PSYCH Exam 2 Quizzes

Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high got when he first started. Russell is experiencing _____.

Drug tolerance

who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

in the initial period of learning, _____ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

According to this theory, sleep is necessary for the growth and repair of the body

adaptive theory

what term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

after image

William gives his dogs, Noodles, a treat each time Noodles sits on command. William is using a _____ schedule to train his dog to sit on command.

continuous reinforcement

what does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

which of the following reflects the reason Cartwright believes we dream?

dreams reflect life events that are important to the dreamer

which of the following indicators reflects the possibility of physical dependence?

drug tolerance

_______ is another term for the malleus

hammer

which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

it can help relieve pain

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end of the year math test. This is an example of ________

latent learning

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ______.

maintain balance and body posture

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ____ can affect perception.

motivation

which drug is categorized by analgesic and euphoria?

opioids

which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

which of the following best characterizes a night's sleep?

our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times

a negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ____ and thus ____ the probality of a response.

removed, increases

according to the activation- synthesis theory of dreaming, dreams are a result of our brains imposing _____ to explain _______.

rules, irregular brain waves

You are trying to train your cat to use the toilet instead of the litter box. This behavior is pretty complex for a cat and will be best achieved using:

shaping

Your dog becomes classically conditioned to go crazy every time you pull a bowl out of your cabinet because he has made the association between the bowl and being fed. The next day you pull a plate out of the cabinet, but your dog has absolutely no reaction. This is an example of:

stimulus discrimination

which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement

Babs saw martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. she is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

which field of psychology includes the following concepts: Figure ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

which brain area regulates slow wave sleep and is involved in maintaining the biological clock?

Hypothalamus

what has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

which hormone is involved in biological rhythms and the immune system?

Melatonin

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ______ illusion.

Muller Lyer

The condition in which peopel can suddenly sleep into REM sleep, even in the middle of the day is called:

Narcolepsy

Infants sleep much more than adults, and also engage in a much higher proportion of ______ sleep (approximately 50% of their sleep time). This supports the idea that this stage is important for creating of new synapses in the brain, which is critical for learning and making new memories

REM

which of the following defines consciousness best?

awareness of internal and external stimuli

which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent process theory

both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is an ________.

conditioned response

John Watson offered a live, white rat to little albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _______ in his study

conditioned stimulus

At the state fair, Dave eats the jumbo hot dog before going on the rides. After the ride, he feels nauseated. The next week at work, Dave's coworker suggests hot dogs for lunch and Dave feels nauseated. What kind of learning is this?

conditioned taste aversion

alcohol is a ____ and affects memory (and in large quantity causes death) due largely to its inhibitory actions on the ______.

depressant, central nervous system

If a stimulus plus a response in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again.

increases

what do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a normal sighted individual, the _____ will focus images perfectly on small identation in the back of the eye known as the ____.

lens, fovea

the experience of extreme fear or panic during sleep, most often without knowing about what happened during slep after being woken up, is called:

night terror

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

_____ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; _____ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

perception, sensation

The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called ________.

physical dependence

______ reinforces have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from all the other voices. This illustrates _____ theory.

signal detection

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ____.

spontaneous recovery

which sleep stage shows predominately theta waves

stage 2

During which stage of sleep do dreams occur

stage 3 & 4

while both ______, caffeine effects antagonizing ________ activity, while nicotine affects acetylcholine receptors.

stimulants, adenosine

_____ are the most commonly used group of psychactive drugs in tihe US and include _____, which is considered the easiest substance to become addicted to and most difficult to quit.

stimulants, nicotine

which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting chocolate ice cream

which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

what is the amplitude?

the height of a wave

which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top down

what kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "how nice. my friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious, he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

what is binaural cue?

two eared cue to localize sound

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Read the following two statements. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themou tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the seconds sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not

we group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.