Psych Final Exam

Social Cognitive Theory

focuses on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences; see people as influencing their environment; variables within people should be considered;

Time-Pressure hassles

having too many things to do and not enough time to do it

Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?

he argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous

Corticosteroids

help protect the body by combatting allergic reactions and reducing inflammation; they can be harmful to the cardiovascular system, which is why chronic stress can impair one's health

Type A personality

highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive

Emotional intelligence

holds the statement that social and emotional skills are a form of intelligence; emotional intelligence resembles two of Gardner's "intelligencies"- intrapersonal skills and interpersonal skills

During puberty, _________stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body.

testosterone

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence of appropriate behavior

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of__________is severed.

the corpus callosum

What three structures do childrens motor skills develop in?

the id, the ego, and the superego

Body dysmorphic disorder

the individual is preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking

internal locus of control

the place (locus) to which an individual attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers—either inside or outside the self

Acculturation

the process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making the behavioral and attitudinal changes; some immigrants are completely assimilated by the dominant culture

Ego

the second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification

preoperational stage

the second stage of Piaget's theory, characterized by illogical use of words and symbols, spotty logic, and egocentrism

Superego

the third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior; the child incorporates the moral standards and values of parents and other members of the community

How does the immune system combat diseases?

white blood cells engulf and kill pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and worn-out and cancerous body cells

What does the Stanford Binet-Intelligence Scale reflect?

IQ, intelligence quotient

___________are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.

Personality Psychologists

How does Carl Rogers define self?

Rogers defined the self as the center of experience

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erikson differ from earlier pschodynamic practitioners in that they:

focuses less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction

Humanistic-existential

Approach in psychology that is antitheoretical and emphasizes direct experience, human uniqueness and free will

An association among variables is known as __________

Correlation

Scaffolding

Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently

Hypothalamus

a bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, emotion, and motivation

Anorexia nervosa

a life-threatening disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image

Analytical intelligence

academic ability; enables us to problem solve and gain new knowledge

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

agitated behavior, vivid hallucinations, unshakable delusions, disorganized thinking, and nonsensical speech

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the__________.

all-or-none principle

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

altruism

Bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as________

attitudes

Which of the following statements is true of handedness?

being left-handed was once seen as a defiency

inner concern hassles

being socially isolated and lonely

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the_______

bystander effect

Hyperphagic

characterized by excessive eating

Aphagic

characterized by under-eating

Characteristics of psychological hardy people

commitment: -involve themselves in what they were doing or encountering challenge: -change, rather than stability, is normal in life control: -tend to have internal locus of control

Environmental hassles

crime, weather, noise, and pollution

What does skinner believe to affect behavior?

environmental influences, parental approval, and social customs

Claustrophobia

fear of enclosed or narrow spaces

General Anxiety Disorder

feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months of duration

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He follows the principle that people are responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik's beliefs best exemplify the _____ perspective.

humanistic-existential

Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?

hypothalamus

health hassles

illness, obtaining medical treatment, and side effects of medication

Self-actualization

in humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential

A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.

industrial psychologist

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love,_______refers to a couple's closeness, to their mutual concern and sharing of feelings and resources.

intimacy

Which of the following statements is true of psychology?

it aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Work hassles

job dissatisfaction and problems with coworkers

Security hassles

job security, terrorisms, investments, and retirement

How is humor related to stress?

laughter stimulates the output of endorphins, which might enhance the functioning of the immune system; positive cognitive shifts, which bring on positive emotions

Heredity defines one's_____, which is based on biological structures and processes.

nature

________is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone.

norepinephrine

Financial responsibility hassles

not affording things, and owing money

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by:

observation of other people acting aggressively

Oral Stage (Freud's Psychosexual Stages)

oral activities such as sucking and biting give a baby sexual gratification; an oral fixation could give adults exaggerated desires for oral activities

Household Hassles

preparing meals, shopping, and home maintenance

________has been characterized as research for its own sake.

pure research

object permanence

recognition that objects removed from sight still exist, as demonstrated in young children by continued pursuit

Daily hassles

regular occurring experiences that can harm our well-being, including our sex-lives

Type B personality

relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life

Herustics

rules of thumbs that help us simplify and solve problems;

Psychosexual Development (Freud)

series of stages children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part

In the context of sources of prejudice, when people view those who belong to their own groups more favorably than those who do not, they are involved in____.

social categorization

What theory does observational learning come from

social cognitive theory

___________is a subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify impressions of others.

social perception

The fluid-filled gap between two neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses is known as the _____.

synaptic cleft