psych exam 3 pt. 2

________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

Concepts

________ is defined as the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems

Creativity

________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Generalization

Nigel is a ten-year-old boy. According to the milestones of language development, which of the following language milestones is attained by Nigel at this age?

He uses synonyms in word definitions

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.

Which of the following is true of continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning?

In continuous reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning?

It involves bottom-up processing

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

It is a limited-capacity memory system

Identify a true statement about divergent thinking

It predominantly occurs during a brainstorming session

Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

Which of the following is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?

It reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

In the context of implicit memory, which of the following statements is true of priming?

It takes place even when explicit memory for previous information is not required

Identify a true statement about elaboration in memory

Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate on information

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention?

Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend in class

Emma, a 20-year-old college student, wants to start jogging every morning. However, she realizes that this would mean getting up early instead of sleeping in, which she enjoys immensely. In the context of loss aversion, which of the following is Emma most likely to do?

She will prefer to sleep and avoid jogging

Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory

Short-term memory functions as a passive storehouse, while working memory functions as an active memory system

Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?

The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder

A store run by Mr. Mathers was robbed by three armed men. Mr. Mathers and his staff are waiting for the police to arrive. While doing so, they discuss the robbery and decide on a common story to tell the police. Which of the following is likely to be an outcome of this collaborative sharing of information by the eyewitnesses?

The dialogue between the eyewitnesses will contaminate their memories

Which of the following statements is true about algorithms?

They come in different forms, such as formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions

Which of the following statements is true of people who are gifted?

They have superior talent in a particular area

Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time. As a result, Jenny has never had to be reminded to do her homework; she always submits it on time. In this scenario, Jenny's behavior illustrates

Thorndike's law of effect

________ memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks.

Working

A schema refers to

a preexisting mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information

Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which

a stimulus is recognized and labeled

Creative people engage in

both convergent thinking and divergent thinking

Rehearsal works best when one needs to

briefly remember a list of numbers

Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning. Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog, the dog gets very excited about going for a walk. In this scenario, the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through

classical conditioning

Joe, a teenager, is unable to perform well in exams that test his comprehension and language skills. He has a history of poor performances in language since childhood. In the context of intellectual disability, identify the skill that is Joe's weakness.

conceptual skill

Jessica loves to go to the park. However, after three separate incidents of violence over the course of two years in a park, she begins to fear going to parks. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica's fear of parks is a(n)

conditioned response

Rahul has job offers from three different employers. He carefully analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each of the offers. He compares the offers and evaluates them thoroughly to select the one that would be best for him. Which of the following types of thinking is Rahul employing in his decision making?

convergent thinking

Veronica has to cook dinner for 30 people this Saturday. Moreover, her apartment is a mess and she has nothing suitable to wear for the party. Hence, she decides to do her laundry on Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment on Saturday morning, and cook dinner by Saturday evening. This process of defining intermediate problems is known as

creating subgoals

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he comes across the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy reacted whenever he was given a new toy. Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word "braggart"?

deep

Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics

do not guarantee an answer

In observational learning, retention is the process in which a learner must

encode the information to reproduce a model's actions

Albert is listening intently to his principal's lecture on the advancement of scientific research. In this scenario, Albert is most likely

encoding the information into his memory

Hank teaches music. During a lesson, while teaching a scale, he recalls how he had used that scale in one of the concerts he had played. In this scenario, Hank is using his ________ to recall his concert experience

episodic memory

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?

episodic memory

Jake developed a study plan for the Graduate Record Examinations and completed his paper on Tuesday. According to the steps in problem solving, the next immediate step that must be taken by him is to

evaluate his performance

Tyler's grandmother, Rose, has been receiving emails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his emails, she has been checking her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler started college, the emails have stopped. As a result, Rose checks her emails only every few days. If this pattern continues, Rose will completely stop checking her email. In classical conditioning, this is known as

extinction

Jose's employer pays him every Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

fixed-interval

Lolita uses her kitchen knife to cut vegetables. She always uses her knife for either slicing bread or chopping meat. Despite these uses, Lolita also occasionally uses the knife to unscrew nails from her kitchen equipment. This alternate way of using the knife shows that Lolita has overcome

functional fixedness

Joel and Zeus watch a soccer game between team A and team B on TV. Team A wins the match and Zeus exclaims, "I knew team A would win this match!" According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Zeus is employing ________ in this scenario.

hindsight bias

When an individual knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that he or she remembers it, then the individual is said to be tapping into

implicit memory

Rose is in an abusive relationship with Dan, who is physically violent with her and has injured her seriously more than once. Despite this, Rose has never been able to stop him or leave him. Rose was also abused by her stepfather as a child. Rose's inability to put up a fight with Dan is most likely the result of ________ in operant conditioning.

learned helplessness

Larry is in the habit of bullying his little brother by hitting and pushing him. Larry's parents try to stop this behavior by taking away Larry's video games whenever he hits his little brother. Over the next few weeks, Larry stops bullying his little brother. In this scenario, Larry's parents have used ________ in operant conditioning.

negative punishment

Caleb, the owner of a small garage, is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for. He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization because of job dissatisfaction. In this scenario, Caleb is most likely using ________ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.

negative reinforcement

Mark, a high school student, dislikes the fact that his mother yells at him in the morning to wake him up. His mother usually wakes up at 5:30 a.m., and he tries to wake up at around 5:15 a.m. to avoid listening to his mother's yelling. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

negative reinforcement

Chunking is the process of

packing information that exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higher-order units

Leo explains to his son that the word "honest" is pronounced "onest" because the letter "h" is silent in it. Which of the following properties of language does this scenario best illustrate?

phonology

Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays, and, as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through ________ in operant conditioning

positive reinforcement

Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant. He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form. Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using?

recall

Three-year-old Jane had learned the names of fruits from a picture book. She was taken to a grocery store and was asked to identify apples and melons kept in the store. Which of the following memory tasks would be used by Jane to identify the fruits?

recognition

Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?

scolding a child for being rude to his or her teachers

Jeremy visits a new coffee shop. Even though the arrangement of seats and counters at this coffee shop is different from every other coffee shop he has been to, he automatically knows that he must stand in line in front of the counter and get his sugar and cream from the counter on the side. In this scenario, Jeremy has a(n) ________ for how coffee shops work

script

Jane hears a strange sound coming from her attic. She wakes her husband and mimics the sound she just heard. In this scenario, Jane's ________ is responsible for her ability to retain the memory of the sound long enough to reproduce it

sensory memory

Hank sees a car run a red light. Despite only seeing the car for a short amount of time, he is able to recall and note down the license plate number. In this scenario, Hank has most likely used his ________ to recall the license plate number.

short-term memory

Every time Alice drives by the hospital where her grandmother died, she thinks of her grandmother. She often gets emotional when she recollects how long her grandmother suffered after being diagnosed with a terminal disease. In the context of memory storage, which of the following brain structures is responsible for evoking such memories in Alice?

the amygdala

In operant conditioning, organisms learn

the association between a behavior and a consequence

Alex intends to board a flight this evening to another country for an official visit. However, his wife prevents him from boarding the flight stating that there is a likelihood of danger to his life owing to several plane crashes that occurred that month. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Alex's wife uses ________ in this scenario

the availability heuristic

According to ________, when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties.

the prototype model

Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once Aditi reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This is an example of

the recency effect

Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake who is a tall and lanky man. She concludes that Drake might be playing basketball for his college team. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Hillary uses ________ in this scenario.

the representativeness heuristic

Hillary is recalling details from her most recent trip to an amusement park. In the context of the brain structures involved in long-term memory, which lobe of Hillary's brain is most active in this instance?

the right frontal lobe

Francisco, a soccer enthusiast, watches a soccer match. While discussing the match with his friends, he is able to remember the first and the last players to receive a yellow card from the referee but not the other players who received yellow cards in the middle of the match. This tendency of Francisco to recall only the first and the last players to receive a yellow card best illustrates

the serial position effect

Ira invested in stock six years ago. Since then, the value of her stock has reduced drastically. Ira is hesitant to pull out her money from the stock because she feels that she has already invested a lot of time and money into it. She feels that it is too late to make any decisions about her investment. Ira's belief best explains

the sunk cost fallacy

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the

unconditioned response