Psych Final

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Evidence suggests that language likely originated in

Africa

Which of the following scenarios depicts an example of a defense mechanism?

Anthony plays football to deal with anger over his parent's divorce

Which of the following is a difference between using exemplars and prototypes for forming concepts?

Exemplars use a specific member of a category as representation

Which of the following best describes how contemporary psychologists view Sigmund Freud's approach to personality?

It is heralded for its early, profound impact on the field of psychology, but it is generally not supported by research

Which of the following features are most important for something to be considered an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

It must reliably produce a response, even if the organism has never seen it before

Which of the following examples best supports Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Mario is a gifted mathematician but is completely unable to play an instrument

this psychologist studied styles of attachment between infants and their caregivers using an experiment known as the "Strange Situation"

Mary Ainsworth

Which of the following scenarios depicts someone utilizing the method of loci to improve their memory?

Melba pictures her family's boat and associates information she is learning to various areas of the vehicle

The Cannon-Bar theory of emotion suggests which of the following relationships between physical sensations and subjective feelings?

They occur simultaneously

Which of the following is true about flashbulb memories?

They occur with strong emotional events

In the famous Milgram obedience study, which of the following was true about the learners or confederates?

They received no actual shocks but pretended that the shocks were real

Which of the following best illustrates a secure attachment style?

Thomas runs several feet in front of his mother as they walk through their neighborhood

Of the following, the best definition of temperament is

a child's pattern of mood, activity, and emotionality

The somatovisceral afferent model of emotion (SAME) suggests that significant cognitive processing and evaluations is needed when a situation produces

a general state of arousal

Which of the following best describes algorithms?

a generally accurate step-by-step problem solving approach

According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge requires the alteration of existing schema

accommodation

the process of learning that results in a conditioned response (CR) is known as

acquisition

The social facilitation phenomenon suggests that the presence of another person

affects behavior differently depending on the complexity of the behavior

Which of the following best describes the difference between algorithms and heuristics?

algorithms generally guarantee a solution where heuristics do not

Infants frequently smile as the result of pleasant interactions with others. The age at which this behavior begins occurs

around the same time for all children

The Yerkes-Dodson law predicts that individuals will perform best on a difficult task when their

arousal is moderate

Classical conditioning is best defined as

associations that are formed between two sequentially occurring stimuli

Applied behavior analysis, a type of behavior therapy based on principles of operant conditioning, it most commonly used to treat individuals with

autism spectrum disorder

Sexual orientation is comprised of which of the following components?

behavior, attraction, and identity

The "own-race bias (ORB)" means that individuals are typically

better able to remember the faces of people from their own race

In defining a problem, psychologists suggest using which of the following approaches to reduce the likelihood of failure?

breaking down large goals into intermediate goals

Corey teaches his students geometry by first explaining common geometry terms, then explaining geometry proofs, and finally using the terms to construct their own geometry proofs. This breakdown of a complex behavior is known as

chaining

According to Freud, defense mechanisms would be best defined as ways to

channel psychic energy into more manageable behaviors

The best definition of the "collective unconscious" would be the

common psychological predispositions passed through generations

According to Piaget, in this stage a child can solve cognitive tasks but lacks the ability to think abstractly

concrete operational

Contemporary psychologists suggest that sleep enhances emory formation by

consolidating and organizing new memories

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally designed to aid in

diagnosing psychological disorders

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial of initiative vs. guilt

early childhood

The theory of context- dependent memory suggests that when we are tested in the same environment in which information was learned retrieval will be

easier

Being able to successfully perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is referred to as

emotional intelligence

Autobiographical memories represent the blending of which two types of memory?

episodic and semantic

Which of the following emotions is likely to be associated with the greatest amount of autonomic nervous system activation?

fear

A behavior that is reinforced each time it occurs is following a

fixed ration (FR) schedule of reinforcement

A barrier in which a concept is only though of in its most typical form is called

functional fixedness

Before starting a diet, a person should take the time to create a food journal and write down the food they actually eat during the day. This is an effective way to change eating habits because the person is

gaining a better understanding of the behavior and when it occurs

When group members suppress opposing opinions in order to foster group cohesion, they are being influenced by

groupthink

An important similarity between chunking and rehearsal is that they

help retain formation in short-term memory longer

Rules of thumb that are used as shortcuts to problem solving are

heuristics

Humans are motivated to maintain a steady sate of internal balance known as

homeostasis

Individuals with Down syndrome experience intellectual disability and

impaired language ability

The mere exposure effect occurs when regular exposure to neutral or positive stimuli leads to

increased liking of the stimuli

Erikson held that middle childhood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

industry vs. inferiority

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of trust vs. mistrust

infancy

Persuasion is best defined as a change in attitude in response to

information provided by others

Both romantic love and sexual desire involve which of the following brain structures?

insula

Erikson held that early adulthood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

intimacy vs. isolation

Appraisal theory suggests that assessment of a stimulus

is a continuous process

Morphemes form phrases and sentences based on

language-specific grammar rules

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of ego integrity vs. despair

late adulthood

Learning that occurs without reinforcement is described as

latent learning

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of generatively vs. stagnation

middle adulthood

The smallest units of speech that carry meaning are known as

morphemes

According to the spreading activation model, thinking about a concept will activate

nearby concepts faster than distant concepts

Which of the following do psychologists list as an environmental influence on intelligence?

nutrition

Charles Spearman posited that generalized intelligence (g) is comprised of

one's overall intelligence rather than specific abilities

Though not implemented, Skinner's Project Pigeon was important to the field of psychology because it showed that

operant conditioning principles could be applied to real-world settings

Mary Ainsworth developed an experimental paradigm to determine children's attachment styles by examining their interactions with

parents and strangers

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love focuses on which three dimensions?

passion, intimacy, and commitment

Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-consciousness and honest behavior?

people who are more self-conscious demonstrate more ethical behavior

According to the James-Lange Theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of events for processing emotions?

perceive stimulus> physiological response> conscious awareness of a subjective feeling

Appraisal theory suggests that emotions are elicited in response to an assessment of how something affects one's

personal well-being

Which of the following best describes freud's thoughts on the relationship between personality and psychosexual stages?

personality characteristics emerge due to conflict in each psychosexual stage

Of the following, the best definition of "projective test" is a test that measures a respondants'

personality projected onto an ambiguous stimulus

According to Piaget, in this stage a child has developed object permanence and has begun symbolic thinking

pre operational

Kohlberg's three stages of moral development are

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

According to Freud, information in which of the following areas of our mind is usually outside of our awareness but can be Brough to mind if needed?

preconscious

Advertisements often attempt to influence our behavior through

priming

As we reach adulthood, crystallized intelligence

remains stable

One difference between non-declarative and declarative memory is that declarative memories

require conscious effort to retrieve

Test taking is an effective method for enhancing memory because it enhances memory

retrieval and encoding

The method of recitation involves

saying information aloud that you put into your own words

First impressions are formed rapidly, often within

seconds

According to Piaget, in this stage a child lacks the ability to form mental representations of their external environment

sensorimotor

Without additional information processing, which of the following memory systems holds information for the shortest duration?

sensory memory

Punishment is most effective under the conditions of

significance, immediacy, and consistency

Actor-observer bias affects whether behavior is explained by

situational or dispositional factors

Social-cognitive learning theories of personality diverge from trait and psychodynamic approaches by emphasizing the role of which of the following in shaping personality?

social contexts

A group's rules for behavior are referred to as

social norms

In operant conditioning, the term "positive" refers to

something that is added to the environment

Memory retrieval is the process of recovering information from

storage

This term describes the beginnings of personality patterns observed in infants

temperament

The theory of emotion that claims that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings is called

the James-Lange theory

Which theory of emotion suggests that humans are very good at interpreting their physical states?

the James-Lange theory

Observational learning is best defined as

the ability to learn by watching others

The sensation of arousal and alertness after encountering a dangerous stimuli is triggered by which structure?

the autonomic nervous system

The prisoner's dilemma is a classic model of

the factors that underlie decisions to compete or cooperate within groups

According to Freud, which aspect of personality resides solely in our unconscious mind?

the id

The idea that good things happen to good people but bad things happen to bad people is called

the just-world belief

An individual's view on who or what is responsible for outcomes in their life is known as

their locus of control

Of the following, the best definition of "personality" is a characteristic way of

thinking, feeling, and behaving

What is typically the first step of problem solving?

understanding the problem

Compared to other theoretical approaches to personality, humanistic theories generally view humans as

unique and good natured

Findings from Tolman's maze experiments suggest that cognitive maps are typically formed via

unique non-associative learning

The theory of motivated forgetting suggests that we are more likely to forget which type of information?

unpleasant information

Compared to classical conditioning, operant conditioning involves

voluntary behaviors


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