psych exam 3

Describe achievement motivation. What type of tasks do high achievers and low achievers choose, respectively?

HA: medium task- know it can be solved so does that. LA: easy and hard because they can do it if everyone can.

Discuss the interference theory of forgetting. What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference? Give an example of each type of interference.

IT: competing info that effects ability to get other info out. PI: old stuff interfere with new stuff RI: new stuff interferes with old stuff

We talked about 3 theories of emotion in class: *James-Lange *Cannon-Bard *Schacter-Singer Describe each of the theories, then compare/contrast them. Which ones are similar and how are they similar?

ANS- automatic nervous system. sympathetic; fight or flight. parasympathetic: get back to normal after emergency. James- Lange: stimuli- ANS- emotion. step by step and sequential cannon-Bard: brain terpretaotion- not reflexive. stimulus-ANS- brain(cognitive interpretation)- emotion schacter-singer: two process theory- 2 straight males have to walk across bridge. swinging bride-sign-cross- physiological feelings and name emotion after 1. just saw the researche- nervous 2. saw models behind researcher-excited

Who proposed the "forgetting curve"? Is there one forgetting curve or different ones for different people at different times

Ebinghaus; different forgetting curve for different people and species.

How do we know that sensory memory lasts only 1 second? Describe that experiment. Who conducted that experiment?

George sperling: started research when a person looks at a computer. letters are on the screen. then a high, low, and medium tone. when you hear the tone- you repeat the level of letters

Explain the drive-reduction theory of motivation.

biological theory homeostasis: biological balence- crave salty foods because we need sodium. drive: internal feeling something is out of balance-motivation- get water. limitation of DRT- totally full but then eats ice cream

How can someone increase STM capacity? How can one increase STM duration?

chucking group- putting meaningful things together to help remember

How would you describe the difference between declarative and procedural memories?

declarative: facts, data, events episodic: personal experiences- learning in class semantic: general fact info- first US president procedural: motor, moving, actions- how to do things- basketball lay up

How does context help us remember?

easy

three basic process involved in memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

What type of memory is it when you remember your first day in kindergarten?

episodic: I know It because I was there- " what did you do over the weekend?"

Describe the difference between implicit and explicit memories. Give an example of each.

implicit: acquired and used unconsciously. can affect thoughts and behaviors. explicit: memory that is easily recalled and recited.

What is meant by state-dependent memory?

independent: improved recall of specific episodes or information when cues relating to emotional and physical state that are the same during encoding and retrieval.

The cognitive approach to the study of motivation says there are two sources of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Describe each and give an example of each. Thought question: Compare and contrast the theories of motivation. Describe each of the theories in detail. Do you think that they work singularly or do you think they work in combination? Whichever you believe, back up your answer!

intristic: doing an activity for your own satisfaction rather than satisfying others or earn a reward. Ex.) reading to gain knowledge over a topic in your interest. Extrinsitic:completing a task or showing a behavior to impress someone else. Ex.) reading to have the right answers just so your teacher knows you read it.

What advice would you give to someone studying for an upcoming psychology test to help them remember?

make yourself questions to remember

We talked about 3 eating disorders in class. Discuss each one is some detail.

obesity- BMI (25+ overweight) (18- underweight) portion sizes are larger, not as active, unhealthy foods are cheaper. Anerexia- self starvation, excessive exercising, laxative use. bulimia-cycle of binging and purging. eat a whole pizza then throwing it up. doesn't lose weight like anorexia.

Explain the arousal theory of motivation.

people are driven to preform actions in order to maintain optimal level of physiological sarousal. Ex: 0 need arousal to do exercise activity.

What is the incentive approach to the study of motivation?

people are motivated by a drive for incentives and reinforcement. external goals. motivate behavior. gain reward or avoid punishment.

What type of memory is it when you remember how to ride a bicycle?

procedural: do it; learn how to. ex: drive stick shift, ride a bike, play piano, butterfly stroke

What are some cultural influences on hunger and eating?

quantity of food-US vs. France: small plates, fill plate up to look more full. availability of food-palatibilty( if its good we eat it) variety( can't get bored eating at a buffet)

Which is easier: recall or recognition? Define each

recall is easier retrieval: getting info out when you need/ want it. recall: remember on own- straight from memory(essay) recognition: answer is there; need something to recognize it ( multiple choice)

Describe both the recency and primacy effects? What is the cause/reason for each

recency: at the beginning, easier to remember primary: first word repetion

5. What is the difference between rote(maintenance) and elaborative rehearsal?

rehearsal: repeating info in order to encode it Maintenance: repeating it over and over ( not very effective) Elaborative: using to make connections with what you already know; relating new material to info already stored.

What type of memory is it when you know that the word apple means a piece of fruit that is usually red?

semantic: trivia- dont have to be there to know it. ex: what is the smallest plant? 35th president? anything you can learn as a fact with out experiencing it.

the three memory stores in the 3 stage model

sensory memory, short term, and long term

What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory?

sensory memory: visual-iconic auditory-echoic

compare sensory memory, short term and long term memory with capacity and duration

sensory memory: capacity is 12 duration: 1/4 second short term memory: capacity is 7 +- 2 duration: 10-20 seconds long term memory: capacity: unlimited duration: unlimited

Discuss the decay theory of forgetting.

the longer its been since you learned something- the longer it takes to remember it or its gene.

Is eyewitness testimony reliable? Why or why not?

unreliable: memory is constructive - easy to influence our memory. it can be problematic depending on how you ask a question.

What effect describes good memory for more salient words?

von restore effect

What law is associated with the arousal theory of motivation? [CAN YOU DRAW THE GRAPH?]

yerkes - douison- law: you reach peak performance with immediate level of stress and arousal. Curve is a bell curve.