Psych Final Exam SAU
anterograde amnesia
the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of __________.
trust versus mistrust
The embryo is connected to the placenta by the __________.
umbilical cord
According to Freud, the ____ is the largest part of the mind in a healthy person.
Id
In the brain's limbic system, the 'fight-or-flight' response begins in the_____
Spinal Cord
__________ are rapid, low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation.
Alpha waves
According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of dreams?
Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.
During 500-1517 BC, the Catholic Church reigned supreme, but the priests allowed common, 'everyday' people to study the human mind/experience.
False
In humans, the fight-or-flight response is an unnatural response to external stimuli or danger.
False
In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.
False
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.
False
The _____ is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.
Figure-Ground Relationship
fluid vs crystallized intelligence
Fluid = Capacity to solve problems. Crystallized = general knowledge.
_________ is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
Memory
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
Nembutal
_____ is the top-down way our brains organize and interpret information and put it into context.
Perception
According to the Ted Talk, Scott Geller discovered self-motivation as a child when he was learning how to _________. Select one:
Play the drums
According to Arnett, which of the following is most likely a part of the emerging adulthood stage?
experiments with career possibilities
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; (2) Autonomy vs. Shame; (3) Initiative vs. Guilt; (4) Industry vs. Inferiority; (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Integrity vs. Despair.
Brain structures involved in memory
* Hippocampus - bridge between STM and LTM, handles many explicit memories * Frontal and temporal lobes store long-term memories * Cerebellum - classical conditioning * Basal Ganglia - procedural memory
Ekman's Universal Emotions
- happiness - surprise - anger - disgust - fear - sadness - contempt (not content)
Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
1. Intimacy 2. Passion 3. Commitment
How many rods does each eye contain?
125 million
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
When does your brain create a memory?
After something happens
Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
reinforcement
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
A person with normal color vision is labeled a _____.
trichromat
The use of catchy phrases, celebrities, jingles, etc. by advertising companies to sell products is an example of _______ Learning.
Associative
The different thresholds, Stimulation, theories, etc
Sensory Adaptation sensitization - can be positive or Negative desensitization- Negative
Common sleep disorders
Sleep amenia
According to Dr. Janet Metcalfe, the only species that has theory of mind is humans.
True
According to the video, every major stressful life experience increases the risk of dying by 30%.
True
Compared to the unconscious, Freud believed that the conscious is a smaller part of our mind.
True
Define what is "craving"
Uncontrolled desire is treatable
Although academically gifted, Chloe never had the desire to be the best in her classes. She would most likely be considered to exhibit __________.
a Type B behavior pattern
Stages of sleep
alpha waves- First stage of sleep - gateway to the subconscious mind beta waves- When you are awake - Conscious Theta waves- Middle - Subconscious mind Delta waves- Last - unconscious mind/collective consciousness
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms
anxiety and helplessness
Charles Spearman General Intelligence
believed we have one general intelligence that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test or street smart
cognition and intelligence man vs machine
difference between human brain and computers
Before discovering the principles of Classical Conditioning, Ivan Pavlov wanted to understand the ______ system.
digestive
Harry harlows contribution to psychology
monkey bonded with wired monkey. So physical attachment is important
Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _______.
motor neurons
Pain results when neurons called__________in the skin are stimulated.
nociceptors
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ is most crucial in short-term relationships.
passion
Id
primal desires- basic nature- pleasure - your wild child- sexual needs
Hallucinogens
psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Every time you replay a memory, it changes due to _________ and ___________.
. Proactive Interference, Retroactive Interference
Which of the following is not one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions?
: confusion
During his experiments, Dan Ariely discovered that most people cheated _______.
A little bit
Schizophrenia
A psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions.
Conflict
A struggle between opposing forces
To inspire people to feel competent, Scott Geller says you must give them _________.
Both feedback and recognition
Two divisions of speech
Broca's aphasia- a language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech Laryx- understanding
Which of the following substances is a stimulant?
Cocaine
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
The psychologist responsible for our understanding of cognitive psychology is
Jean Piaget
Major structures/function of the senses ( ex: The eyes)
Sense Organs Skin: Touch, Pressure, Temperature Tongue- taste Ears- Sound and Balance Nose- Smell
According to the Ted Talk, Dan Ariely's interest in irrational behavior began during his_________.
Stay in the hospital
In the context of cognitive development, __________ is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world.
accommodation
The brain and the spinal cord make up the _______, which controls and commands bodily functions.
central nervous system
Conformity
compliance with standards, rules, or laws. conforming to social norms
Albert was once awoken from his sleep by a white rat that fell on him. Following this incident, he began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Albert's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____.
generalization
Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ________.
higher-order conditioning
The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.
hypothalamus
Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: __________ and emotional stability-instability.
introversion-extraversion
distress
negative stress
Different types of memory
sensory memory short term memory long term memory explicit memory implicit memory declarative memory Procedural memory episodic memory semantic memory
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
1. Oral Stage - mouth- 0-1 year old- Children derive pleasure from oral activities. Including- Sucking and tasting- They like to put things in their mouth 2. Anal Stage- 2-3 years old- Children begin potty training 3. Phallic Stage - penis - 3-6 years old- Boys are more attached to their mother while girls are more attached to their father- girls have penis envy as well during this stage 4. Latency Stage- nothing - Children spend more time and interact mostly with same sex peers 5. Genital Stage - Individuals are attached to opposite peers
According to the video, a case study is the in-depth study of a single individual and it ________ be replicated.
Cannot
Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?
Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
Stimulates
Cocaine
According to Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, the children who watched the video were significantly less violent in their play with other children.
False
According to her Ted Talk, psychologist Kelly McGonigal believes that stress and its side effects should always be viewed negatively.
False
According to the video, Anna Freud is a memory expert who studies how eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories after accidents or crimes.
False
Another term for white blood cells is antigens.
False
Research shows that children of authoritarian parents have greater self-reliance, self-esteem, social competence, and achievement motivation than other children.
False
Scott Geller and psychologists do not believe social support or community is critical in self-motivation.
False
common forms of social anxiety
-public speaking (most common) -eating in public -writing or signing something in front of people -urinating in public restrooms (males) *causes similar to specific phobias
According to Freud, during the __________ of psychosexual development children may develop strong sexual attachments to the parent of the other gender and begin to view the parent of the same gender as a rival for the other parent's affections.
. phallic stage
Which of the following is true of Maslow's theory?
It suggests that human behavior is not just mechanical and aimed toward survival and the reduction of tension.
Gestlat Rules of Organization
Law of Similarity Law of prognanz or the Law of the good figure Law of Proximity Law of Continuity Law of Closure The law of Common Region
__________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.
Paired associates
Which of the following is true of drives?
Psychological needs for approval, achievement, and belonging give rise to drives.
According to Erik Erikson's ___________, the relationship we have with other people influence the development of our personalities.
Psychosocial Development Theory
At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?
Sensory adaptation
According to Kelly McGonigal, the most under-appreciated aspects of the stress response is that stress makes you more ______.
Social
Chapter 2:Biology and Psychology Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System "Voluntary" 1. Regulates voluntary movements 2. Part of the peripheral nervous system connects the brain to the motor neurons such as those found in the skeletal muscles 3. We are in control of this system (voluntary) and we use it when we want to make our muscles move
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them?
The age of possibilities.
Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?
The gate theory.
Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
True
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located in the limbic system.
True
The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14.
True
The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.
True
Type A vs. Type B personality
Type A: hardworking, more driven (more health problems) Type B: carefree, relaxed, go with the flow
postive reinforcement
a response that encourages a particular behavior
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
a three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered Phase 1- Alarm reaction (mobilize resource) Phase 2- resistance ( cope with stressor) Phase 3- Exhaustion reserves depleted
Accommodation vs. Assimilation
accommodation: existing mental structures & behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences. Assimilation: new ideas & experiences are absorbed & incorporated intro existing mental structures & behaviors
Hallunciogens
after the sense of reality
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the __________ is first triggered by perception of a stressor.
alarm reaction
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the __________.
all-or-none principle
Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the__________.
basilar membrane
As it relates to attitude formation, the _________ perspective proposed that we are motivated to understand the environment so that they can make predictions and exercise some control over it.
cognitive appraisal
Misattribution
confusing the source of information or misplacing a memory
Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely __________.
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear.
counterconditioning
Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _________.
crystallized intelligence
In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:
encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory.
Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.
increases; increases
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, children begin to assert control over the environment and strive to master adult skills when they are in the stage of __________.
initiative versus guilt
Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates ___________.
intimacy
People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:
learn more slowly.
The__________adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness.
lens
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may _________, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.
metastasize
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
object permanence
During Brian's infancy, his mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was never emotionally available to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the
psychosocial development theory
On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.
pupils
ego
reason and self control- your practical -grown up self- spiritual - mediator- lawyer
Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more in life. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his __________.
self-actualization needs
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called_______.
sleep apnea
Depressants
slow your body down
The hearing or auditory area of the cortex lies in the _______ lobe along the lateral fissure of the cerebral cortex.
temporal
During puberty, __________ stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body.
testosterone
Structuralism
the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements—sensations, feelings, and images—that combine to form experience
Functionalism
the school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience
Chapter 1: What is Psychology? The definition of 'psychology'
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and the studying of the human mind and the study of the human and animal behavior
obessive-compulsive disorder
the uncontrollable need to perform repetitvie acts
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?
Behaviorist
How the brain integrates the different bits of information it receives into our conscious experience refers to the ______ Problem.
Binding
Ivan Pavlov is famous for his studies of behavior in rats and children.
False
An incentive ________.
can satisfy a need
According to psychology, _______ are groups of individuals who share similar tastes and interests.
Cliques
Superego
The Quest for Perfection- Traffic cop- Your philosophical and spiritual ideals -Strict
In her Ted Talk, Kelly McGonigal says that caring builds resilience against the harmful effects of stress.
True
Our perceptions can be influenced by our emotions and motivations.
True
Psychology is a Greek word that essentially means "the study of the mind."
True
Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
True
dependent vs independent variable
Variable- A quantity or condition that can change Independent Variable- A variable that you can control Dependent Variable- A variable that you can observe and measure
In his Ted Talk, Dan Ariely argues that we must start testing our intuitions in order to improve.
______ is a hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced and _________ is an attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively.
Schema
according to Piaget, a hypothetical mental structure that permits the classification and organization of new information
Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as __________.
attitudes
Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing or a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. This situation is an example of a(n) __________.
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Harry Harlow discovered that monkeys, and possibly humans, have a need for _______.
contact comfort
The phrase, "Law of Effect" was coined by ______.
d. E. L. Thorndike
Delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.
hippocampus
. organisms seek to increase stimulation.
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.
Heuristic
mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
B. F. Skinner used ______ in his experiments to study Operant Conditioning.
mice or rats
A neuron sends _______ to relay its message to another neuron.
neurotransmitters
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
The _________ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle.
plateau phase
Eustress
positive stress
The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the __________ as the center of experience.
self
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the __________ functions according to the moral principle.
superego
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Carl Roger's Self Theory
Children only achieve solid sense of self-worth if they've experienced a sense of unconditional positive regard.
According to the video, our memories are like books in a library as we can easily pluck out any information.
False
By its nature, consciousness is objective as we can directly understand each other's point of view.
False
Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?
It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.
A __________ takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems.
computerized axial tomography scan
Holly would spank her daughter when she would chew food with her mouth open. After several instances of poor table manners, her daughter starts avoiding the kitchen table. In this example, the table is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.
industrial psychologist
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Freud theory of repression
the idea that the unconscious mind affects the conscious mind to a degree that can affect memories, the unconscious mind contains information that the mind has locked up because its too painful to deal with
Behaviorism
the school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses
The immune system combats diseases ________.
by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction
When Kendall picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a
. just noticeable difference.
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Compared to the rest of our bodies, which of the following is a feature of gray matter?
It consists of non-myelinated neurons.
Which of the following statements is true about a schema?
It is a way of mentally representing the world, which can influence perceptions.
Scott Geller says that ________ is another word for self-motivation.
Empowerment
__________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
When Kendall picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a
just noticeable difference.
According to behaviorists, personality is formed by __________.
situational or environmental influences
As we enter__________, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.
stage 1 sleep
the asch study
subjects conformed to group opinion about 1/3 of the time
Episodic memory is also referred to as autobiographical memory because they are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence.
True
A reason people tend to have partners from the same background is _________.
propinquity
gender differences in aggression
tend to be somewhat larger when measuring unprovoked aggression
According to the Law of Proximity, our brains tend to group nearby figures or objects together.
True
Consciousness
a concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state
Neurons and their actions and effects
afferent neurons neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain; also called sensory neurons efferent neurons neurons that transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called motor neurons glial cells cells that remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, form myelin, and play a role in neural transmission of messages
Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?
Broca's aphasia
Know the scientific method
Defined: Series of steps to collect information or solve problems 1. Problem/Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experimentation 4. Data Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. Repeat
Major hormones of the body and their functions
Growth Hormones- Essential for growth and tissue repair -produced in the pituitary gland (in the brain) -released during sleep Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH) - Prevents the production of dilute urine -Produced in the pituitary gland ( in the brain) -Levels of ADH increase during sleep Melatonin: Signals to the body that it is time to sleep - Produced in the pineal gland ( in the brain) - Released with increased darkness Oxytocin: - Involved in childbirth, lactation and social behavior - Produced in the hypothalamus ( base of the brain) - Levels peak after 5 hours of sleep - Levels may influence the content of dreams Prolactin: - Involved in over 300 countries including lactation, metabolism and immune system regulation - Produced in the pituitary gland - Levels are higher during sleep than in the daytime j
All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices.
True
Language acquisition device theory
The language acquisition device is a hypothetical tool in the brain that helps children quickly learn and understand language. Noam Chomsky theorized the LAD to account for the rapid speed at which children seem to learn language and its rules. LAD later evolved into Chomsky's greater theory of universal grammar.
Anorexia nervosa vs bulimia nervosa
Anorexia = low weight and body image distortion (purging may exist) Bulimia = normal weight with binge eating episodes and purging medical symptoms of bulimia - - finger is cut because you are putting your finger to the back of your throat and you are cutting your finger on your finger Eating uncontrollably followed by purging. Vomiting or abusing laxatives or diuretics in an attempt to lose weight. Using the bathroom frequently after meals. Excessive exercising. Preoccupation with body weight. Dental problems. Sore throat. Depression or mood swings.
Characteristics of cancer
Benign Malignant
In the context of women, which of the following is true of androgens?
Ovaries produce androgens in women.
Know major pioneers in the field of psychology and their area of study (i.e. structuralism)
Structuralism- Wundt - German - Focus on the element- Demo labs and introspection Functionalism- James- American- The two above were before 1900 After 1900 Psychoanalysis - Freud Behaviorism- waston and Skinner Humanism- Maslow and rogers
What are the goals of psychology?
describe, explain, predict and control the behavior and mental processes of others
which part of the brain is involved with motivation such as sex and hunger
hypothalamus
If you experience Source Misattribution, you will______ the source of a memory.
Forget
Know the different fields of psychology
There are different types of psychology, such as cognitive, forensic, social, and developmental psychology. A person with a condition that affects their mental health may benefit from assessment and treatment with a psychologist
Which of the following is a goal of psychology?
To explain behavior and mental processes.
According to Empiricism, knowledge is only gained through 1) observation and 2) experimentation.
True
According to Scott Geller's Ted Talk, the words training and education have different meanings and applications.
True
When we see something for the first time, we must ______ construct our understanding of what it is.
Actively
The amygdala controls the adrenal gland which releases ____ into the body.
Adrenaline
acute stress disorder
An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?
Anorexia nervosa
Robert Sternberg theory of intelligence
Consists of three components: analytic, practical, and creative Analytical Intelligence- Academic problem solving and computation Creative Intelligence- Imaginative and innovative problem solving Practical Intelligence- Street smart and common sense
The Law of _____ states that we perceive smooth, continuous patterns while ignoring broken ones.
Continuity
According to the video, a nickname for oxytocin is the ________.
Cuddle Hormone
Altruism is a form of discrimination.
Dan Ariely's research shows that when we see cheating around us, people will cheat
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, many people have reached the level of self-actualization.
False
Characteristics of menopause
For women, menopause is usually considered to be the single most important change of life that occurs during middle adulthood. Menopause usually occurs during the late 40s or early 50s. Menopause is the final phase of the climacteric, which is caused by a decline in secretion of female sex hormones. Ovulation comes to an end, and there is some loss of breast tissue and skin elasticity. Loss of bone density can lead to osteoporosis (brittle bones). During the climacteric, many women experience hot flashes, loss of sleep, and some anxiety and depression. Women's experiences during and following the climacteric reflect the intensity of their physical symptoms—which vary considerably—and the extent to which their self-concept was wrapped up with their reproductive capacity (Rathus et al., 2018). Late Adulthood An age quake is coming. People age 65 and older are the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population (Jeffrey, 2016). In 1900, only 1 person in 25 was over the age of 65. Today, that figure has more than tripled to 15%. By 2050, more than one in five Americans (22%) will be 65 years of age or older (Jeffrey, 2016). Various changes—some of them troublesome—do occur during the later years (see Figure 9.7). Changes in calcium metabolism increase the brittleness of the bones and heighten the risk of breaks due to falls. The skin becomes less elastic and subject to wrinkles and folds. Older people see and hear less acutely. Because of a decline in the sense of smell, they may use more spice to flavor their food. Older people need more time to respond to stimuli. Older drivers, for example, need more time to respond to changing road conditions. As we grow older, our immune system functions less effectively, leaving us more vulnerable to disease. Age-related changes impact sexual functioning, yet most people can enjoy sex for a lifetime if they remain generally healthy and adjust their expectations.
Hormones released in the brain during sleep
Growth Hormone Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH) Melatonin Oxytocin Prolactin
Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?
He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous.
Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.
Abraham Maslow was a ________ who wanted to understand the issue of the self.
Humanist
_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.
Hypnosis
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?
Insist on evidence.
The Rorschach Inkblot test
Subjective
supression/repression
Suppression- Voluntarily stuffing down a memory Repression- Your brain is doing this (no control)
Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?
The Thematic Apperception Test.
Know what white blood cells or Leukocytes are and their function
The immune system combats disease in several ways (Iwasaki & Medzhitov, 2010). One way is the production of white blood cells, which engulf and kill pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and worn-out and cancerous body cells. The technical term for white blood cells is leukocytes. They engage in search-and-destroy missions in which they "recognize" and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells. Leukocytes recognize foreign substances, or antigens, by their shapes. The body reacts to antigens by generating specialized proteins, or antibodies. Antibodies attach themselves to the antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction. The immune system "remembers" how to battle antigens by maintaining their antibodies in the bloodstream, often for years. Inflammation is another function of the immune system. When injury occurs, blood vessels in the area first contract (to stem bleeding) and then dilate. Dilation increases the flow of blood, cells, and natural chemicals to the damaged area, causing the redness, swelling, and warmth that characterize inflammation. The increased blood supply also floods the region with white blood cells to combat invading microscopic life-forms such as bacteria, which otherwise might use the local damage as a port of entry into the body. Stress and the Immune System One of the reasons that stress eventually exhausts us is that it stimulates the production of steroids. Steroids suppress the functioning of the immune system. Suppression has negligible effects when steroids are secreted occasionally. But persistent secretion of steroids decreases inflammation and interferes with the formation of antibodies. As a consequence, we become more vulnerable to infections, including the common cold (Cohen et al., 2012; Straub & Cutolo, 2017). Studies with college students have shown that the stress of exams depresses the immune system's response to the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes fatigue and other problems (Glaser et al., 1993). Students who were lonely showed greater suppression of the immune system than students who had more social support. The Epstein-Barr virus remains dormant in 90% of people who recover from an episode. Stress elevates blood levels of cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) and heightens the probability that the virus will be reactivated (Coskun et al., 2010).
According to some scholars, the human brain is incapable of understanding/solving the mystery of consciousness.
True
According to the Ted Talk, Dan Ariely's research showed that burn victims would experience less pain if the intensity of removing their bandages was lower.
True
According to the video, a person who achieves self-actualization no longer has biological needs, safety needs, love needs, or self-esteem needs.
True
According to the video, a schema is like a blueprint in the mind.
True
According to the video, priming is also known as "Memoryless" Memory.
True
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
True
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
biopolar disorder
a disorder in which a person's mood changes from depression to wild elation and back again
psychological hardiness
a personality trait characterized by control, commitment, and the embrace of challenge
incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Functionalism was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution which:
believed adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.
Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:
catastrophizing the extent of loss.
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) __________.
context-dependent memory
In a __________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.
fixed-interval schedule
Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.
fixed-interval schedule
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:
focus on the present.
Mescaline is considered a(n)_______.
hallucinogenic
prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Keli could never forget the first time she met Kaitlyn. She was wearing an outlandishly bright outfit and was very loud and obnoxious. Ever since then, she always expects Kaitlyn to be the life of the party. Keli is demonstrating the ___________.
primacy effect
According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the __________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal.
resistance stage
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident in which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from ________.
retrograde amnesia
Yarema is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. In the context of group behavior, this phenomenon occurs due to a process known as _________.
social facilitation
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Humanism
the view that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior
Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying __________.
tolerance
What is Jean piaget contribution to psychology
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) earned his Ph.D. in biology. In 1920, he obtained a job at the Binet Institute in Paris, where work on intelligence tests was being conducted. His first task was to adapt English verbal reasoning items for use with French children. To do so, he had to try out the items on children in various age groups and see whether they could arrive at correct answers. The task was boring until Piaget became intrigued by the children's wrong answers. Another investigator might have shrugged them off, but Piaget perceived patterns in the children's "mistakes." The wrong answers reflected consistent, if illogical, cognitive processes. Piaget's observations led to his theory of cognitive development. Assimilation Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures. Infants, for example, usually try to place new objects in their mouth to suck, feel, or explore. Piaget would say that the child is assimilating a new toy to the sucking schema. A schema is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge. Accommodation Accommodation is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world. With accommodation, children transform existing schemas to incorporate new events. For example, children who study biology learn that whales cannot be assimilated into the "fish" schema. They accommodate by constructing new schemas, such as "mammals without legs that live in the sea." The ability to accommodate to novel stimuli advances as a result of maturation and experience. Let's apply these concepts to the stages of cognitive development. Basic Concepts in Jean Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory schemes adaptation assimilation accommodation equilibration Piaget's early training as a biologist led him to view children as mentally assimilating and accommodating aspects of their environment.
The effects of cortisol during panic attacks
Many think they are having a heart attack. Levels of cortisol (a stress hormone) in the saliva are elevated during attacks (Petrowski et al., 2016). Many fear suffocation. People with the disorder may also experience choking sensations, nausea, numbness or tingling, flushes or chills, and fear of going crazy or losing control. Panic attacks may last minutes or hours. Afterward, the person usually feels drained. Many people panic now and then. The diagnosis of panic disorder is reserved for those who undergo multiple attacks or live in fear of attacks. Panic attacks seem to come from nowhere. Thus, some people who have had them stay home for fear of having an attack in public. They are diagnosed as having panic disorder with agoraphobia.
Autonomic Nervous System
"Involuntary" 1. Regulates the functions of our internal organs, such as the heart, stomach, lungs, and intestines 2. Part of the peripheral nervous system and it also controls of the muscles within the body 3. Regulates involuntarily responses For example we do not notice when blood vessels change size or when our heart beats faster
Neuron and their actions/effects
- Neurons - Dendrites - Cell body - Axon -Axon Terminals - Gilal Cells -Axon - Myelin -Afferent and Efferent Neurons
Structures of the brain and their functions
Medulla Oblongata. The medulla oblongata is a section of the brain located in the brainstem which is responsible for automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, circulation and heart functions, and digestion. It is also the area responsible for many reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing. Pons- the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus. Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. ... Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. ... Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
B. F. Skinner proposed
that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.
Psychoanalysis
the school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior
A person with normal color vision is labeled a _____
trichromat
epilepsy and split brain surgery
A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of the corpus callosum is severed (refer back to Figure 2.8). The purpose of the operation is to confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex rather than allowing a neural tempest to reverberate. Split-brain operations do seem to help people with epilepsy.
Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) _______ operation.
split-brain