PSYCH Exam 3
What is something a person would say if they are in the first stage of Kubler-Ross' five stages of dying?
"The doctor is wrong. I need to get a second opinion. The doctor must have mixed my file up with someone else's"
What are two factors that can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?
Abuse, Neglect
Robert is an 80 yr old man who has been given 3 months to live. He has requested to be left alone. When asked, he says that he isn't feeling much physical pain and seems devoid of feeling. He realizes he is going to die and feels a sense of peace. Which of Kubler-Ross' five stages of dying is he in?
Acceptance
What are some reactions that have been found to follow after the death of a loved one?
Acceptance, Pining, Yearning
What are the dimensions corresponding to the Authoritative parenting style?
Accepting, responsive, demanding, controlling
What are the dimensions corresponding to the Indulgent parenting style?
Accepting, responsive, undemanding, uncontrolling
What are the most common causes of death in childhood?
Accidents, illness
________ euthanasia occurs when death is deliberately induced.
Active
Most people first begin to form attachments to romantic partners during ________.
Adolescence
What is a position psychologist Laura Brown recommends for sexual minorities in the majority culture?
Adopting a bicultural identity to balance the needs of both cultures
_________ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.
Adoption
What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?
Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.
A legal document stating that life sustaining procedures shall not be used to prolong a person's life when death is imminent is called a(n):
Advance directive
Which type of love occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has deep, caring feelings for the person?
Affectionate
Marital success factors: Age
Age difference research has shown that as adults get older, age differences don't seem to matter
What factors predict marital success?
Age, Homogamy, When partners feel that they equally share in responsibilities,
Friendship in School years Phase 3:
Ages 11 and up, Loyalty and intimacy are important (Vulnerability based trust, as well as the predictive trust)
Friendship in School Years Phase 1:
Ages 4 to 7, Friends are those who play together (Playing with friends, BFF is the person you play with the most)
Friendship in School years Phase 2:
Ages 8 to 10, Trust and helping each other are important aspects of friendship(Trusting friends, Can differentiate between BFFs and friends (Doing things for each other and predict that if they say they will do it then they will and vice versa [Predictive trust]))
Researchers have found that male rapists share what characteristics?
Aggression enhances their sense of masculinity, They are angry at women in general, They wish to hurt and humiliate victims
What is most often found to be a factor in death as a result of a motor vehicle accident in adolescence?
Alcohol
What theorists identified three basic types of temperament models: Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?
Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas
7 types of love: Consummate love
All three components present
Which group of adolescents has the most leisure time?
American
Which cultural group typically tries to avoid and/or deny death?
Americans
The _____ culture calmly accepts death, takes care of virtually all aspects of the funeral, and provide fellowship and work projects to the bereaved family.
Amish
What are some primary emotions researchers have identified in infants?
Anger, sadness, joy
What are the immediate consequences of divorce for adults?
Anger/conflict, Stress, Depression, Uncertainty, Practical difficulties(Economics, child rearing), Change in social network
Which approach has shown some promise in assisting children with autism?
Behavior modification
What traits are predictors to hooking-up?
Being impulsive, Alcohol use, Sensation seeking
The characteristics of the Big Five: Conscientiousness
Better health, less stress, better friendships, higher GPA, more law abiding
When does parent-adolescent conflict generally decline?
Between 17 and 20 years of age
Stretches of unemployment have been shown to be associated with:
Cardiovascular disease, Higher mortality rates, Higher rates of alcohol consumption
What are some important factors that shape one's temperament?
Caregivers reaction, Gender, Intelligence
Death system functions: Hospices
Caring for the dying
Self-efficacy and achievement improve when individuals set goals are:
Challenging, Specific, Proximal
Carlos and Rosa have recently immigrated with their family to the U.S. from Guatemala. What are some barriers that they may encounter?
Changes in their socioeconomic status, Language issues, Separation from social networks
Travis is experiencing the loss of his brother who died from caner 18 months ago. He has reported feeling numbness, believes that the future does not hold anything for him without his brother, and cannot move on from the loss. What is Travis experiencing?
Prolonged grief
What are some negative influences that television viewing has on children?
Promoting passive learning, Teaching stereotypes and unrealistic world views, Distracting them from homework
Theory of sex-role development: Cognitive Developmental Theory
Proposes that we develop our sex-role identity by: First acquiring a cognitive understanding of the permanence of our sex- Gender Constancy, Then we use this idea to guide our actions
Death system functions: Weather forecasting services
Provide warnings and predictions
What the consequences of divorce for children?
Short term- Sadness, Anxiety, Guilt, Anger, School achievement decline in middle childhood, Regression in early childhood, Rebelliousness in teens Long term- Kids adjust well if parents cooperate, don't put kid in the middle, and keep parenting consistent
Popular children tend to display what kinds of traits?
Show enthusiasm, Listen carefully, Peer communication
Marital success factors: Homogamy
Similarity of values & interests between partners (Ex: Socioeconomic background, Family history, Religion, Ethnicity)
Which category describes Chess & Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and display a low intensity of mood?
Slow-to-warm-up
_____ play involves interactions with peers.
Social
What are the 3 major theories of how sex-roles develop?
Social Learning Theory, Cognitive Developmental Theory, Gender Schema Theory
Death system functions: The need for support and counseling
Social consolidation after death
What are the 3 proposed social theories of gender?
Social role theory, Psychoanalytic theory, Social cognitive theory
On what 3 groups did George Vaillant perform longitudinal studies of adult development and aging?
Socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930, Harvard graduates born about 1920, Middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910
What is death?
Sociocultural definition- Viewed differently across cultures Legal and Medical definition- Brain death, No spontaneous movement, No spontaneous respirations for an hour, Lack of responding to any pain, No eye movements or pupil response, No postural activity or oral activity, No motor reflexes, A flat EEG for at least 10 min
_____ status refers to a person's position within society, based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Socioeconomic (SES)
What theory states that older adults narrow their social networks?
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Which theory explains why older adults spend more time with close friends and family members?
Socioemotional selectivity theory
What are some criticisms of the Attachment theory?
Some cultures value attachments to several caregivers for a child, It ignores the diversity of socializing agents in an infants' world, Some cultures value early childhood independence
Michael is an 80 yr old man who gets together with his friends over coffee every Friday morning. Their conversations typically revolve around friends who have died, what they have accomplished in their lives, and talking about funerals. In general, why do they do this when they did not talk this way when they were in their fifties?
Some of his friends are more likely to have lost a spouse, The subject of death has taken on an appropriateness it lacked in earlier years, The talk helps Michael and his friends accept death
What are characteristics of the Androgynous sex role?
Someone high on this is high on both feminine and masculine, Best predicted for leadership and successful people
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates:
The concept of goodness of fit
What is the general research conclusion in regard to the Strange Situation?
The experiment continues to have some merit.
What is sex-role identity?
We perceive ourselves as being more or less masculine or feminine in how we think and in how we behave
Parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant ________ helped to reduce child maltreatment
attachment
The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called ___________.
attachment
Stimulant medication can be an effective way to help improve _______ in children with ADHD.
attention
There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal amount of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) _________ child.
average
Adults with ______ attachment style are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships.
avoidant
A combination of medication and ________ management is more effective than medication alone for treating children with ADHD.
behavior
A study of 2 and 3 year olds found an increase in the number of child care arrangements the children had was linked to more _________ problems and a less prosocial behavior.
behavioral
Individuals who identify both with their own ethnic minority group and with the majority ethnic group have developed a _____ identity.
bicultural
A student identifies herself as Chinese American. She identifies with both Chinese culture and American culture. She has a(n) ________ identity.
bicultural identity
In a(n) _______ stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.
blended
Viagra works by allowing increased ________ flow to the penis.
blood
ADHD tends to occur in _____ more than the opposite sex.
boys
Cultural _______ is when children and adolescents serve as mediators for their immigrant parents.
brokering
The term _______ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.
bullying
In Ms. Ahmed's 8th grade class, the student work collaboratively in groups to discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically about different topics. Ms. Ahmed is most likely using the ______ approach to education.
constructivist
Researchers have found that personality traits _____ in late adulthood.
continue to change
In terms of peer status, the _____ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
controversial
According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called:
crisis, or exploration
The prenatal ______ -period hypothesis of homosexuality hypothesizes that in the second to fifth months after conception, exposure of the fetus to hormone levels characteristic of females might cause the individual (male or female) to become attracted to males.
critical
When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _________ diversity on emotional development.
cultural
A _____ personality model states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality.
cumulative
According to the old model, as teenagers grow up they naturally _________ (attach/detach) from their parents.
detach
In a jigsaw classroom, children of _______ cultural backgrounds are places in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a _______ goal.
different; common
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _______ is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
difficult
Six month old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ___________ child.
difficult
In Mr. Stooker's class, students are expected to listen attentively and take notes as he lectures. This is an example of the ______ _______ approach to education.
direct instruction
When an individual's grief over a deceased person is a socially ambiguous loss that cannot be openly mourned it is called _______ grief.
disenfranchised
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure _______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure _________ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
Dating is less common in _______ (early/middle/late) adolescence
early
Eight month old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___________ child.
easy
According to Rothbart & Bates' temperament classification, the category of ______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.
effortful
Inhibiting impulses and not engaging in destructive behavior, focusing and maintaining attention, initiating and completing tasks with long term value is a description of _________.
effortful control
Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing ________ satisfaction.
emotional
Because they place a high value on ______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
emotional satisfaction
Tanya's father tells her that he is proud of her and this causes the 10 year old girl to smile broadly. This is an example of how children in middle and late childhood develop an increased ability to understand more complex ______.
emotions
Tanya's father tells her that he is proud of her and this causes the 10-year-old girl to smile broadly. This is an example of how children in middle and late childhood develop an increased ability to understand more complex __________.
emotions
When the youngest child leaves home the parents may experience the ______ nest syndrome.
empty
A decline in marital satisfaction after the children leave home is a description of _______ syndrome.
empty nest
"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self-_______(concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-____ (concept/esteem)
esteem, concept
Disentangling the effects of SES and ______ can be difficult.
ethnicity
Gender expert Janet Shibley Hyde (2007) believes that cognitive differences between females and males have been:
exaggerated
In 2009, for the first time in history, the proportion of single individuals ages 25 to 34 who had never been married ______ those who were married.
exceeded
Jacquelynne Eccles defined student's ________ for success as beliefs about how well they will do on upcoming tasks, in either the immediate or long-term future.
expectations
Research shows that lesbians have....
fewer sexual partners than gay men
Men have been observed to react to stress with a _______ or _________ response, which can involve either aggressive actions or a withdrawal response.
fight, flight
Dweck (2006) describes what she calls ______ mindset, in which children believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.
fixed
In the United States, ________ roles are becoming more egalitarian.
gender
Parents have a lot of psychological influence on their children's __________ _________.
gender development
40 yr old Mariska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of _________.
generativity
One of the best known symptoms of the STI known as _______ ________ is an eruption of sores and blisters.
genital herpes
The process of attaining autonomy during adolescence is a(n) _______ one.
gradual
The emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love is called ______________.
grief
The Sex in America survey found that nearly 75% of married men and 85% of married women:
had never been unfaithful
Research finds that by late adulthood, most women:
have a lower rate of sexual activity than men
When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.
have not been directly linked to
According to Dweck, individuals with a ________ orientation seem trapped by the experience of difficulty, and they attribute their difficulty to lack of ability.
helpless
Males' self-esteem through most of the adult years is ______ females.
higher than
Hospice care occurs most often in the:
home
The ______ of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) applies to children who demonstrate a high level of physical activity and don't do a good job of thinking before they act.
hyperactive/impulsive subtype
Besides being an important developmental task, careers and work affect the _________ of the emerging adult and become part of who he or she is.
identity
Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of a person's _______.
identity
According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-___-____ stage of development.
identity-confusion
A major change in families in the United States has been the ______ of Latino and Asian families.
immigration
Some children who receive special education services are taught full-time in a regular education classroom with supplemental help. This is called a(n) _______ program.
inclusion
Asking someone to tell their life story and to evaluate the extent to which their stories are meaningful and integrated is a description of the _____ approach.
narrative
The stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others is a description of their ________ identity.
narrative
Research indicates it is the _____ of parents' work that has the greatest impact on children's development, not whether one parent or both parents work outside the home.
nature
Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of _________ __________ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
negative affectivity
In terms of peer status, a(n) ______ child, receives few nominations of any kind, is seldom nominated as a best friend, but is not actively disliked.
neglected
Adolescents can become moody from time to time, and it is important for parents to recognize that moodiness during adolescence is _________.
normal
In the selective optimization with compensation theory, the term *selection* refers to the concept that:
older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains
A current trend in college education in the U.S. is the increasing number of students who are:
older than traditional college age
Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.
optimism
According to the selective optimization with compensation theory, _______ suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies.
optimization
Selective _______ with compensation theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to tasks they want to master.
optimization
When older adults keep working on what they have planned until they are successful, persevere and keep trying until they reach their goals, and show patience until the right moment arrives, these are examples of:
optimization strategies
Social _______ is a process where young infants stare at faces, and listen closely to voices.
orientation
Developmentalists have distinguished five ______ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.
peer
Two friends are about the same age and maturity level. They are:
peers
Barry's goal is to obtain a 4.0 GPA this semester. He completes several extra-credit assignments to ensure success but doesn't internalize a lot of what he has learned. This is an example of which type of orientation?
performance
Boys are constantly more _________ aggressive than girls.
physically
Nearly 75% of erectile dysfunction in middle-aged men is associated with __________ problems.
physiological
Kagan believes that children inherit a __________ that biases them in terms of temperament.
physiology
When the sandwich or middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents, they are now being called the ______ generation.
pivot
Sensorimotor _________ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
In terms of peer status, the _____ child is frequently nominated as a best friends and is rarely disliked by peers.
popular
The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ________ emotions.
primary
10 month old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of _______ socialization.
reciprocal
A number of colleges and universities describe the ______ as a period of time early in the first year of college when women are at especially high risk for unwanted sexual experiences.
red zone
Social _______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in situations.
referencing
A(n) ________ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) _________ smile does.
reflexive, social
By the age of 2 to 3 yrs old children are aware of limitations on self-_____. For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
regulation
Emotion _________ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others.
regulation
Researchers consider the growth of emotional ___________ in children a part of becoming socially competent.
regulation
Self- ________ requires one to assess tasks demands, create self review strategies, and evaluate their performance.
regulation
Self-_______ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.
regulation
According to a 2007 survey of 21,000 adults in 21 countries, more adults are beginning to _______ the early retirement option.
reject
10 yr old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of ________ _________.
relational aggression
Romantic love has strong components of _______ infatuation.
sexuality
Selective narrowing of ________ interactions maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks as individuals become older.
social
Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ____ development in order to meet all of a child's needs.
socioemotional
To determine a child's ________ popularity, researchers typically ask children to identify peers whom they like the best and the least. Then the results are compiled into five peer status groups.
sociometric
Sara rocks and sings to her infant when he is upset. Sara is using these methods to ______ her baby.
soothe
The death of a __________ is given the highest rating of life stress and requires the most adjustment after the death for those surviving the person
spouse
When a person reports financial loss, loneliness, increased physical illness, and a psychological disorder such as depression after a loss, one could assume that the person who died was the person's:
spouse
Abnormal ________ hormone levels are a consequence of maltreatment in childhood and adolescence.
stress
Research has shown infants react to their mother's _________ with an increased heart rate.
stress
Serious physical illness, mental disorders, feelings of hopelessness, and loss of loved ones are risk factors for:
suicide
The term Parent-Infant ________ refers to the time-oriented or temporal coordination of social behavior, which plays an important role in children's development.
synchrony
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______________.
temperament
An individual's behavioral style and emotional responses are often referred to together as _________.
temperament
Kagan believes that ________ has both physiological and experiential bases.
temperament
Kagan believes that _________ has both physiological and experiential bases.
temperament
Middle aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone ______ at a rate of 1% per year.
testosterone
Domestic violence is.....
the greatest single cause of injury to US women, best understood as existing on a continuum (Gets worse with time)
Older adults ______ and ______ more about death than younger or middle aged adults.
think; talk
The concept that both traits and situations or context factors must be considered to understand personality is a description of the ______ interaction.
trait-situation
For men over 80 years of age, one out of every _____ reported serious problems getting or keeping erections.
two
The developmental concept of self- ______ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Sexual behavior in the United States among adults 25 to 44 years of age found that 98% of women and 97% of men said they engaged in _____.
vaginal sex
Selective optimization with compensation helps older adults deal with loss. This may vary as a result of a differing _______ of the older adult.
values, life history, and health
Besides aggressive TV shows, violent _______ ________ have also been correlated with aggression in children.
video games
Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal _______ _________ of attachment.
working model
Why has marriage been changing?
Changing attitudes toward single status, Prolonged career preparation, Pre-marital sex seen as more acceptable, Career aspiration for woman
Effects of Emotion-Coaching on a child
Child is able to regulate negative affect, Child can focus attention better
Non-Contact sexual abuse
Child pornography
Effects of Emotion-Dismissing on a child
Child shows poor remotion regulation, Child is less able to focus attention
What are the results on children that have parents that show Parental warmth?
Children are secure, happy, and better behaved
How do children affect their parents?
Children can have health issues, take financial resources, take time, companionship, parents can re-experience things with kids (Being excited about Halloween), stress, decreasing sleep time
What is a statement that is false regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?
Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions
What is Associative Play?
Children interact, observing each other and sharing material, but their play is not yet mutual and reciprocal.
What is Cooperative Play?
Children play together, creating and elaborating a joint activity or taking turns, have a common goal, begin to see social roles
What are the results on children that have parents that show Parental control?
Children tend to be rebellious, can sometimes turn out bad for the whole family in general
According to Laura Carstensen, an expert in aging, older adults prefer:
Close friends over new friends
Intrinsic motivation is emphasized in which developmental approach?
Cognitive
How do adolescents view death?
Cognitively they can understand it just like adults, Often may not want to discuss death or their feelings about it, May not see death as relevant for them at that point, May be more interested in their current quality of life, A lot of shock and surprise when a teen dies
What is it called when two individuals live together in a sexual relationship without being married?
Cohabitation
What factors have lead to a decline in marriage rates in the U.S?
Cohabitation, Divorce, Fewer remarriages
By some estimates, 2/3 of:
College freshman women report having been date raped or having experienced an attempted date rape, College men admit that they fondle women against their will
Styles of play: Constructive
Combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
Love and romance as the relationship progresses
Commitment and intimacy increase, move to more romantic and consummate and then companionate relationships
7 types of love: Empty love
Commitment with low passion & intimacy (Generally unhappy) (Ex: Staying married for kids)
What are Sternberg's three main components of love?
Commitment, Passion, Intimacy
_______ strategies that can help older adults include searching for other ways to achieve what one wants, being willing to let others help, and trying new ways to achieve similar results.
Compensation
Components of death: Times
Death involves times or occasions, like D-Day in World War 2
According to Dodge (1983), children go through 6 steps in processing information about their social world. What are they?
Decode social cues, attribute intent, generate goals, access behavioral scripts from memory, make decisions, and enact behavior
Kagan Description of Temperament Model(Classification)
Degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar
Children who are aggressive with peers are at risk for what problems?
Delinquency, Dropping out of school
________ can play an adaptive role by insulating a dying individual against feelings of anger and hurt, but it can also function as a maladaptive strategy.
Denial
________ can play an adaptive role by insulating a dying individual against intense feelings of anger and hurt, but it can also function as a maladaptive strategy.
Denial
What are Kubler-Ross' five stages of dying?
Denial and isolation, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance (DABDA), May go through stages in order or not and may recycle through or re-experience some over time
What are the factors linked with adolescent suicide attempts or indicators of suicide risk.
Depressive symptoms, a sense of hopelessness, engaging in suicidal ideation, having family background of suicidal behavior, and having friends with a history of suicidal behavior, perception of being overweight, any lifetime use of tranquilizers or sedatives
Child Abuse: Neglect
Deprivation of necessary and available resources that creates risk of impairment (A lot of gray area)
What are some characteristics of the Authoritative parenting style?
Directs child in rational manner, Gives verbal reasoning w/give & take, Parent has firm control but tries to allow individuality, Gives alternatives and allows learning by consequences, (Most difficult parenting style, have to model characteristics for children)
________ grief is when an individual's grief over a decreased person is socially ambiguous and the loss can't be openly mourned or supported.
Disenfranchised
Death system functions: Cremation
Disposing of the dead
More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults:
Do not receive paid leave
What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?
Do nothing at all
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
Doing nothing, Admonishing or threatening, Intervening and helping resolve
Extrinsic motivation
Doing something to obtain something else
What is the Primary attachment style of Avoidant?
Don't really like seeking help from others to cope with stress, keeping people at a distance
Which type of learning disability is specifically related to an impairment in the ability to read and spell?
Dyslexia
Parent-adolescent conflict begins to increase during which period?
Early adolescence
Gloria is an older woman who lives alone and doesn't go out often. She rarely has visitors. She is at risk for:
Early death
Theory of sex-role development: Gender Schema Theory
Early on (from infancy) children learn sex-typed behaviors through social learning, They organize these experiences into gender schemas that they use to interpret the world, Once kids can label their own sex they pick gender schemas that are consistent with it, They attend to gender consistent info and ignore or distort gender inconsistent info
What is Gender Labeling?
Early preschool years, Kids can correctly label their own and others' sex, however, they think that sex can be changed
Positive caregiving beginning with infancy is an important factor in later development. What are experiences that lead to positive developmental adjustments?
Early secure caregiver attachment, positive maternal care, experiences with life stresses
A well-adjusted young adult most likely had what sort of temperament as a child?
Easy
According to Chess & Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
Easy
Chess & Thomas' classification system placed children into what categories of temperament?
Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up
Chess & Thomas Description of Temperament Model(Classification)
Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up child
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into what categories of temperament?
Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
You encourage a friend to run for class officer. This is an example of which function of friendship?
Ego support
According to Levinson, the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood are:
Exploring the possibilities for adult living, Developing a stable life structure
Rothbart & Bates Description of Temperament Model(Classification)
Extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control
According to Rothbart & Bates, positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking are all in the temperament classification of:
Extraversion/surgency
Ms. Skinner allows students who have completed their morning assignment to leave one minute early for recess. This is an example of:
Extrinsic motivation
The use of ________ to _______ play begins at about 2 to 3 months of age and includes vocalizations, touch, and gestures.
Face, Face
What is child neglect?
Failure to provide for a child's basic needs
What are the life investments for someone between 35-65 yrs old?
Family becomes more important than friends
Sternberg's triangle of love consists of passion, intimacy, and commitment; various combinations of these result in what types of love?
Fatuous love, Affectionate love, Consummate love
What is not a self-conscious emotion?
Fear
The characteristics of the Big Five: Neuroticism
Feel negative emotions more in life, more health complaints, more drug dependence, more heart disease
What is a common response from someone in Kubler-Ross' second stage of dying?
Feeling resentful towards healthy family members, Asking the question "Why me?"
Compared with younger adults, older adults experience:
Fewer emotional highs and lows
What statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?
Focus on the process of learning, not what is learned, Emphasize play, See children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth
How do young adults view death?
Focused on careers, family, achieving personal goals (As a result may view death as unfair and a cheat), May begin to see death as more relevant for them and to have more intense feelings about death
Performance orientation
Focused on winning, rather than on an achievement outcome, and believe that happiness results from winning
_______ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.
Games
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablished positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Project _______ ______ is a U.S. government funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school
Head Start
What are the life investments for someone between 85-105 yrs old?
Health becomes most important
The New Hope program was designed to provide ______, ________, and _________ to people living in poverty?
Health insurance, Child care, Wage supplement
How could low self-esteem show in adulthood?
High levels of anxiety, Overweight, Lower life satisfaction
Give an example for a high and a low of Conscientiousness.
High- Are orderly, timely, and take care of details, important to get things done right; Low- Aren't attentive to details, are able to pay attention to the bigger picture, details may not be as important to them
What are characteristics of the Feminine sex role?
High- More emotional, more nurturing/caring, soft spoken
Give an example for a high and a low of Neuroticism.
High- More likely to experience bad moods (Depression, anxiety), Have more stress, struggles, and conflicts; Low- Less likely to have bad moods, don't have as much stress, struggles, or conflicts
Give an example for a high and a low of Agreeableness.
High- People are easy to get along with, focused on harmony, work well towards ideas; Low- Not as concerned that everyone has their say, Listens to ideas and takes lead more quickly
Give an example for a high and a low of Extraversion.
High- People get energy from being around people, gives energy back to the person; Low- Being around a lot of people drain their energy
What are characteristics of the Masculine sex role?
High- Someone who sees themselves or others as less emotional, macho (more forceful, more in control), more physical interests/activities, more competitive
Give an example for a high and a low of Openness.
High- Trying new things, going to new place, get bored easily so need to get out, like mixing things up; Low-Don't like mixing things up, like routine, comfortable with the way things are, Do a really good job creating consistency and routines
Research has found secure attachment during middle and late childhood has been positively linked to what?
Higher levels of emotion regulation, Lower levels of depression and anxiety
Research has found secure attachment during middle and late childhood has been linked positively with what?
Higher levels of emotion regulation, lower levels of anxiety, lower levels of depression
Research has found that decreases in infants negative emotionality are linked to what?
Higher levels of parental responsiveness, parental involvement, and parental sensitivity
What is indulgent parenting?
Highly involved, but few demands or controls
HRT, which was once routinely prescribed to treat some side effects of menopause, stands for __________ __________ __________.
Hormone replacement therapy
A program that withholds medical treatment and makes . dying person more comfortable is called:
Hospice
While most people say they would prefer to die at home, the majority of people die in a:
Hospital
What is Parental Warmth?
How affectionate and involved a parent is
Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. This is an illustration of:
How children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older
What is Parental Control?
How controlling and demanding a parent is
The Big Five: Neuroticism
How easy it is to get into negative emotions, Better to be low than high
The "MAMA" cycle describes what?
How identity changes over time
The Big Five: Agreeableness
How well you get along with people, No good or bad
The Big Five: Extraversion
How you act around people, No good or bad
What biological structures affect the production of sex hormones?
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland
Kubler-Ross' stages of grieving: Denial
Idea of not wanting to accept death (Someone who gets multiple opinions and tries experimental drugs)
What are some strategies of increasing self-esteem?
Identify the cause of low self-esteem, Provide emotional support for social approval, Take responsibility for one's self-esteem, Develop coping strategies
How can ending a close relationship be beneficial?
If it increases one's happiness and personal development
What are the benefits of social support?
Improved mental health, An improved ability to meet one's own health-care needs, A reduction in symptoms of diseases
Karen is an 8 yr old girl who is constantly getting in trouble in her classroom for blurting out answers without raising her hand. She interrupts others repeatedly. She frequently engages in unsafe behaviors and doesn't think before she acts. What characteristic of ADHD is Karen demonstrating?
Impulsivity
What are some statements that explain infants' social sophistication and insight.
Infants' perceptions of others' action, Motivation to share and participate, Increase in emotional understanding and communication
Love and romance early in a relationship
Infatuation is high, High passion, low commitment/intimacy
What is physical abuse?
Infliction of physical injury
Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually:
Influences the child's subsequent responses to other people
________ attachment is linked to more perceived negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer disease.
Insecure
_________ attachment is linked to more perceived negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer disease.
Insecure
What does Gray mean when he said that biochemicals are involved with love?
Intense attraction to a person that triggers the release of amphetamine-like substance in the body- phenylethlamine (PEA), Buzz when you're around the person you love
Child Abuse: Physical Abuse
Intentional activity that inflicts injury or impairment to functioning (A red mark that lasts more than 24 hours, considered the minimum)
What are common pathways to adoption today?
International adoption, Private agencies, Public welfare system
______ in friendships is more common for girls; excitement among friends is more likely with boys.
Intimacy
When it comes to love & romance, women tend to focus on....
Intimacy & commitment, Approach relationships with caution, Are more practical about relationships, Focus on financial security, Believe love doesn't conquer all, Are more willing to work at a realtionship
7 types of love: Liking
Intimacy with low commitment & passion
7 types of love: Companionate love
Intimacy, commitment, low passion
Most experts agree that sexual orientation:
Involves a combination of factors: genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental
What is gender identity?
Involves a sense of one own's gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female
Styles of play: Pretense/Symbolic
Involves physical environment transformed into a symbol
Styles of play: Practice
Involves repetitive behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
Styles of play: Social
Involves social interactions with peers
Death system functions:
Issuing warnings and predictions, Preventing death, Caring for the dying, Disposing of the dead
When does stranger anxiety appear?
It appears at about 6 months of age and peaks near one year of age
What are some statements are true about face-to-face play?
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age, it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures
How does marital satisfaction change over time?
It can change due to children, have to continue working on marriage, taking time for a marriage
What is TRUE about the Hormone replacement therapy(HRT)?
It can consist of various forms of estrogen, and usually a progestin
How has self-esteem developed when someone is in their 70s & 80s?
It has dropped significantly
How has self-esteem developed when someone is in their 20s?
It has increased
How has self-esteem developed when someone is in their 30s & 40s?
It has leveled off
How has self-esteem developed when someone is in their 50s & 60s?
It has rose considerably
What are the benefits of volunteer work for widows?
It protects against depressive symptoms, It increases self-efficacy
Cremation is most popular in:
Japan and other Asian countries
What is a statement regarding cultural influence on emotional development?
Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions, East Asian infants display less positive and negative emotions, Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than East Asian parents to respond after their children become distressed
Jack and Jill are twins. Based on research, if both babies are crying, their mother will most likely respond to _____________(Jack/Jill) simply because of gender.
Jill
Which behaviorist argued that parents spend too much time soothing infants and thus reinforce infant crying?
John Watson
_______ ________ was the behaviorist who argued that parents spent too much time responding to infant crying, thus rewarding the behavior and increasing its incidence.
John Watson
The religion that has a program of mourning divided into graduated time periods, each with its appropriate practices, is _________.
Judaism
What are some causes for divorce according to men?
Just fell out of love, Cheating, Different values, lifestyles
Death system functions: Death penalty determinations
Killing
What is gender consistency?
Last stage, Late preschool years, Kids know that sex is due to genitals, know that sex remains constant despite changes in appearance or behavior
Domestic Violence Levels: Murder
Last stage, ends with death of victim
What is Gender Stability?
Later in preschool years, Kids believe boys will grow up to be boy and girls to girls, Still believe that gender can change by changing appearance (Boys having long hair)
Alexis is a 9 yr old girl in 4th grade. She is having difficulty with reading comprehension, spelling, and understanding mathematical concepts. Her teacher is concerned and has referred her to the special education teacher for evaluation. Which of the following special needs will Alexis most likely be diagnosed with?
Learning disability
Theory of sex-role development: Social Learning Theory
Learning through direct reinforcement in a continuous manner
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT:
Leave children to make their own rules, Be punitive or aloof
_________ refers to the pleasant times when individuals pursue activities of their own choosing.
Leisure
In elementary school, older children rate themselves as ______ than do younger ones.
Less hardworking, less good, less smart
How can we help young kids deal with death?
Let kids know its OK to feel sad, angry, to cry, not to cry, to ask questions, Allow them to attend a viewing or funeral if they want, but don't force it, Explain death in simple, direct terms, DON'T use euphemisms ("Grandpa went away or is sleeping")
What are some perspectives on adult development that examine the experience of a midlife crisis and the influence of life events?
Life events approach, Stage crisis view
What are the 7 types of love?
Liking, Infatuation, Empty love, Romantic love, Fatuous love, Companionate love, Consummate love
What are the characteristics of males most likely to commit suicide?
Lives alone, lost his spouse, and is experiencing failing health
One important milestone for infants who are developing social orientation and understanding is:
Locomotion
When a marriage ends, the divorced person can expect to experience what?
Loneliness, Decreased self esteem, Anxiety
Personal affects of cyber bullying includes what?
Loneliness, Lower self esteem, Fewer friendships
What are some factors that characterize relationships of securely attached adults?
Longevity, Trust, Commitment
What are parts of the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?
Loss-oriented stressors, Restoration-oriented stressors
What are the different views of love?
Love is biochemical, Love as attachment, Love is a triangle & typology
What is the Primary attachment style of Disorganized?
Low in both dealing with stress by self and with others, a lot of rage, confusion, no good way to coping with stress
What has research indicated are primary sources of stress regarding work?
Low salaries, Lack of advancement opportunities, Uncertain job expectations, Long hours
What are some of the possible outcomes on the child with a Rejecting-Neglecting parental style?
Low self-esteem, Confusion, Feels unworthy of love, May act out in attempts to get attention, High risk for abuse
Compared to parents ho had a less active role in monitoring and guiding their adolescents' development, parents with a more active role were more likely to have adolescents who had:
Lower rates of drug use, Positive peer relations
Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) ________ cry, and a(n) _________ cry.
angry, pain
The term stranger ________ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they don't know.
anxiety
Adults with ________ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous.
anxious
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Goal-Oriented Phase
3 years and up, Baby has more control of body, practicing coping skills, learning to handle separation by themselves, accept comfort from other trusted people (Teacher at preschool)
Autism spectrum disorders can often be detected in children as young as __ to __ years of age
1, 3
Derek's uncle just died. He understands that his uncle will never come back to life. Derek is most likely how old?
10
On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have conflict once every _________.
10 minutes
A recent study examining the cause of autism spectrum disorders reveled that mutations of DNA raises a child's risk of developing autism. What was the identified increase in risk?
100-fold
In research, it was found that about ____% of children studied experienced positive non-parental child care.
12
In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive non-parental care?
12
In the U.S., approximately _______ % of children five years of age and under attend more than one child-care arrangement.
15
Self conscious emotions develop around the age of _________.
18 to 24 months
In 2013, what percentage of U.S. children were living in families below the poverty line?
19.9
Public Law 94-142 was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in what year?
1990
American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under _______ yrs of age not watch TV.
2
Most couples improve after ___ years and relate civilly to each other.
2
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the U.S., statistics show that one of every _____ mothers with children under the age of 5 are in the labor force.
2
About how many woman are affected by domestic violence each year?
2 million
Even in the sexually active oldest group (75 to 85), more than 50% said they still have sex at least:
2 to 3 times a month
The highest risk of sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) occurs at what age?
2 to 4 months of age
Bowlby's phases of attachment: Phase 2
2 to 7 months, Attachment becomes focused on one figure
By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?
2 years
At what age can children begin having friends?
2-3 month olds will watch and smile at other babies
In part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by ______ of age.
2-3 months
In part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by _______ of age.
2-3 months
About how many preschoolers have imaginary friends?
2/3
By age six, how often do children pick same-sex peers to play with?
2/3 of the time
In one study of older adults who returned to work, approximately ______ said they were happy they had done so, whereas about ______ indicated they were forced to go back to work to meet financial needs.
2/3; 1/3
Bowlby's phases of attachment: Phase 4
24 months on, Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans
Around the age of ____ children prefer to spend time with same-sex playmates.
3
How many basic sex roles are there? (Not physical appearance)
3
In how many phases do friendships develop?
3
How do sex-roles develop?
3 major theories
First time bride/grooms under 20 are:
3 times more likely to divorce then 1st time bride/grooms over 20
Life expectancy has increased approximately _________ years from those born in 1900 to those born today.
32
What percentage of lesbian couples are parents in the United States?
33%
Almost ____ to ____ percent of marriages end in divorce.
35, 45
According to Levinson, what age most closely corresponds to the point of adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
38
How many primary parenting styles did Diana Baumrind identify?
4
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
4 year old Sam, who feels shame, 7 year old Harry who is embarrassed
What percentage of U.S. men 40 yrs and older say that they sometimes or never get/keep an erection adequate for sexual intercourse?
49%
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?
5 years
More than _____ of Americans die in hospitals in a given year.
50%
About how long after the death of a loved one do most of the negative feelings associated with the death diminish?
6 months
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Clear-Cut Attachment Phase
6 months to 3 years, Child is clearly attached to person, 2 signs of clear-cut attachment
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Attachment in the Making
6 weeks to 6 months, Closeness and comfort starts to kick in, Infants are beginning to show preference to who they attach to (Mom/Dad)
In general, infant fear first emerges at __________ months and peaks at about _________ months.
6,18
What percentage of adults describe themselves as securely attached?
60%-80%
In a recent survey conducted by the American Association of University Women, what percentage of female college students reported that they had been sexually harassed?
62
_____ % of sex abuse in children occur before age 12.
64
Child victims
69%-White 12%- Black 10%- Hispanic 2%- American Indian 1%- Asian 5%- More than one race
Jennifer believes that if people die, they can be brought back to life by doctors. Jennifer is most likely how many years old?
7
The frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of:
7 months
Bowlby's phases of attachment: Phase 3
7 to 24 months, Specific attachments develop
In 2013, what percentage of part-time U.S. college students were employed, according to the National Center for Education Statistics?
74%
Chelsea has begun smiling at her parents and often seems happier to see them than other adults she interacts with. Chelsea is likely to be _ old and in the ___ stage of Bowlby's theory of attachment.
8 weeks; Attachment in the making phase
What percentage of adults responded that they feel a duty to care for their aging parents?
80
Death is not seen as irreversible until about the age of:
9
How early does this "honey moon" phase start to fade?
9 months
Who is more likely to be a bully?
A boy in high school
What is Solitary Play?
A child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby
Spanking can cause:
A child to avoid the parent, a child to imitate the parent, and a child to fear a parent
What is Onlooker Play?
A child watching another child play without participating
What is marriage?
A major societal institution: about 90-95% of adults marry at some point of their life
In addition to acceptance, what are characteristics of a person in Kubler-Ross' fifth stage of dying?
A sense of peace, A desire to be left alone, An acceptance of one's fate
Erikson's Attachment Theory
A sense of trust is the foundation for attachment
Adolescents typically prefer _______ than in childhood.
A smaller number of friends, Relationships that are more intimate and intense
What is separation anxiety?
Anxious response of infant when attachment figure (parent) is gone. Baby tends to be anxious, nervous, scared
What is stranger anxiety?
Anxious response of infant when they meet strangers, infant reaches for attachment figure (Parents)
The five peer statuses: Popular Children
Are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
The five peer statuses: Controversial children
Are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked
The five peer statuses: Neglected children
Are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
The five peer statuses: Rejected children
Are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
As a child acquires emotional competence they will do what kids of behaviors?
Are more resilient in stressful circumstances, develop more positive relationships, more effectively manage their emotions
Adolescents from what ethnicity and racial group are least likely to date?
Asian American, Latino
Members of what 2 groups are MOST likely to be enrolled in academic college preparatory programs?
Asian Americans, Non-Latino Whites
When Asian and American parents were surveyed regarding their attitudes toward math achievement:
Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort, American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent
Where do most individuals say they would rather die?
At home
_______ emerges from the social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior and to determine quality of their relationship.
Attachment
________ emerges from the social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for caregiver's behavior and to determine the affective quality of their relationship.
Attachment
What ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment?
Attachment is crucial in the first year, Caregiver responsiveness is involved
What are some statements that apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment?
Attachment is important for survival, there are four phases of attachment, infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
Dan grew up with strict rules, and if he ever questioned why, he was always told "Because I said so." What kind of parenting style did Dan grow up in?
Authoritarian
Megan and John expect their children to follow directions and demonstrate good social responsibility and respect towards others. Their goals for parenting are to teach their children important skills such as empathy, self-control, and thinking about your choices. Which parenting style are they trying to use?
Authoritative
What are the 4 parenting styles Baumrind identify?
Authoritative, Indulgent, Rejecting, Authoritarian
What is the name of the disorder that is characterized by problems in social interaction, problems in verbal and nonverbal communication, repetitive behaviors, and atypical responses to sensory experiences?
Autism spectrum disorder
When is attachment established?
Between 6-9 months
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism make up the ______ ______ ______ of personality, according to one influential trait theory.
Big Five factors
What are some aspects of the development of social orientation?
Biological and cognitive factors, Locomotion, Goal-directed behaviors
Bowlby's phases of attachment: Phase 1
Birth to 2 months, Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Pre-Attachment Phase
Birth to 6 weeks, Infant doesn't care who is taking care of them as long as needs are being met (Mom/Dad, Neighbors)
Clarissa is attracted to both men and women. Her sexual orientation would best be described as:
Bisexual
What is attachment?
Bond that develops between a child and another person characterized by mutual affection and a desire to be physically close (Love)
Marti loves learning about history and enjoys pleasing her parents with her good grades in this subject area. This is an example of which type of motivation?
Both intrinsic and extrinsic
_______ (Girls/Boys) are far likelier to be involved in bullying than ______ (girls/boys) are.
Boys; girls
______ death is said to have occurred when all electrical activity in the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.
Brain
At what age do children begin to pick same-sex peers to play with?
By 2 years
In the Social Learning Theory, how do children learn to behave more masculine or feminine?
By being directly rewarded and punished for "gender appropriate vs inappropriate" behavior (Ex: How children are dressed by parents, Choice of toys for children [Barbies for girls, Action figures for boys], The way parents treat emotions for girls vs boys [Western societies give emotions a backseat, more allowable for girls to express emotions than boys], Parents will tell girls about "lady-like" behavior), Seeing others behave in more masculine or feminine ways-modeling (Context- Parents, Teachers, Peers)
In what ways does play encourage exploratory behavior?
By offering complexity and uncertainty, By offering novelty and surprise, By offering incongruity (Messiness)
What is NOT a true statement regarding the findings about gender differences in self-esteem during childhood and adolescence?
By the middle school years, girls' self-esteem is significantly higher than that of boys.
When adult children return to their parental home, parents indicate which of the following as a problem?
Conflicting schedules with meals, Worrying when adult children are late coming home, home is too noisy
What are the contemporary approaches to student learning?
Constructivist, Direct instruction
What are the 4 horsemen of marriage?
Control, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling
What are important social cognitive accomplishments that are established at the end of the year?
Cooperation, Intention, Goal-directed behavior
Gracie often likes to work together with her friends at preschool to build large towers using the blocks that are available or to play dress up where each child plays a role in a coordinated way in order to achieve agreed upon outcomes (e.g., enacting a classroom with teachers and students). What sort of play are Gracie and her friends engaging in?
Cooperative Play
What are some of the possible outcomes on the child with an Authoritative parental style?
Cooperative, Respect rules, Self-disciplined, Understand cause & effect, Self-determined, Cheerful & Friendly, Cope well w/stress
_______ is defined as the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
Coparenting
What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?
Corporal Punishment
What are two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?
Cries, Smiles
Desired outcomes for the developmentally appropriate practice includes includes which of the following?
Critical thinking, Working cooperatively, Problem solving
What causes Child Abuse?
Cultural factors, SES, Parents with poor coping skills, Socially isolated families, Some persons who were abused as kids, Families w/substance use, mental illness, Families where violence is already a pattern
________ is defined as behavior, patterns and beliefs passed on from one generation to another.
Culture
What are some environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?
Culture, Goodness of fit
What are biological influences relating to emotion?
Development of the brain stem, maturation of the cerebral cortex, development of the hippocampus
Two year old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. This illustrates:
Developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions
What are some of the contributors to erectile dysfunction?
Diabetes, Elevated cholesterol levels, smoking
Research has found middle-aged adults who experienced child maltreatment had an increased risk for ______.
Diabetes, Vision problems, Lung disease
The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the:
Difficulty of interpreting infant emotion
What is a component of a learning disability?
Difficulty using language
What are some of the possible outcomes on the child with a Permissive parental style?
Difficulty with limits, May take care of parents, Low social responsibility, May be insecure, May be angry, May be confused
Chess & Thomas' Classifications: Easy Child
Generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences
_______ is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.
Emotion
Katrina is a child who has good social skills. When she has a disagreement with her friend, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has developed healthy:
Emotion regulation
What is the name given to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions?
Emotion-coaching parents
What is the name given to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children?
Emotion-dismissing parents
What types of stress are reduced for people in happy marriages?
Emotional stress, physical stress
Adolescent self-esteem is improved by what?
Emotional support, Social approval, Peer support
What is considered to be at the core of our relationships with others?
Emotions
What statement best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
What is authoritative parenting?
Encourages independence, verbal give-and-take, nurturing
The characteristics of the Big Five: Extraversion
Engage in social activities, fewer sleep problems, positive sense of well-being
Life review involves what behaviors?
Evaluating life experiences, Reinterpreting life experiences, & Interpreting life experiences
In late adulthood, males experience an orgasm:
Every second to third act of intercourse, rather than every time
Components of death: People
Everyone is involved with death at some point, others have roles with death like those who work in the funeral industry
Child Abuse: Sexual Abuse
Exploitation of a child for gratification or profit of an adult split in two ways- Contact sexual abuse, non-contact sexual abuse
Chess & Thomas' Classifications: Difficult Child
Generally reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change
Derek is 2 years old and knows that he is a boy. In his preschool class, he has a best friends named Bill, whom he knows is also a boy. One day Bill comes to class with longer hair, Derek thinks Bill is a girl now, what gender constancy is this?
Gender Labeling
How does Gender Constancy Develop?
Gender labeling, stability, and consistency
What provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?
Gender roles
_______ ________ theory suggests that gender-typing develops as children develop an understanding of what their culture considers gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.
Gender schema
______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender-typing
Chess & Thomas' Classifications: Slow-to-warm-up Child
Generally has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
The characteristics of the Big Five: Agreableness
Generous, altruistic, more satisfying romantic relationships
Which sexually transmitted infection does NOT belong to the category caused by bacteria?
Genital herpes
As one strategy for preventing STIs, many experts recommend:
Getting medical exams before couples start a sexual relationship, Having protected (Not unprotected) sex
What is true about gender differences and school?
Girls complete high school more often, Girls earn better grades, Males are in special education more
Gender differences in math include what?
Girls have more negative attitudes about math, Parents have different expectation for boys, Teachers expect boys to perform better
Jill actively seeks out other adults and peers and tries to play with toys for comfort after she is left at daycare. Which of the following phases of attachment is she demonstrating?
Goal- Correcting Phase
What are the process factors that contribute to a good marriage?
Good communication skills, Having a strong attachment
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term:
Goodness of fit
Which of the following factors does NOT influence children's behavior?
Grandparent longevity
Work is an important part of a person's life, but research has shown that workers would like to have:
Greater control over time, More flexibility
Why is it that by age 30, our rankings for personality (OCEAN), are generally set?
Grown up by then, go through many events before that change your way of thinking, usually have the job you want and family, much more stable than younger years
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely NOT experience?
Guilt
What are some examples of characteristics that children younger than about 5 or 6 yrs old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend?
Hair color, Height
What are the signs of attachment in older adults?
Have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults, attachment anxiety decreases
Mikulincer and Shaver (2013) have stated what benefits of secure attached individuals?
Have self-esteem, Have well integrated sense of self-acceptance, Have the ability to control their emotions
Some major obstacles facing sexually active older women are:
Having outlived their partners, Older men are with younger women, men pass away sooner than women
What are 2 primary financial concerns of people who are approaching retirement?
Having to draw money from savings, Paying for health care
Adults who have the most difficulty adjusting to retirement also have:
Inadequate income, Other stressors at the time they are retiring, Poor health
For a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a child must consistently show one or more characteristics over a period of time. What are they?
Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity
In what ways are older adults perceived?
Incapable of learning new things, Incapable of thinking clearly, Incapable of enjoying sex
What is sexual abuse?
Incest, rape, or fondling of genitals
Rothbart & Bates Classifications: Effortful control (Self-regulation)
Includes "attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure"
Rothbart & Bates Classifications: Negative Affectivity
Includes "fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort", children are easily distressed; may fret and cry often
Rothbart & Bates Classifications: Extraversion/surgency
Includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter
Domestic Violence Levels: Severe Aggression
Includes beating, punching, and hitting with objects
Domestic Violence Levels: Verbal Aggression
Includes insults, yelling, and name-calling
Domestic Violence Levels: Physical Aggression
Includes pushing, slapping, and shoving
What describes older workers' job performance?
Increased job satisfaction, Fewer accidents, Lower rates of absenteeism
What is a true statement about marital satisfaction?
Individuals in happy marriages tend to live longer than those in unhappy relationships
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
Freud's Attachment Theory
Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction
What are strategies that parents can follow in regard to child care?
Make decisions to improve parenting, make time to find child care, know parenting is a key factor to child's development, monitor child's development
Emotional changes in adulthood include methods that characterize what?
Making decisions about occupations, Having predictable lifestyles, Making decisions about a life partner
Kubler-Ross' stages of grieving: Depression
Normal with loss and death
What is a research finding about the relationship between attachment in adolescence and the quality of romantic relationships in adulthood?
Securely attached adolescents have a greater capacity for romantic intimacy
What are the features of crowds?
Many are defined by activities, They tend to be based on reputation, They are larger than cliques
What statement is true of the development of temperament?
Many aspects of an environment can encourage or discourage the ongoing aspects of a temperament
Components of death: Objects
Many objects in a culture are put together with death, like caskets
Which middle-aged woman is MOST likely to engage in sexual activity?
Marianne, a married woman living with her partner
According to a study on women and retirement published in 2005, which women reported being more satisfied with their lives and in better health?
Married women
What are the basic sex roles?
Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous
What biological influences relate to emotions?
Maturation of the cerebral cortex, Development of the brain stem, Development of the hippocampus
What are the features of cliques?
Members are usually the same sex, They average 5 to 6 individuals, Members are usually the same age
Who is more likely to commit suicide?
Men
________ is the time in middle age when a woman's menstrual periods cease.
Menopause
What are the contexts of Bronfenbenner's ecological theory?
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Macrosystem
_______ adulthood is a time for evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work.
Middle
What is the Primary attachment style of Secure?
Person is able to cope well with stress by self but also with others
The role of parents as managers involves:
Monitoring and encouraging academic progress, Structuring the family environment, Setting up routines and schedules
People in middle adulthood enjoy more leisure times due to what reasons?
More free time, Paid vacation time, More available money
How do late adults view death?
Most older adults are more accepting and less anxious about death, May look back on a long life (Integrity vs. Despair), telling stories when older, Joy of life may be diminishing some (More likely to have chronic illness, see other friends dying), May result in being more ready for death
Which pair(Parents and Children) is most likely to have the closest relationships during their adult years?
Mothers and daughters
Aiden has been disliked by his peers since kindergarten. In terms of peer status, the best description of Aiden is that he is:
a rejected child
What kind of parents are likely to give their children inflated praise?
Narcissistic parents
Based on several studies, what statement about relationships in adolescence is false?
Nearly 60% of sixth graders had a romantic relationship lasting at least two months
Rothbart & Bates temperament classification category of ________ _________ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
Negative Affectivity
What two factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?
Neglect, abuse
Due to concerns about the safety of HRT, many women seek what kinds of alternatives?
Non-steroidal medications, Dietary supplements and herbal remedies, Relaxation therapy and acupuncture, Regular exercise
Child care in the U.S. may come from __________
Nonprofit centers with churches, small private homes, large child care centers
What are some characteristics of the Permissive Parenting style?
Nonpunitive (Accepting of child's desires & behaviors), Child is part of the policy decisions, Child is expected to regulate their own behavior, Parent condones all that children do, Not a lot of teaching
What problems can result when one is in love and love is not returned?
Obsessive thoughts, sexual dysfunction, depression
The most current and common thinking among developmentalists as to how much soothing of infants should occur is that it should:
Occur regularly
Which age group is most likely to die from chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer?
Older adults
Why are older adults more likely to accept death?
Older adults are less likely to have unfinished business
What are some statements regarding feelings and thoughts about death in adulthood?
Older adults examine the meaning of life and death more frequently than younger adults, Older adults talk about death in conversation more than any other age group
Between the ages of 2 & 5, what are the play types?
Onlooker Play, Solitary Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, Cooperative Play
According to the 1994 Sex in America survey, the majority of men said they think about sex daily, and the majority of women said they think about sex:
Only a few times a week or a few times a month
John is 34 years old and is starting his 3rd new position in his workplace in the past 6 years. John enjoys the accomplishment of moving up in the company and learning new skills and is looking forward to moving into a leadership role in which he can spend a lot more time interacting with a variety of groups of people. John's two highest Big 5 traits are likely:
Openness to new experiences and Extroversion
The Big Five: Openness
Openness to new experiences, No good or bad
What is the Big Five?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
What are some statements about the Montessori approach to early childhood education?
Programs encourage children to move freely between activities, encourage children to become self-regulating problem solvers, the philosophy of the program has gained popularity in the U.S.
What is the act of euthanasia?
Painlessly ending someone's life
A disaster can have damaging effects on a child including what?
Panic disorder, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder
What are some characteristics of the Rejecting-Neglecting parental style?
Parent seems indifferent to child, Little time spent with child, Little effort made to parent, Doesn't deal with inconvenient aspects of parenting, Usually single parent
What were the features of the parent-adolescent relationship according to the old model?
Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence, The parent and peer worlds are interconnected
According to the new model of parent-adolescent relationships:
Parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe, Everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal, Minor disputes facilitate adolescents' transition from dependence to independence
Early mutual gazing or eye contact between parents and infants is known as:
Parent-infant synchrony
What are the 2 dimensions that parents affect their children?
Parental Warmth, Parental Control
Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom?
Parents
Give an example or how parents might show Parental warmth.
Parents say "I love you", Parents are involved with what child does, Parent gives children hugs
Give an example or how parents might show Parental Control.
Parents say things like "Because I told you so" or "Do it because I said so"
7 types of love: Fatuous love
Passion and commitment, low intimacy
7 types of love: Romantic love
Passion and intimacy, low commitment
7 types of love: Infatuation
Passion with low intimacy & commitment (Doesn't last)
What are the basic components of love?
Passion, Intimacy, Commitment
________ euthanasia involves turning off a respirator or a heart-lung machine
Passive
What are parts of a microsystem?
Peers, School, Work
What are living wills?
People can state that they want to have all possible life sustaining procedure performed.
Kubler-Ross' stages of grieving: Acceptance
People come to accept death, is misunderstood, don't have to like death but are acknowledging it
Kubler-Ross' stages of grieving: Anger
People get angry at the person who dies, or that fact that they are dying, try to blame higher power for their upcoming death
Love as attachment
People relive their early bonding with their parents in their adult relationships, there needs to be a vulnerability based trust with each other
Kubler-Ross' stages of grieving: Bargaining
People try to bargain with higher powers, or doctors (Paying more money to get into studies)
According to research, what 2 groups have sex most often?
People who are married, People who cohabit
What are the components of death as told by Robert Kastenbaum?
People, Places or contexts, Times, Objects, Symbols
What may help dying individuals become more alert and cheerful?
Perceived control
When it comes to love & romance, men tend to focus on....
Physical attractiveness, passion, believe in love at first sight, believe love is magical, believe love is either present or not, are less motivated to work on relationship
What were evaluations of the quality of child care for children based on?
Physical environment, group size, child/adult ratio
In a recent study almost 1,500 college women, it was found that when they had been sexually harassed, they reported an increase in:
Physical illness, Disordered eating, Psychological distress
What are the different types of Child Abuse?
Physical, Sexual, Neglect, Psychological
What are some positives of early childhood attachment to move forward into later life?
Positive emotional health, positive interaction with peer and teachers, high self-esteem and self-confidence
What are descriptors of only children best represents research findings?
Possessing a desirable personality
_______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
Practice
When do children begin to have imaginary friends?
Preschool years
How do children view death?
Preschoolers: Death is temporary & magical, don't really understand it School agers (5-7): See death as permanent, universal, & a loss of all biological functions
______ play involves children using one object to stand in for another object, such as using a block as if it is a walkie talkie.
Pretense/symbolic
Death system functions: Physicians or firefighters
Preventing death
What emotions would Alissa likely demonstrate when she received a high grade on her biology exam?
Pride, joy, happiness
Self-Conscious emotions
Pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt
When a parent has a disability their need for support increases including which needs?
Procuring medical services, Finding a nursing home, Monitoring quality of care
__________ attached infants feel comfortable and safe to explore the environment.
Securely
What is Passion?
Psychological desire, excitement to see partner
What is emotional abuse?
Psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
What is a statement about parenting?
Quality time is as important as quantity of time with a child
______ is forcible sexual intercourse, oral sex, or anal sex with a person who does not or cannot give consent.
Rape
What techniques should adults use to help children cope with the stress of devastating events?
Reassure children of their safety and security, Allow retelling of events, Protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma
The five peer statuses: Average children
Receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers
In a study comparing married and widowed women, which groups reported more unintentional weight loss across the three years of the study?
Recent widows, long-term widows
Children and parents socialize one another. This called:
Reciprocal socialization
Palliative care focuses on:
Reducing pain and suffering, so that individuals can die with dignity
What is gender-typing?
Refers to getting a traditional masculine or feminine role
Goodness of fit
Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?
Reflexive
What are the dimensions corresponding to the Authoritarian parenting style?
Rejecting, unresponsive, demanding, controlling
What are the dimensions corresponding to the Neglectful parenting style?
Rejecting, unresponsive, undemanding, uncontrolling
What aspects have been reported after a romantic breakup?
Relational growth, environmental changes, personal growth
What is NOT a way cliques form?
Reputation
Marital success factors: When partners feel that they equally share in responsibilities
Responsibilities like household duties, child-care, time at work vs time at home, providing own unique contributions
When adult children return to live with their parents, they identify which of the following as issues in the home?
Restricted independence, Cramping their sex life, Reduced music listening
What is authoritarian parenting?
Restrictive, punitive, firm limits and controls
What actions soothe infants?
Rocking and stroking, thumb sucking, swaddling
What type of love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation?
Romantic
Why do people marry?
Romantic love and emotional attachment, View it as a sign of commitment, Desire for children, Economic security, Family pressure
Which theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart & Bates
What theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart and Bates
George Vaillant collected data from individuals in their 50s and used it to predict whether they were likely to end up in what three groups by the age of 75 to 80 years?
Sad-sick, Happy-well, Dead
According to longitudinal research, what declined in emerging adulthood, as compared to adolescents?
Satisfaction and commitment in best friendships, Number of friendships
Same-sex relationships are similar to opposite-sex relationships in what regards?
Satisfaction, love, joy, conflict
Which attachment style has shown to positively influence peer choice?
Secure
_______ attached infants feel comfortable and safe to explore the environment
Secure
What are Ainsworth's 4 primary attachment styles?
Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized
_______ attached adults provide support when their partner is distressed.
Securely
Helpless orientation
Seem trapped by the experience of difficulty and attribute their difficulty to lack of ability
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
Self conscious
What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
Self-Conscious
After developing self awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
Self-conscious
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15-18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
Self-conscious
During late adulthood, declining health and physical impairment have been linked to declining:
Self-esteem
Carol has terminal cancer. She has read that eating certain foods has been found to prolong a person's life. Therefore she spends a great deal of time preparing meals for herself. She was given six months to live but has now exceeded that time. She owes it to her diet and perseverance. What can we expect of Carol's demeanor?
She will most likely be more alert and cheerful
Why are first time bride/grooms under 20 more likely to divorce?
Self-identity, career, goals are better formed when older
What are the 2 signs of Clear-Cut Attachment Phase?
Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
What are gender roles?
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel
How prevalent is Sexual Abuse in Children?
Sex contact ranges: 7-45% of females and 3-5% of males Non-contact ranges: 10-62% of females and 3-16% of males
What qualifies as sexual harassment?
Sexual assaults, Blatant sexual propositions, Sexist remarks, Unwanted sexual contact
_______ ________ infections are contracted through vaginal intercourse, oral-genital sex, and oral-anal sex.
Sexually transmitted
The risk of what can be directly reduced if contraception is used?
Sexually transmitted infections, Unintended pregnancy
What is Intimacy?
Sharing thoughts and actions, emotional attachment
What did Harlow find when she tested "Love"?
She found that when startled, baby monkeys would go to the mother with padding instead of the one that fed them.
How did Harlow test "Love"?
She took baby monkeys and put two kinds of mothers; One with wire and mesh that gave food, and One with wire and mesh that didn't give food, but had padding. She would then startle the babies and see which "mother" they would go to
Adults with an _______ attachment style tend to be more jealous of their romantic partners than those with a secure attachment style.
anxious
Older adults are the fastest growing segment of Internet users and are particularly interested in:
Staying in touch with relatives, Getting health information, Emailing
Ainsworth created the _____ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
_______ situation was created by Mary Ainsworth as an observational measure of infant attachment.
Strange
What are some characteristics of the Authoritarian parenting style?
Strict, Many rules, Strict obedience expected, No explanations for rules or consequences, Use forceful, punitive methods to curb behavior (Spanking, pushing)
The Public Law 94-142 is the education act that provided free and appropriate public education to which group of student?
Students with all disabilities
_______ has been rising in the U.S. in the last decade, more for males than females.
Suicide
Nine year old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that's not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to:
Suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Components of death: Symbols
Symbols can also be connected to death, Like skulls
Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between a parent and an infant when all is going well?
Synchronous
Mindset
The cognitive view indviduals develop for themselves
Mastery orientation
Task-oriented, concentrate on learning strategies and implementing the process of achievement rather than outcome
_______ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children.
Television
________ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses.
Temperament
What is Costa & McRae's Model?
The Big Five
What is a major milestone of early childhood?
The ability to control one's emotions
Contact sexual abuse
Touching/fondling a child's genitals, having a child touch the person, oral sex, sex
Intrinsic motivation
The internal motivation to do something for its own sake
What was one surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study?
The majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of unacceptably low quality
The Activity theory states that:
The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
What are some types of infant cries?
The pain cry, the anger cry, the anger cry
The ability to reduce the stress reaction of a child to a disaster depends on what factors?
The severity of the disaster, the type of support available for them
Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce?
The use of the authoritative parenting style, A harmonious relationship between the divorced parents
Components of death: Places or contexts
These include hospitals, funeral homes, cemeteries, hospices, battlefields, and memorials
How do parents affect their children?
They affect children through 2 dimensions
How can everyday conflicts benefit an adolescent's development?
They can facilitate and adolescent's transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous person.
How do boys play?
They compete with each other, threaten each other, and play rougher
What are some benefits that children with imaginary friends experience?
They have more real friends, do more pretend play in general, children are more able to tell the difference between fantasy and reality
According to a recent survey, there are an estimated 2 million stay-at-home fathers in the U.S. What do these stay-at-home fathers report experiencing?
They miss their daily life in the workplace, they are ignored when they take their children to playgrounds, they were excluded from parent groups
What is an argument that supporters present for holding funerals and other community events to remember the deceased?
They provide a form of closure for family members of the deceased.
How do girls play?
They support and encourage each other
What are common things offenders say to children they are harming?
Threats, power, bribes
How do middle aged adults view death?
Time when most of us confront our own mortality head-on, Our parents may be dying, People die who are closer to our ages, Sense of time changes( We focus less on how long we have lived and more on how long we have left to live)
_____ and _____ are key components to good parenting.
Time, effort
What is the Primary attachment style of Ambivalent?
Unable to cope with stress without others, looking for a sense of rejection from others
What is neglectful parenting?
Uninvolved
What are the levels of Domestic violence?
Verbal aggression, Physical aggression, Severe aggression, Murder (Each level leads to the next)
What are some causes for divorce according to women?
Verbal, physical, or emotional abuse, Alcohol or drug abuse, Cheating
The Big Five: Conscientiousness
Very Attentive, No good or bad
What are the life investments for someone between 70-84 yrs old?
Very little change occurs in personal investments
What are some of the possible outcomes on the child with an Authoritarian parental style?
Want to be told what to do, May distrust feelings, May be very compliant, May be very rebellious, Low creativity, Moody, Vulnerable to stress
When a person has an easy temperament during childhood, which of the following is most likely to describe their behaviors during young adulthood?
Well-adjusted
What is Parallel Play?
When a child plays side by side but not directly with another child
According to selective optimization with compensation theory, when do older adults need to compensate later in life?
When performing tasks that require quick reactions, In circumstances with high mental demands, In circumstances with high physical demands
________ (Widows/Widowers) are more likely to remarry after the loss of a spouse than ________ (widows/widowers).
Widowers; widows
The characteristics of the Big Five: Openness to experience
Will have tolerance, superior cognitive functioning, achievement, and IQ
Child Abuse: Psychological Abuse
Willful destruction of a child's sense of competence
What is Commitment?
Willingness to stay through bad times
______ (Men/Women) are more likely than _______(Men/Women) to develop physical and mental disorders.
Women, men
What are the life investments for someone between 25-34 yrs old?
Work and friendship are more important than family
Regarding sex outside of the primary relationship, gay men tend to have _____ lesbians.
a more permissive outlook than
Neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating infant-mother ___________.
attachment
When referring to abuse and neglect, the public and many professionals use the term "child _______" whereas developmentalists increasingly use the term "child ______"
abuse, maltreatment
Beginning in the 1990s, governments demanded _____ from schools, which has resulted in state-mandated test to measure only what student have or have not learned.
accountability
The process by which ethnic minorities adapt to the dominant culture is called _______.
acculturation
Date rape or _______ rape is coercive sexual activity perpetrated by someone whom the victim knows in some social capacity
acquaintance
Researchers have linked dating and romantic relationships with measures of how well-_______ adolescents are.
adjusted
Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is called ______.
ageism
Research has shown 4th to 8th graders demonstrating ________ behavior is higher in individualistic cultures than in collective cultures.
aggresive
Developmental _______ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
cascade
The emphasis on the importance of very early experiences and later developmental changes and experiences in predicting relationship outcomes in adulthood is a description of the developmental ________ model.
cascade
A person who fakes an identity on an online dating site is called a ________.
catfish
The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.
climacteric
Trisha's small group of friends does most everything together. This is her _____.
clique
One of the best predictors of job performance in older adults is:
cognitive ability
According to Marcia, personal investment in a specific identity is called ________.
commitment
Affectionate love is also called ________ love occurs when someone desires to have the other person near.
companionate
Affectionate love is also called _________ love and occurs when someone desires to have the other person near.
companionate
The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional ______.
competence
Self- ________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.
concept
The new model of parent-adolescent relationships notes that adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds are:
connected
Between ages 2 and 4, children _______ their emotional vocabulary
considerably increase
The term ________ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
seperation
Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ____________.
inhibition
A moderate amount of contribution to relationships and other relationship problems are signs of adults with ______ attachment styles.
insecure
A moderate amount of contribution to relationships and other relationship problems are signs of adults with ________ attachment styles.
insecure
Androgen- _______ males have a genetic error where they don't have androgen cells in their bodies, and their bodies look female.
insensitive
The emotional development of adulthood is considered as the adaptive __________ of emotional experience into daily life.
integration
Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional _____________.
intelligence
According to Harry Stack Sullivan, the need for _______, or a closeness between people, intensifies during early adolescence, which prompts them to seek out friends.
intimacy
As students move from early elementary school years to high school years, ______ (inartistic/extrinsic) motivation tends to decline.
intrinsic
Teachers should encourage students to become ________ motivated, and should create learning environments that promote self-responsibility for learning.
intrinsically
According to contemporary identity theory, identity development.....
is accomplished in bits and pieces
The role of hormones in sexuality:
is unclear, especially in females
A research study was performed in which six month old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking (Hart & Carrington, 2002). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted __________. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.
jealousy
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are _______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.
just as likely to be
Laura Cartensen argues that ____-related goals decrease in older adults, whereas ______ -related goals increase
knowledge; emotion
85-90% of sex abuse involves someone the child ______ and _______.
knows, trusts
Students with a _______ disability are the largest group to receive special education.
learning
Children of working mothers engage in _______ gender stereotyping and hold more egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
less
Compared to early adulthood, sexual activity in middle adulthood is _____ frequent.
less
Compared with those who never took vacations, men who went on annual vacations were _______ to die.
less likely
During early adolescence, _________ is generally the most common feature of dating and romantic relationships.
liking someone
The term _______ skills refers to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.
locomotor
Phyllis Moen recently identified career _______ as ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness.
mystique
Positive and negative reappraisals of one's loss are associated with __________ -oriented stressors in the dual-process model of coping.
loss
A slow-to-warm-up child has a _______ activity level, is somewhat _______, and displays ________ intensity of mood.
low; negative; low
Higher level of parental monitoring in the last year of high school was linked to ________ levels of alcohol dependence in the first year of college.
lower
A challenge for single adults is finding where they fit into a(n) ________ oriented society.
marriage
A longitudinal study of adults 75 yrs of age and older revealed that individuals who were ________ (single/married) were less likely to die during a seven-year time span.
married
The 1994 Sex in America survey found that _____ have sex the most often and are also more likely to have orgasms when they do.
married men and women
Dweck argued that individual's ______ influence whether they will be optimistic or pessimistic, shape their goals and motivation, and affect many aspects of their lives.
mindsets
In the United States, a ______ of parents reported spanking their children frequently, and a _____ reported yelling at their children frequently.
minority; majority
According to the textbook, adolescents develop ________ (more/less) abstract conceptions of death than children do.
more
According to a study of 21 countries, Japanese retirees missed the work slightly ________ (more/less) than they expected and the money considerably _______ (more/less) than they expected.
more, less
The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called _______.
self-esteem
Dr. Johnson is interested in behaviors in children that involve trying to make others dislike someone by spreading malicious rumors about them. She is interested in the research area _______ aggression, which occurs more among ______.
relational; girls
Caregivers of _________ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.
resistant
Sexual scripts are stereotypes patterns of how people should behave sexually; in the ______ script, sex is synonymous with love.
romantic
Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage _________ learning.
rote
Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second half of the ______ year of life.
second
Adults with a __________ attachment style, tend to have more positive relationships.
secure
Ego resiliency at 54 months of age has been linked to more ________ romantic representations in adulthood.
secure
Individuals with a ________ attachment pattern have the ability to show resiliency, and higher ability to face stress with effective coping strategies.
secure
According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, _______ attached adolescents were less likely to be involved in juvenile delinquency and drug use.
securely
According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, _________ attached adolescents were less likely to be involved in juvenile delinquency and drug use
securely
According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, __________ attached adolescents were less likely to be involved in juvenile delinquency and drug use.
securely
Adults that are ________ attached have more positive romantic relationships.
securely
Hazan's study revealed that young adults who were ________ attached in their romantic relationships were more likely to describe their early connection with their parents as the same.
securely
The majority of adults prefer to have a(n) __________ attached partner.
securely
Strategies that include focusing on the most important goal at a particular time, committing to one or two major goals, and reaching a particular goal while abandoning others are known as:
selection strategies
In order to experience __________ emotions, children must be able to refer to and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.
self-conscious
Although older adults are aware of age-related losses, most still effectively maintain a sense of:
self-control
Cognitive advances, increased introspection, and greater independence might help adolescents develop:
self-control
According to Bandura, the concept of _______- ________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
self-efficacy
