Psych Final
Evidence suggests that language likely originated in
Africa
Which of the following scenarios depicts an example of a defense mechanism?
Anthony plays football to deal with anger over his parent's divorce
Which of the following is a difference between using exemplars and prototypes for forming concepts?
Exemplars use a specific member of a category as representation
Which of the following best describes how contemporary psychologists view Sigmund Freud's approach to personality?
It is heralded for its early, profound impact on the field of psychology, but it is generally not supported by research
Which of the following features are most important for something to be considered an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
It must reliably produce a response, even if the organism has never seen it before
Which of the following examples best supports Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
Mario is a gifted mathematician but is completely unable to play an instrument
this psychologist studied styles of attachment between infants and their caregivers using an experiment known as the "Strange Situation"
Mary Ainsworth
Which of the following scenarios depicts someone utilizing the method of loci to improve their memory?
Melba pictures her family's boat and associates information she is learning to various areas of the vehicle
The Cannon-Bar theory of emotion suggests which of the following relationships between physical sensations and subjective feelings?
They occur simultaneously
Which of the following is true about flashbulb memories?
They occur with strong emotional events
In the famous Milgram obedience study, which of the following was true about the learners or confederates?
They received no actual shocks but pretended that the shocks were real
Which of the following best illustrates a secure attachment style?
Thomas runs several feet in front of his mother as they walk through their neighborhood
Of the following, the best definition of temperament is
a child's pattern of mood, activity, and emotionality
The somatovisceral afferent model of emotion (SAME) suggests that significant cognitive processing and evaluations is needed when a situation produces
a general state of arousal
Which of the following best describes algorithms?
a generally accurate step-by-step problem solving approach
According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge requires the alteration of existing schema
accommodation
the process of learning that results in a conditioned response (CR) is known as
acquisition
The social facilitation phenomenon suggests that the presence of another person
affects behavior differently depending on the complexity of the behavior
Which of the following best describes the difference between algorithms and heuristics?
algorithms generally guarantee a solution where heuristics do not
Infants frequently smile as the result of pleasant interactions with others. The age at which this behavior begins occurs
around the same time for all children
The Yerkes-Dodson law predicts that individuals will perform best on a difficult task when their
arousal is moderate
Classical conditioning is best defined as
associations that are formed between two sequentially occurring stimuli
Applied behavior analysis, a type of behavior therapy based on principles of operant conditioning, it most commonly used to treat individuals with
autism spectrum disorder
Sexual orientation is comprised of which of the following components?
behavior, attraction, and identity
The "own-race bias (ORB)" means that individuals are typically
better able to remember the faces of people from their own race
In defining a problem, psychologists suggest using which of the following approaches to reduce the likelihood of failure?
breaking down large goals into intermediate goals
Corey teaches his students geometry by first explaining common geometry terms, then explaining geometry proofs, and finally using the terms to construct their own geometry proofs. This breakdown of a complex behavior is known as
chaining
According to Freud, defense mechanisms would be best defined as ways to
channel psychic energy into more manageable behaviors
The best definition of the "collective unconscious" would be the
common psychological predispositions passed through generations
According to Piaget, in this stage a child can solve cognitive tasks but lacks the ability to think abstractly
concrete operational
Contemporary psychologists suggest that sleep enhances emory formation by
consolidating and organizing new memories
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally designed to aid in
diagnosing psychological disorders
According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial of initiative vs. guilt
early childhood
The theory of context- dependent memory suggests that when we are tested in the same environment in which information was learned retrieval will be
easier
Being able to successfully perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is referred to as
emotional intelligence
Autobiographical memories represent the blending of which two types of memory?
episodic and semantic
Which of the following emotions is likely to be associated with the greatest amount of autonomic nervous system activation?
fear
A behavior that is reinforced each time it occurs is following a
fixed ration (FR) schedule of reinforcement
A barrier in which a concept is only though of in its most typical form is called
functional fixedness
Before starting a diet, a person should take the time to create a food journal and write down the food they actually eat during the day. This is an effective way to change eating habits because the person is
gaining a better understanding of the behavior and when it occurs
When group members suppress opposing opinions in order to foster group cohesion, they are being influenced by
groupthink
An important similarity between chunking and rehearsal is that they
help retain formation in short-term memory longer
Rules of thumb that are used as shortcuts to problem solving are
heuristics
Humans are motivated to maintain a steady sate of internal balance known as
homeostasis
Individuals with Down syndrome experience intellectual disability and
impaired language ability
The mere exposure effect occurs when regular exposure to neutral or positive stimuli leads to
increased liking of the stimuli
Erikson held that middle childhood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?
industry vs. inferiority
According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of trust vs. mistrust
infancy
Persuasion is best defined as a change in attitude in response to
information provided by others
Both romantic love and sexual desire involve which of the following brain structures?
insula
Erikson held that early adulthood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?
intimacy vs. isolation
Appraisal theory suggests that assessment of a stimulus
is a continuous process
Morphemes form phrases and sentences based on
language-specific grammar rules
According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of ego integrity vs. despair
late adulthood
Learning that occurs without reinforcement is described as
latent learning
According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of generatively vs. stagnation
middle adulthood
The smallest units of speech that carry meaning are known as
morphemes
According to the spreading activation model, thinking about a concept will activate
nearby concepts faster than distant concepts
Which of the following do psychologists list as an environmental influence on intelligence?
nutrition
Charles Spearman posited that generalized intelligence (g) is comprised of
one's overall intelligence rather than specific abilities
Though not implemented, Skinner's Project Pigeon was important to the field of psychology because it showed that
operant conditioning principles could be applied to real-world settings
Mary Ainsworth developed an experimental paradigm to determine children's attachment styles by examining their interactions with
parents and strangers
Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love focuses on which three dimensions?
passion, intimacy, and commitment
Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-consciousness and honest behavior?
people who are more self-conscious demonstrate more ethical behavior
According to the James-Lange Theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of events for processing emotions?
perceive stimulus> physiological response> conscious awareness of a subjective feeling
Appraisal theory suggests that emotions are elicited in response to an assessment of how something affects one's
personal well-being
Which of the following best describes freud's thoughts on the relationship between personality and psychosexual stages?
personality characteristics emerge due to conflict in each psychosexual stage
Of the following, the best definition of "projective test" is a test that measures a respondants'
personality projected onto an ambiguous stimulus
According to Piaget, in this stage a child has developed object permanence and has begun symbolic thinking
pre operational
Kohlberg's three stages of moral development are
pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
According to Freud, information in which of the following areas of our mind is usually outside of our awareness but can be Brough to mind if needed?
preconscious
Advertisements often attempt to influence our behavior through
priming
As we reach adulthood, crystallized intelligence
remains stable
One difference between non-declarative and declarative memory is that declarative memories
require conscious effort to retrieve
Test taking is an effective method for enhancing memory because it enhances memory
retrieval and encoding
The method of recitation involves
saying information aloud that you put into your own words
First impressions are formed rapidly, often within
seconds
According to Piaget, in this stage a child lacks the ability to form mental representations of their external environment
sensorimotor
Without additional information processing, which of the following memory systems holds information for the shortest duration?
sensory memory
Punishment is most effective under the conditions of
significance, immediacy, and consistency
Actor-observer bias affects whether behavior is explained by
situational or dispositional factors
Social-cognitive learning theories of personality diverge from trait and psychodynamic approaches by emphasizing the role of which of the following in shaping personality?
social contexts
A group's rules for behavior are referred to as
social norms
In operant conditioning, the term "positive" refers to
something that is added to the environment
Memory retrieval is the process of recovering information from
storage
This term describes the beginnings of personality patterns observed in infants
temperament
The theory of emotion that claims that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings is called
the James-Lange theory
Which theory of emotion suggests that humans are very good at interpreting their physical states?
the James-Lange theory
Observational learning is best defined as
the ability to learn by watching others
The sensation of arousal and alertness after encountering a dangerous stimuli is triggered by which structure?
the autonomic nervous system
The prisoner's dilemma is a classic model of
the factors that underlie decisions to compete or cooperate within groups
According to Freud, which aspect of personality resides solely in our unconscious mind?
the id
The idea that good things happen to good people but bad things happen to bad people is called
the just-world belief
An individual's view on who or what is responsible for outcomes in their life is known as
their locus of control
Of the following, the best definition of "personality" is a characteristic way of
thinking, feeling, and behaving
What is typically the first step of problem solving?
understanding the problem
Compared to other theoretical approaches to personality, humanistic theories generally view humans as
unique and good natured
Findings from Tolman's maze experiments suggest that cognitive maps are typically formed via
unique non-associative learning
The theory of motivated forgetting suggests that we are more likely to forget which type of information?
unpleasant information
Compared to classical conditioning, operant conditioning involves
voluntary behaviors
