Psych Final Exam
Social Cognitive Theory
focuses on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences; see people as influencing their environment; variables within people should be considered;
Time-Pressure hassles
having too many things to do and not enough time to do it
Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?
he argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous
Corticosteroids
help protect the body by combatting allergic reactions and reducing inflammation; they can be harmful to the cardiovascular system, which is why chronic stress can impair one's health
Type A personality
highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive
Emotional intelligence
holds the statement that social and emotional skills are a form of intelligence; emotional intelligence resembles two of Gardner's "intelligencies"- intrapersonal skills and interpersonal skills
During puberty, _________stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body.
testosterone
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behavior
A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of__________is severed.
the corpus callosum
What three structures do childrens motor skills develop in?
the id, the ego, and the superego
Body dysmorphic disorder
the individual is preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking
internal locus of control
the place (locus) to which an individual attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers—either inside or outside the self
Acculturation
the process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making the behavioral and attitudinal changes; some immigrants are completely assimilated by the dominant culture
Ego
the second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification
preoperational stage
the second stage of Piaget's theory, characterized by illogical use of words and symbols, spotty logic, and egocentrism
Superego
the third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior; the child incorporates the moral standards and values of parents and other members of the community
How does the immune system combat diseases?
white blood cells engulf and kill pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and worn-out and cancerous body cells
What does the Stanford Binet-Intelligence Scale reflect?
IQ, intelligence quotient
___________are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.
Personality Psychologists
How does Carl Rogers define self?
Rogers defined the self as the center of experience
Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erikson differ from earlier pschodynamic practitioners in that they:
focuses less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction
Humanistic-existential
Approach in psychology that is antitheoretical and emphasizes direct experience, human uniqueness and free will
An association among variables is known as __________
Correlation
Scaffolding
Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently
Hypothalamus
a bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, emotion, and motivation
Anorexia nervosa
a life-threatening disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image
Analytical intelligence
academic ability; enables us to problem solve and gain new knowledge
Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
agitated behavior, vivid hallucinations, unshakable delusions, disorganized thinking, and nonsensical speech
Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?
agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the__________.
all-or-none principle
__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
altruism
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging
Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as________
attitudes
Which of the following statements is true of handedness?
being left-handed was once seen as a defiency
inner concern hassles
being socially isolated and lonely
The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the_______
bystander effect
Hyperphagic
characterized by excessive eating
Aphagic
characterized by under-eating
Characteristics of psychological hardy people
commitment: -involve themselves in what they were doing or encountering challenge: -change, rather than stability, is normal in life control: -tend to have internal locus of control
Environmental hassles
crime, weather, noise, and pollution
What does skinner believe to affect behavior?
environmental influences, parental approval, and social customs
Claustrophobia
fear of enclosed or narrow spaces
General Anxiety Disorder
feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months of duration
Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He follows the principle that people are responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik's beliefs best exemplify the _____ perspective.
humanistic-existential
Which of the following brain structures is associated with instinctive aggressive reactions in nonhumans?
hypothalamus
health hassles
illness, obtaining medical treatment, and side effects of medication
Self-actualization
in humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential
A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.
industrial psychologist
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love,_______refers to a couple's closeness, to their mutual concern and sharing of feelings and resources.
intimacy
Which of the following statements is true of psychology?
it aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.
Work hassles
job dissatisfaction and problems with coworkers
Security hassles
job security, terrorisms, investments, and retirement
How is humor related to stress?
laughter stimulates the output of endorphins, which might enhance the functioning of the immune system; positive cognitive shifts, which bring on positive emotions
Heredity defines one's_____, which is based on biological structures and processes.
nature
________is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone.
norepinephrine
Financial responsibility hassles
not affording things, and owing money
According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by:
observation of other people acting aggressively
Oral Stage (Freud's Psychosexual Stages)
oral activities such as sucking and biting give a baby sexual gratification; an oral fixation could give adults exaggerated desires for oral activities
Household Hassles
preparing meals, shopping, and home maintenance
________has been characterized as research for its own sake.
pure research
object permanence
recognition that objects removed from sight still exist, as demonstrated in young children by continued pursuit
Daily hassles
regular occurring experiences that can harm our well-being, including our sex-lives
Type B personality
relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life
Herustics
rules of thumbs that help us simplify and solve problems;
Psychosexual Development (Freud)
series of stages children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part
In the context of sources of prejudice, when people view those who belong to their own groups more favorably than those who do not, they are involved in____.
social categorization
What theory does observational learning come from
social cognitive theory
___________is a subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify impressions of others.
social perception
The fluid-filled gap between two neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses is known as the _____.
synaptic cleft