive inability to sleep. Over time, the person sleeps less and less, becomes agitated, engages in strange motor movements, and is confused. The person may hallucinate and enact dreams. FFI has no known cure, and it leads to death, typically about 18 months after symptoms appear.
Desynchronized
Thrown off their regular schedules.
Daydreaming
Which lies between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep.