PSYCH EXAM 3: Chapter 9- Motivation and Emotion

who proposed the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow

who proposed the self-determination theory (SDT)?

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan

the anatomy of fear

GET PHOTO

______ suggested the direct route from the thalamus to the amygdala has an evolutionary advantage, because it allows a person to react quickly to threats for which humans are biologically prepared.

LeDoux

in a study by _________, participants who did not receive an explanation for their physiological arousal could be manipulated to feel either euphoria or anger, depending on the confederate with whom they were paired

Schachter and Singer

what is the order from top to bottom (least to most important needs) of the hierarchy of needs

TOP(6): Self transcendence (5): Self-actualization (4): esteem (3): love and belongingness (2): safety BOTTOM(1): physiological

hierarchy of needs

a continuum of needs that are universal and ordered in terms of the strength of their associated drives.

need for power (n-Pow)

a drive to control and influence others

need for achievement (n-Ach)

a drive to reach attainable and challenging goals, especially in the face competition

leptin does what and is what?

a hormone, a protein emitted by fat cells that plays a role in suppressing hunger

what is insulin and what does it do?

a pancreatic hormone involved in controlling levels of glucose in the bloodstream

optimal arousal

a personal or subjective matter that is not the same for everyone

emotion

a psychological state that includes a subjective or inner experience, a physiological component, and a behavioral expression

drive

a state of tension that pushes us or motivates behaviors to meet and need

motivation

a stimulus that can direct behavior, thinking, and feeling

because unpleasant emotions such as fear, anger, and disgust have survived throughout our evolutionary history, they likely have:

adaptive value

if a person looks at threatening images or an image of a frightened face, the __________ is activated.

amygdala

similar to a panic button, the __________ issues an alert, summoning other parts of the brain that play a role in the experience of fear, which then alert the sympathetic nervous system

amygdala

incentive

an association established between a behavior and its consequences, which then motivates that behavior

how can emotion have a physiological component?

anger might make you feel hot

what does the ventromedial hypothalamus do when activated?

appetite declines( cause an animal to stop eating). Works to maintain the body's energy balance.

moods

are long-term emotional states that are less intense than emotions and do not appear to have distinct beginnings or ends

some researchers have proposed that there is a set of __________ emotions, which includes anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and happiness

biologically given

cannon-bard theory of emotion

body changes and emotions happen together

james lange theory of emotion

body changes leas to emotions

the scachter-singer theory of emotion suggests that the experience of emotion is the result of physiological arousal and a ______ for this physiological state.

cognitive label

what are the 3 universal fundamental needs of the self-determination theory (SDT)?

competence, relatedness, and autonomy

instincts

complex behaviors that are fixed, unlearned, and consistent within a species

example of autonomy

deciding on a major as you move one step closer to a career

hierarchy of needs: self transcendence example

dedication to a cause, deep spiritual experiences, supporting others' goals

A(n) ________ is psychological state that includes a subjective or inner experience

emotion

women tend to be more adept at identifying the _________ behind a particular face

emotion

________ are quite strong, but they don't generally last as long as ________, and are more likely to have an identifiable cause.

emotions; moods

hierarchy of needs: love and belongingness example

family bonds, close friends, sense of community

_______ is one of the most heavily researched human emotions

fear

In a study by Schachter and Singer, participants who did not receive an explanation for their physiological arousal could be manipulated to _____, depending on the confederate with whom they were paired. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

feel either or euphoria or anger

the sympathetic nervous system initiates the ________ response in stressful situations

fight-or-flight

hierarchy of needs: esteem example

financial independence, completing education, competence

hierarchy of needs: physiological example

food, water, and sleep

a motivated behavior tend to be what 3 things?

guided, energized, and persistent

example of valence

happiness, joy, and satisfaction are on the pleasant end of the valence dimension; anger and disgust lie on the unpleasant end

how does the drive-reduction theory relate to motivation?

if a need is not fulfilled, this creates a drive, that motivates behaviors to meet and need

example of competence

imagine a college student preparing for a psychology exam and passing with flying colors

an example of moods vs feelings

imagine your mood is happy, but a car cuts you off on the highway, creating a negative emotional response like anger. Fortunately, this flash of anger is likely to vanish as quickly as it appeared, and your happy mood persists

a reason to repeat a behavior is because of the

incentive

instinct theory

instincts motivate human behavior

settling point

less rigid and might explain how the "set" point can actually change based on the relative amounts of foods consumed and energy used

autonomy means....

managing one's behaviors to reach personal goals

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard suggested that we do not feel emotion as a result of physiological and behavioral reactions, but rather these experiences:

occur simultaneously

schachter-singer theory of emotion

our thoughts about our body changes lead to emotions

cognitive appraisal approach theory emotion

our thoughts about our situation lead to emotions

what is the first (most pressing aka bottom) need in the hierarchy of needs?

physiological

which hierarchy of needs is most important?

physiological

needs

physiological or psychological requirements that must be maintained at some baseline or constant state

_______ is the field that studies positive emotions, traits, and enabling institutions

positive psychology

hierarchy of needs: safety example

security, stability, shelter, protection

which hierarchy of needs is least important?

self transcendence

research suggests that the biological basis of happiness may include a __________, which is the fixed level around which happiness tends to fluctuate

set point

when faced with a stressful situation, _________ are released into the blood

stress hormones

am emotion is a ______ experience, or intensely personal

subjective

drive-reduction theory

suggests that homeostasis motivates us to meet biological needs

self-determination theory (SDT)

suggests that humans are born with the needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy, which are always driving us in the direction of growth and optimal functioning

arousal theory

suggests that humans are motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal/stimulation, or alertness and engagement in the world

the ______ prepares the body to respond to an emergency

sympathetic nervous system

extrinsic motivation

the drive or urge to continue a behavior of external reinforcers

intrinsic motivation

the drive to continue a behavior because of internal reinforcers

an example of both valence and arousal

the emotion of ecstascy, for example, has high arousal level and a positive valence.

what is one part of the brain that helps regulate hungry feelings?

the hypothalamus

what did Henry Murray propose?

the need for achievement and the need for power

self-actualization

the need to be one's best and strive for one's fullest potential

relatedness is....

the need to create meaningful and lasting relationships

competence represent....

the need to reach our goals through successful mastery of day-to-day responsibilities

set point

the stable weight that is maintained despite variability in exercise and food intake

Homeostasis

the tendency for bodies to maintain states through internal controls

what is an example of the arousal theory?

the unexplained urge to make simple changes to your daily routines, like taking a new route to work, preparing your morning eggs differently? These behaviors may stem from your need to increase arousal

valence

the valence of an emotion refers to how pleasant or unpleasant it is.

sensation seekers

they appear to seek activities that increase arousal

in terms of the hierarchy of needs how is the pyramid organized?

things at the base of the pyramid are generally higher-level needs like food and water

arousal level

this describes how active, excited, and involved a person is while experiencing the emotion, as opposed to how calm, uninvolved, or passive she may be

hierarchy of needs: esteem

to achieve, to have self-respect and feelings of independence

hierarchy of needs: self transcendence

to extend beyond self

hierarchy of needs: love and belongingness

to feel part of the group, to have relationships

hierarchy of needs: safety

to feel safe and secure

hierarchy of needs: physiological

to have a balance of bodily systems

we can describe emotions according to _______ and _______

valence and arousal

how can emotion be a behavioral expression?

we scream and run when frightened, gag in disgust, and shed tears of sadness.

what does the lateral hypothalamus do?

when it is activated appetite increases