PSYCH FINAL master
Who founded the American Psychological Association in 1892?
G. Stanley Hall
To what does "G x E" refer?
Genetic differences can affect behaviors under some environmental circumstances but not others.
The electrical part of a neural signal - the message that gets sent down an axon and toward the next neuron - is called a(n) ______.
action potential
Psychological ______, such as jealousy, are mental mechanisms that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction.
adaptations
As a general statement, the higher the ______ coefficient, the stronger the influence of one's genes on a specific trait being examined.
heritability
Stress activates the ______to release cortisol.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Imagine that men had a strong preference for women who are tall. As a consequence, the average height of women has increased with time. While this is not scientifically proven, what concept would this be an example of if it were true?
intersexual selection
In one study, students who gave a speech ______showed the greatest increases in cortisol.
in front of others
When Paula and Paulette were first conceived, they were the result of a single fertilized egg splitting into two different zygotes. They share all of their genetic code, and can be thought of as natural clones. What kind of twins are they?
monozygotic
When an animal passes along traits to its offspring that are favorable for survival this represents "differential reproductive success." ______ is the gradual process by which these traits become more common.
natural selection
Stress produces a ______response.
fight or flight
Which of the following is the foundation of all processes in modern evolutionary theory?
gene reproduction (or replication)
People who ______show a smaller increase in cortisol when performing a speech.
report greater social support
Differential ______ success is the engine of evolution by natural selection.
reproductive
Sexual ______ theory, which is based on sexual selection theory, poses that human beings have a evolved a number of mating processes, both short- and long-term, and that each one depends on culture, social context, parental influence, and personal mate value.
strategies
Name a major goal of neuroscience research?
to determine how physiology is related to social processes
Why did Alfred Binet develop modern intelligence tests?
to identify schoolchildren in need of additional help
The fMRI study on "mentalizing" found that judging happiness ______.
was linked to activation of the medial prefrontal cortex
30. When using a(n) ______ measurement scale, the most that can be said is that one score is greater than another. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
B ordinal
33. Conclusions about cause and effect cannot be drawn in studies involving a. manipulated variables b. task variables c. situational variables d. subject
D
The ______ nervous system includes nerves and neurons that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord and facilitates communication to other parts of the body.
autonomic
7. When formulating the original APA code of ethics, the Hobbs committee used an empirical procedure called the __________ method. a. informed consent b. critical incidents c. ethics case study d. archival
b critical incidents
15. If a study is planned by a research psychologist but actually carried out by a graduate student, who holds primary responsibility for the "dignity and welfare" of the participants? a. the graduate student b. the research psychologist c. the Institutional Review Board (i.e., neither the student nor the psychologist) d. the participants themselves (buyer beware)
b the research psychologist
46. In a normal distribution, what (approximate) percentage of scores likely fall within one standard deviation of the mean? a. 50% b. 68% c. 75% d. 95%
b. 68%
1. Which of the following is not an empirical question? a. Can prayer reduce blood pressure? b. Are prayers regularly answered by God? c. Do college seniors pray for different things than college freshmen? d. none of these are empirical questions — prayer is too private
b. Are prayers regularly answered by God?
31. Which of the following is not an empirical question? a. Can prayer reduce blood pressure? b. Are prayers regularly answered by God? c. Do college seniors pray for different things than college freshmen? d. none of these are empirical questions — prayer is too private
b. Are prayers regularly answered by God?
26. Which of the following is an example of research began as the result of reflecting on a real news event? a. Festinger's cognitive dissonance research b. Darley's helping behavior research c. Broadbent's dichotic listening research d. Bushman and Anderson's violence and helping behavior research
b. Darley's helping behavior research
1. Which of the following is most clearly phrased as an empirical question? a. Are newborns essentially good or bad? b. Do Catholics believe in the reality of Hell? c. Are the mind and body two separate entities? d. Is there life after death?
b. Do Catholics believe in the reality of Hell?
29. Which of the following is most clearly phrased as an empirical question? a. Are newborns essentially good or bad? b. Do Catholics believe in the reality of Hell? c. Are the mind and body two separate entities? d. Is there life after death?
b. Do Catholics believe in the reality of Hell?
1. Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur? a. X and Y covary b. X and Y should occur simultaneously c. alternative explanations for Y can be ruled out d. variation in X produces predictable variation in Y
b. X and Y should occur simultaneously
42. Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur? a. X and Y covary b. X and Y should occur simultaneously c. alternative explanations for Y can be ruled out d. variation in X produces predictable variation in Y
b. X and Y should occur simultaneously
14. In Bushman and Anderson's field experiment, who was the experimental confederate? a. a young man who was heard fighting with another person b. a young woman with and apparent ankle injury and crutches at a movie theater c. a young woman with and apparent ankle injury and crutches in the laboratory d. the experimenter who administered the questionnaires
b. a young woman with and apparent ankle injury and crutches at a movie theater
53. In his address on "The Value of Behavioral Research with Animals," Miller argued that a. all animal research is justified b. animal research contributes to the psychological well being of humans c. animal research should only be done if it can be shown that the research directly benefits animals as well as humans d. the benefits of animal research have been significantly overstated
b. animal research contributes to the psychological well being of humans
47. Most research psychologists believe that a. "sentient" animals have the same basic rights as humans b. animals can be subjected to procedures not to be used with people c. ethical guidelines are essential for research with humans, but not so for research with animals d. animal research has no relevance for understanding human behavior
b. animals can be subjected to procedures not to be used with people
5. The studies by Cherry and by Broadbent, using dichotic listening, are examples of a. basic research on attention b. applied research on the factors that enhance the focusing of attention c. research high in mundane realism but low in experimental realism d. basic research on car driving
b. applied research on the factors that enhance the focusing of attention
55. What does the APA ethics code for animal research have in common with the code for human research? a. both have a need for informed consent b. both have a need to balance scientific merit and potential harm to subjects c. both have a need to test as few subjects as possible d. both require IRB approval
b. both have a need to balance scientific merit and potential harm to subjects
To study cheating habits, Dr. Martin creates a study that asks participants to take an exam in a room where there is an open textbook on a desk, while being watched and videotaped. Because this study doesn't mirror everyday life, it would be particularly low in which quality?
ecological validity
Which of the following brain imaging techniques provides the highest level of temporal resolution?
electroencephalography (EEG)
Scientists have developed the ability to monitor many different types of physiological activity as people go about their daily lives and activities. Which of the following is not one of those types of ambulatory measures?
electrooculogram
______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation.
empirical
Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children?
epigenetics
In order to make sure that research is conducted in a way that protects the welfare and dignity of its participants, psychology has developed a code of ______ that governs all such exploration.
ethics
In order to make sure that research is conducted in a way that protects the welfare and dignity of its participants, psychology has developed a code of ________ that governs all such exploration.
ethics
Which of the following is the most accurate statement with regard to the influence of genetics on people's qualities?
everything has some footing in genetics
Ancient people were mostly likely to believe in _________ for natural phenomena
magical and supernatural explanations
Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it.
systematic observation
What is the primary advantage of the day reconstruction method (DRM) in psychology research?
t eliminates the burden of collecting data repeatedly over the course of a given day
Each night before she goes to bed, Youngha's smartphone prompts her to log into a specific website and to answer several questions about her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. She does this every day for one month as part of a research study she has volunteered for. Which method is the researcher employing?
the daily diary method
Which of the following represents the biggest problem associated with the use of a correlational design in psychology research?
the designs do not allow one to determine causality
In its initial formation, sexual strategies theory focused on:
the differences between men and women in mating preferences and strategies.
Which of the following has been the most important disappointment of nature-nurture studies?
the failure to adequately organize traits from more- to less-genetic
Who was Francis Cecil Sumner?
the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology
Who was Lightner Witmer?
the founder of clinical and school psychology
Empiricism is:
the idea that all knowledge comes from experience
What is traditionally considered to be the "gold standard" in psychology research?
the laboratory experiment
Which part of your body occupies the largest amount of space on the precentral gyrus, which is also known as the "primary motor cortex?"
the lips
Which of the following would NOT be considered a structure that is part of the limbic system?
the medulla
Ivan Pavlov advanced behaviorism by showing that behavior could be explained without reference to ______ and was instead controlled by events in the environment.
the mind
Which question has caused more controversy than any other in the history of psychology?
the nature-nurture debate
There are three fundamental questions that exist at the intersection of philosophy and psychology. Which of the following is one of them?
the nature-nurture problem
Ritchard and Kenny go out to have dinner at their favorite restaurant to celebrate their 3-year anniversary. Ritchard orders the paella, his favorite dish of rice and seafood. With every bite he closes his eyes and sighs with happiness. What part of Ritchard's cerebral cortex is probably most active as he is enjoying the taste of his dinner?
the parietal lobe
Which of the following important discoveries was made by Watson and Crick in the 1950s?
the structure of DNA
If you compare the heritability coefficient of a pair of distant cousins to that of a pair of identical twins, what would you expect to find?
the twins' coefficient would be much higher than the cousins'
When we develop ______ (groups of closely related phenomena or observations) in science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise there is no way to prove (or disprove) them.
theories
Quantitative genetics looks at similarities among individuals, analyzing how biologically related they are. These studies are often done on all of the following except which?
unrelated strangers
Marilyn is a graduate student in psychology, and she has decided that she wants to study the influences of nature and nurture. Which of the following might be the most appropriate title for her thesis?
"How one's genes interact with their surroundings to determine intelligence."
To demonstrate the vast changes that have taken place in the world around us over the last century, consider that average human life expectancy in 1900 was ______ years, and that number has jumped to 79 years in 2010.
47
How much of their genetic code do fraternal twins share?
50%
These days, researchers find that about ______ Blank percent of homes across the world have a television, demonstrating the ease with which information can be transmitted to populations. 80 25 50 100 10
80
By the year ______ there were more than 40 experimental psychology laboratories in the US and Canada.
1900
1. What does all observational research have in common? a. it is descriptive in nature b. there is no attempt to provide any structure to the situation being observed c. the researcher joins the group being observed d. the researcher remains completely hidden from those being observed
A
10. If a study is high on experimental realism, then a. participants will take the procedures seriously b. the participant's task will resemble a normal daily activity c. it is certain that deception has been used d. it is almost certainly a field study rather than a laboratory study
A
10. In _______, each subject volunteering for the study has an equal chance of being placed into group A or group B. a. random assignment b. counterbalancing c. matching d. using a Latin square
A
10. In a study assessing the effects of crowding on problem solving, participants solve anagrams in large or small rooms. In this case, the independent variable is a. a situational variable b. a task variable c. an instructional variable d. a subject variable
A
10. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to continually weigh the profit and the cost of the research they complete. Which general principle is this? a. beneficence and nonmaleficence b. integrity c. justice d. fidelity and responsibility
A
11. Observer bias can be reduced by using a. predefined behavior checklists b. participant instead of naturalistic observation c. naturalistic instead of participant observation d. animal instead of human subjects
A
11. Which of the following is true of the studies done by Bushman and Anderson (which evaluated exposure to violence and helping behavior)? a. it combined both laboratory and field research in a series of experiments b. it was a series of experiments high in mundane realism but low in experimental realism c. it combined both basic and applied research in a single experiment d. it was a series of experiments high in experimental realism but low in mundane realism
A
12. In an study of chimpanzees by Boesch-Achermann and Boesch, parents were observed teaching their offspring how to use tools. What does this finding illustrate about observational research? a. it can call into question previously held beliefs (i.e., that such teaching does not occur) b. that it can be used to identify the causes of behavior c. that when studying animals, subject reactivity is a serious problem d. that animals can learn from humans
A
12. In the early reaction time research, reaction times for seemingly complex events were occasionally equal to the reaction times for simpler events. How could this have happened? a. the simple additive model was inadequate b. the equipment must have malfunctioned c. the complex event was really much simpler d. the experimenters did not have sufficient training
A
12. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. The general principles are "aspirational goals." Which of the following is an example of an aspirational goal? a. concern for the rights and dignity of others b. ethnic quotas for admission to graduate school in psychology c. blind review of research articles (reviewer doesn't know name of article's author) d. the obligation for psychologists to provide some of their services free of charge
A
12. The problem with relying on a belief that "experience is the best teacher" is that a. our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias b. our experiences seldom provide any information about what life is like c. relying on experience makes us overlook the most important source of knowledge—authorities d. none of the above—personal experience is the only reliable way to truth
A
12. What do all experiments have in common? a. there are at least two different ways in which participants are treated b. at least one independent variable will be an instructional variable c. there must be at least two dependent measures d. there must be a control group
A
13. A test with a minimum amount of measurement error is said to be a. reliable b. valid c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
A
13. In Lee and Aronson's "moving room" study, a. counterbalancing was needed b. random assignment was used, rather than matching c. a subject variable, "level of perceptual skill," was used d. a multilevel, repeated-measures design was used
A
14. For which of these empirical questions would a control group most clearly be needed? a. If institutionalized elderly are given responsibility for meal planning, will it improve their psychological health? b. Do laboratory-bred rats learn mazes faster than wild rats? c. If participants are trying to solve problems, will they perform better in the morning or the evening? d. Will an attractive female defendant be treated more leniently by a jury than an attractive male defendant?
A
14. In a 2x2 design, the following results occur: 20 20 30 30 Which of the following is true? a. there is one main effect and no interaction b. there is an interaction but no main effects c. there are two main effects but no interaction d. there are two main effects and an interaction
A
14. Reactivity can be reduced by a. using unobtrusive measures b. using time sampling procedures c. using event sampling procedures d. using naturalistic rather than participant observation procedures
A
14. When planning any study, the research psychologist faces the conflicting demands of producing meaningful research and a. respecting the rights of human participants b. wasting time by doing an experiment that doesn't come out as predicted c. getting something published d. being sure to avoid any deception of participants
A
15. Qualitative research is to quantitative research as _______ is to _______. a. analytic narrative; inferential analysis b. applied research; basic research c. field research; laboratory research d. basic field research; applied field research
A
16. Relying on Peirce's a priori method as a way of fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause greater than all the rest b. My country, right or wrong c. Nothing will ever convince me that men have been on the moon d. Of course it's right—it was in the book
A
16. Which of the following studies used a single-factor, matched groups design? a. Kroeger et al.'s study, which evaluated the effects of a social skills program for autism b. the study by Kasser and Sheldon, which compared groups writing two kinds of essays c. Lee and Aronson's study comparing the effects of having a room move forward or backward d. the study by McDonald and Flanagan, which examined the effects of traumatic brain injury
A
17. Crowley et al.'s observational study took place in a science museum. Unlike most observational studies, this one was able to accomplish a. informed consent b. Interobserver reliability c. operational definitions d. reactivity
A
18. In 2x3 3 is between factor study, suppose that 10 subjects are tested in condition represented by the upper left hand cell of the factorial matrix. How many subjects need to be recruited to complete the study? a. 30 b. 60 c. 20 d. 10
A
18. In Stroop's most famous experiment, a comparison was made between naming color patches and naming colors when they were printed with color-mismatched names. What was true about his design? a. he used a reverse counterbalancing procedure b. participants were assigned to the two conditions via random assignment c. participants were matched to groups on the basis of their reading skills d. it was a multilevel, repeated-measures design
A
18. When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching variable is a. any factor that is believed to correlate with the dependent measure being used b. another name for the independent variable c. always a subject variable d. never actually measured
A
19. A mixed factorial design has a. at least one between-subjects factor and at least one within-subjects factor b. at least one manipulated factor and at least one subject variable c. both males and females serving as subjects d. both two-level and multilevel factors operating
A
19. In Stroop's most famous experiment, a comparison was made between naming color patches and naming colors when they were printed with color-mismatched names. Describe the design. a. single-factor, two levels, repeated measures b. single-factor, two levels, independent groups c. single-factor, multilevel, repeated measures d. multiple-factor, two levels, independent groups
A
2. A research methods course differs from a course in developmental psychology by emphasizing a. process over content b. content over process c. basic rather than applied research d. applied rather than basic research
A
2. A within-subjects design a. is also known as a repeated-measures design b. must deal with the problem of equivalent groups c. includes a minimum of two independent variables d. must include a subject variable
A
2. Attempting to study the everyday behaviors of people, while remaining separate from them, is the goal of a. naturalistic observation b. participant observation c. case studies d. archival research
A
20. A study that involves naturalistic observation of public behavior would likely receive the following designation from an IRB a. exempt from review b. expedited review c. full review d. none of the above
A
20. A test is said to be reliable if ___________, and valid if it _____________. a. its results are repeatable; measures what it is supposed to measure b. has a sufficiently high amount of measurement error; measures what it is supposed to i. measure c. its results are repeatable; is low in measurement error d. measures what it is supposed to measure; is low in measurement error
A
20. In a study of cognitive mapping, all subjects point as accurately as they can to six different geographical targets. Half the subjects are aided by being told where true North is. The remaining subjects are not given the North orientation. Which of the following is true about this design? a. it's a mixed factorial design b. there are 8 different conditions c. if 24 subjects are needed in the first condition, then 96 subject are needed altogether d. it's a 2x2 P x E factorial design
A
21. Another term for "uncontrolled extraneous variable" is a. confounding variable b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. subject variable
A
21. IRB's have been criticized by some researchers in psychology. Which of the following is an often-heard and serious criticism? a. there is no appeal process to protect researchers from overzealous IRB's b. IRB procedures slow down the research process c. because psychologists have always had a keen sensitivity to ethical issues, IRB's are not really needed d. IRB's should be made up of research scientists only—nonscientists just don't get it
A
21. Suppose you have a 2x2 design in which one of the variables is a between-subjects factor and one of the variables is a within-subjects factor. Further suppose that there will be 30 subjects in the upper left-hand cell of the 2x2 array. How many subjects are needed to complete the study? a. 60 b. 30 c. 120 d. cannot be determined with the available information
A
67. The simplest way to evaluate threats to internal validity due to history, maturation, and regression is to a. include a control group b. include a pretest as well as a postest c. use only subject variables d. use a subject pool
A
22. For each of the following, a construct is paired with a measure. Which measure has the least content validity? a. creativity — crossword puzzle completion b. delay of gratification — choosing to wait for a larger reward c. verbal intelligence — vocabulary d. short-term memory — recall of nonsense syllables
A
22. In any experiment, the dependent variable is a. some behavior being measured b. the factor that is being controlled c. the factor being manipulated by the experimenter d. usually selected randomly
A
22. Which of the following is the best example of converging operations? a. several studies use different operational definitions of aggression yet produce the same basic results b. several studies of anxiety, each with a different operational definition of anxiety, each yields different results c. researchers from different laboratories agree ahead of time to use the same operational definitions for intelligence d. researchers from different laboratories collaborate on the same research program
A
22. Which of the following is true about an IRB? a. its membership includes nonscientists b. it always judges the methodological soundness of studies c. its approval is not needed for research completed outside a laboratory d. its decisions can be appealed to the APA ethics board
A
24. According to the APA's ethics code for humans, those who volunteer for a study a. can quit at any time, without penalty b. must be debriefed at the end of the study, if they request it c. must sign an informed consent form that fully explains all aspects of the study ahead of time, including its complete hypothesis d. must complete the study, once they begin
A
24. Hall developed the "questionary" in order to a. discover the "contents of children's minds" b. disprove Galton's ideas about the inheritance of intelligence c. study facial expressions of emotion in different cultures d. prove that growing up in a city was vastly superior to a country life
A
24. The method of introspection was gradually replaced by behavioral methods because a. the latter were more objective b. the latter yielded more in depth descriptions of one's personal experience c. introspection required considerable training but no training is required to use behavioral methods d. behavioral methods allowed a closer examination of mental processes
A
25. Bransford and Johnson examined the effects of context on memory by asking participants to read and recall idea units from a paragraph about a man courting a woman. What was true about their study? a. it was a multilevel, independent groups design b. their purpose in using a multilevel design was to discover nonlinear effects c. they found that context improved recall, regardless of whether that context was i. introduced before or after participants read the paragraph d. its results are best portrayed with a line graph rather than a bar graph
A
25. Most research in psychology uses ________ sampling. a. convenience b. simple random c. stratified d. cluster
A
25. Researchers believe that some degree of deception in research is sometimes warranted because a. without it, participants might not behave naturally b. without it, participants would be less likely to volunteer c. most participants really cannot understand the complexity of research in psychology d. participants expect to be deceived
A
25. To be data driven is to a. insist on empirical support for assertions b. use scientific methods even when they are inappropriate c. collect more data than is really necessary in order to answer an empirical question d. insist that the only valid question is an empirical question
A
26. A study examines scores on an employment test and job performance six months later. This study is most likely attempting to establish a. criterion validity b. face validity c. reliability d. construct validity
A
26. People are given a personality test and then separated into those who tend to be introverted and those who tend to be extroverted. In this study the independent variable is a _______ variable. a. subject b. manipulated c. task d. controlled
A
27. Bransford and Johnson examined the effects of context on memory by asking subjects to read and recall idea units from a paragraph about a man courting a woman. They used a ___________ design. a. multilevel, independent groups b. multilevel, repeated measures c. multilevel, matched groups d. multilevel, nonequivalent groups
A
27. Classification is the major purpose of a(n) ________ scale of measurement. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
A
28. When a subject variable is used as an independent variable and differences occur between groups on the dependent measure, what can be concluded? a. the independent variable caused the differences to occur, assuming there are no confounds b. the two groups performed differently c. in this case, the subject variable must be a dependent variable, not an independent variable d. because a subject variable is being used, nothing at all can be concluded
A
29. The performance of participants in a within-subjects design sometimes deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is known as a. a progressive effect b. a carry-over effect c. a placebo effect d. a matching effect
A
29. What was wrong with the survey done by Literary Digest in 1936? a. their sample did not accurately reflect the proportions of Republicans and Democrats b. they only had 10% of their surveys returned c. they used simple random sampling instead of the more sophisticated cluster sampling d. they used cluster sampling, when stratified sampling was required
A
3. The purpose of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study was to a. determine if emotional responses could be conditioned b. evaluate the effectiveness of a therapy for treating children's fears c. determine the stimuli that produced the basic emotions d. see if humans learned in the same way as animals
A
3. What does every single-factor, two level design have in common with single-factor, multilevel designs? a. one independent variable b. random assignment c. t test for analysis d. continuous dependent variable
A
3. Which of the following research studies is most obviously an example of basic research? a. the effect of delaying reward on maze learning in rats b. the effectiveness of hypnosis for improving courtroom eyewitness memory c. worker productivity in well-lit vs. poorly-lit environments d. whether hands-free cell phones are less disruptive to driving than hand-held phones
A
30. A progressive effect a. is more easily controlled by counterbalancing than a carry-over effect b. is more likely to occur in a between-subjects design than a within-subjects design c. usually results in a confound, making counterbalancing a problem d. tends to produce effects that are nonlinear from trial to trial
A
30. Empirical questions a. are answerable with objective data b. cannot be answered via scientific methods c. are best answered through Peirce's a priori method d. can only be answered relying on accounts of personal experiences
A
30. In a study on the effects of caffeine on reaction time, one group of participants ingests two cups of coffee before being tested. A second group takes four cups, and a third group takes eight cups. Before the study, participants are asked about the average number of cups they drink per day and that information is used when assigning participants to groups. What is the design? a. multilevel, matched groups b. independent groups, single factor c. repeated measures, multilevel d. multilevel, nonequivalent groups
A
30. When magazines report the results of reader surveys, what is the major weakness? a. self selection b. low number of returns c. use of nonprobability rather than probability sampling techniques d. they fail to survey the entire population
A
31. Over a series of trials, participants experiencing one order of conditions might have an advantage over participants experiencing another order. These effects are called a. carry-over effects b. transfer effects c. experimenter bias effects d. progressive effects
A
32. Consider the experiment on multiple choice answer changing. What measurement scale was used in reporting the results of this study? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
A
32. For the Bransford and Johnson multilevel, independent groups study of the effect of context on memory, the results had to be presented a. in a bar graph b. in a line graph c. either in a line or a bar graph d. none of the above—only a table could be used in this case
A
32. If a number of studies all seem consistent with a theory, then the theory is said to have been supported through a. induction b. deduction c. serendipity d. parsimony
A
33. If subjects are tested once in each condition, a. a Latin square can be used to accomplish counterbalancing b. the study is by definition a between-subjects design c. reverse counterbalancing is the best technique to use to control order effects d. complete counterbalancing cannot be used
A
34. Anxiety is not observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviors. That is, anxiety is an example of a. a construct b. a law c. a theory d. an operational definition
A
34. Which of the following is true about interval and ratio scales? a. in a ratio scale, a score of zero means the absence of the phenomenon being measured b. in an interval scale, it is not possible to achieve a score of zero c. equal intervals exist in interval scales, but such is not the case in ratio scales d. equal intervals exist in ratio scales, but such is not the case in interval scales
A
35. In the Bobo study by Bandura, Ross, and Ross, the manipulated independent variable was a. the type of modeling experience given to children b. whether the children exposed to the models were male or female c. the frustration experienced by the children when told the attractive toys were being reserved for others d. whether the Bobo doll was adult-sized or child-sized
A
35. Which of the independent variables would lead you to use a bar rather than a line graph? a. political affiliation b. dosage level of a drug c. age d. delay time in giving reinforcement
A
36. Hypotheses are a. reasonable predictions about what should occur under specific circumstances b. guesses about the causes of events c. generated from theory through the process of induction d. considered to be "proven true" when supported by more than one experiment
A
36. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C and D, the experimenter decides to use complete counterbalancing. Assuming that one subject will be tested in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study? a. 24 b. 48 c. 12 d. 4
A
36. Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee syphilis study? a. there was a complete absence of informed consent b. the researchers were really studying poverty, not syphilis c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled participants should only be studiedin research concerning mental disability d. confidentiality was violated when patients were described in a news story
A
37. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C, and D, the experimenter decides to use a Latin square for counterbalancing. Assuming that ten participants will be tested in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study? a. 40 b. 10 c. 80 d. 4
A
38. For the designs in this chapter, post hoc testing occurs when a. a 1-factor ANOVA yields a significant effect b. a 1-factor ANOVA has failed to yield a significant effect c. multiple t tests have been completed, and at least one has rejected the null hypothesis d. multiple t tests have been completed, but none have rejected the null hypothesis
A
38. To reason inductively is to a. reason from the specific event to the general principle b. reason from the general principle to the specific event c. use a modus tollens improperly d. affirm the consequent
A
39. Compared to written surveys, the interview format a. reduces the problem of question ambiguity b. is a lot cheaper c. is immune from interviewer bias problems d. has more of a problem with return rate
A
39. Dehoaxing is to desensitizing as _______ is to ________. a. explanation; stress reduction b. explanation; consent c. stress reduction; explanation d. stress reduction; consent
A
4. In the study by Kasser and Sheldon, some participants wrote an essay designed to increase "mortality-salience." The researchers wanted to know if thoughts of one's death might trigger insecurity. What was the design? a. single-factor, independent groups design b. single-factor, matched groups design c. multilevel, independent groups design d. multilevel, matched groups design
A
4. Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation occurs initially, but is followed by the perception of "something new?" a. 12, 10, 7, 11 b. 6, 6, 6, 6 c. 10, 6, 10, 6 d. 10, 8, 6, 4
A
40. "If a theory is true, then event X should occur." Which of the following outcomes illustrates the fallacy of affirming the consequent? a. event X occurs, therefore the theory has been proven true b. event X occurs, therefore the theory has been supported c. event X does not occur, therefore the theory has been disproven d. event X does not occur, therefore the theory has not been supported
A
40. All of the following are measures of central tendency except a. range b. median c. mean d. mode
A
40. Researchers studying children and attempting to develop a classification system for children's play are illustrating which of psychology's goals? a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. control
A
41. A well-known example of a study that produced a nonlinear effect was the memory study by Ebbinghaus that produced his forgetting curve. Which of the following is true about his study? a. the independent variable was the amount of time between studying and recalling b. it was a single-factor, two level, repeated-measures design c. it was a multilevel, matched groups design d. the independent variable was a "savings" score
A
42. When using a written survey, a. return rates will be higher if the survey uses more closed questions than open questions b. a return rate of 5% is adequate if the survey is well planned c. return rates will be higher if the survey uses more open questions than closed questions d. experimenter bias is never a problem
A
43. Five children are tested for IQ. For which sets of scores will the median and the mode both be the same? a. 110, 150, 100, 110, 115 b. 90, 100, 120, 110, 90 c. 100, 180, 90, 110, 80 d. 90, 90, 100, 120, 100
A
43. In a balanced Latin square, a. each possible sequence of conditions is used b. each condition appears equally often in each sequential position c. participants are tested more than once per condition d. block randomization must be used
A
44. Compared with research in which people learn lists of words and recall them, studies on such topics as eyewitness memory and the recall of high school Spanish have greater a. ecological validity b. construct validity c. internal validity d. statistical validity
A
44. If counterbalancing is used in a single-factor study, you can be sure that a. repeated measures are involved b. some type of confound exists c. it is a multilevel design, not a two-level design d. matching is also involved
A
45. Longitudinal design is to cross-sectional design as ______ is to _______. a. within-subjects; between-subjects b. between-subjects; within-subjects c. cohort effect; carry-over effect d. subject variable; manipulated variable
A
46. Which of the following is an example of predicting behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
A
47. If gender is the independent variable in a single-factor design, you can be sure that a. it is a two-level design, not a multilevel design b. repeated measures are involved c. the results will be portrayed in a line graph d. a t test for dependent samples will be used
A
47. Phone surveys a. usually need to be brief and to include few if any open questions b. usually have very high response rates c. avoid problems with experimenter bias d. are limited to cluster samples only
A
48. All of the following are problems with electronic surveying except a. cost b. debriefing c. self selection bias d. some sampling bias (middle and upper incomes)
A
48. In order to determine if some experience brought about a change in an individual from one time to another, researchers often use designs that include a. pretests and posttests b. control groups c. statistics d. regression
A
48. The statement "Many students likely fear taking the research methods course" is an example of ________ behavior; the statement "The fear of taking the research methods course is caused by unfounded gossip" is an example of _________ behavior. a. describing; explaining b. describing; predicting c. explaining; predicting d. predicting; explaining
A
48. Theories that can explain all outcomes after the fact a. do not allow for predictions to be made b. have been falsified c. are said to be highly parsimonious d. illustrate the results of converging operations
A
48. When summarizing data, why is it important to report both the mean and the standard deviation? a. two sets of data could have the same mean but different amounts of variability b. this way both descriptive and inferential statistics are covered c. this way the null hypothesis can be evaluated d. this enables the researcher to avoid Type I and Type II errors
A
49. According to Popper, science proceeds by a. creating theories and trying to falsify them b. searching for the ideal (i.e., cannot be falsified) theory c. accumulating data in the absence of formal theories d. achieving the proof of a theory after sufficient inductive support has accumulated
A
49. Between the administration of a pretest and a posttest, an event may occur that can affect the results of the study independent of the treatment program being evaluated. This threat to internal validity is called a. history b. regression c. testing d. maturation
A
5. What was Myrtle McGraw's purpose in doing the "pin-pricking" study with infants? a. she wanted to study physiological maturation in the infants b. she wished to determine if the infants would habituate to the pin pricks and not notice them c. she was studying fear conditioning, but using better controls than Watson d. she was examining which parts of the body were most sensitive to skin punctures
A
5. Which of the following is true about participant observation? a. the participant observers can influence the behavior of the group b. unlike naturalistic observation, experimenter bias is unlikely to play a role c. researchers usually become emotionally involved and fail to record behavior objectively d. the method won't produce data that can be analyzed statistically
A
50. A Type I error occurs when the researcher a. rejects Ho, but Ho is true b. rejects Ho, but Ho is false c. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is true d. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is false
A
50. In the early years of the nineteenth century, antivivisectionists criticized a. Watson's research on determining which senses contributed to maze learning b. Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study c. Small's pioneering maze learning studies d. any medical research involving either humans or animals
A
50. Worker productivity is assessed before and after a program for flextime is instituted. Just after the pretest, workers receive an unexpected bonus check based on unusually high product sales. Productivity is higher on the posttest than on the pretest, but the researcher suspects ______ as a threat to internal validity. a. history b. regression c. instrumentation d. selection
A
51. A theory that has the minimum of constructs and assumptions, yet adequately summarizes and organizes information, is said to be a(n) ________ theory. a. parsimonious b. operationalized c. falsified d. simplistic
A
51. In a study examining gender differences in verbal fluency, the null hypothesis is that a. males and females perform equally b. females will most likely outperform males c. males will most likely outperform females d. could be either alternative b. or c., depending on the researcher's prediction
A
52. In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40, and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect. a. cohort b. placebo c. attrition d. order
A
52. Which of the following empirical questions is most likely to be answered with a study using a wait list control group? a. Is psychoanalysis effective for agoraphobia? b. Can memory be improved with training? c. Are men less likely to ask directions than women? d. Will alcohol slow down reaction time?
A
53. According to the text, which of the following is true about the Freudian and the learning theory explanations for why young children imitate their parents? a. the learning theory explanation has fewer assumptions and is therefore more parsimonious b. the Freudian explanation has fewer assumptions and is therefore more parsimonious c. Freudian theory has been falsified d. learning theory has been falsified
A
53. For an experimental group in a program to reduce anxiety, the mean pretest score is 80 (max = 100). The posttest score is 70. This change was the result of a. regression b. program effectiveness c. maturation d. any of the above are possible
A
54. In his address on "The Value of Behavioral Research with Animals," Miller argued that a. animal rights activists have overstated the harm done to animals by researchers b. animal research doesn't do much for animals, but it can benefit humans c. animal research doesn't do much for humans, but it can benefit animals d. animal research never harms the animals
A
54. In study described in the previous item, confidence in program effectiveness would be highest if a control group, which also started with a pretest score of 80, had a posttest score of a. 80 b. 70 c. 90 d. 75
A
54. In the research example that evaluated the effects of subliminal self-help tapes on weight loss, which of the following was true? a. the study used both a placebo control and a waiting list control b. the study was a good example of the failure to use a proper control group c. the tapes worked—participants using them lost weight, while those in the placebo group actually gained some weight d. participants in the yoked control group listened to non-subliminal tapes
A
55. Because of the _______ phenomenon, any extreme score on a pretest is almost certain to be followed by a less extreme score on the posttest. a. regression to the mean b. history c. maturation d. testing
A
56. Recommendations about survey wording include all of the following except a. negatively phrased questions are useful because they force respondent's to pay attention b. always opt for simplicity over complexity when wording survey items c. avoid the use of jargon that might not be understood by respondents (e.g., "summative") d. when asking for opinion, use "do you support or oppose..." rather than "do you oppose..."
A
56. Which of the following is true about Type I errors? a. the probability of one occurring is equal to the alpha level b. they cannot occur if the statistical test is powerful enough c. they occur when a true effect exists, but we fail to discover it in our study d. if one occurs, there is no chance that your study will be published
A
57. According to the APA code of ethics for animal research, a. appetitive procedures are preferred over aversive procedures b. using animals for mere educational use is prohibited c. in research involving pain, only nonsentient animals may be used d. the research supervisor must also be a veterinarian
A
58. Sometimes a subject's behavior is affected by the mere knowledge that he or she is participating in an experiment. Historically, this has been termed a. the Hawthorne effect b. the good subject effect c. the evaluation apprehension effect d. the bad subject effect
A
58. Sometimes, pretest and posttest measures are records taken by observers who improve their skills with practice. In this case, pretest-posttest changes could be due to program effectiveness or to the threat to internal validity called a. instrumentation b. testing c. attrition d. Maturation
A
59. The late British psychologist Cyril Burt has been suspected of scientific fraud in the reporting of some of the data from his famous twin studies. What does his case illustrate about data falsification? a. if fraudulent results are virtually the same as legitimate results (other twin studies), the fraud may go undetected b. most scientific fraud can be detected because the results will not be replicated when other scientists study the phenomenon c. scientific fraud is often uncovered during the peer review process for journal publication d. scientific fraud generally happens when researchers become mentally unbalanced
A
6. All of the following characterize between-subjects designs except a. concern over order effects b. requires larger N than comparable within-subjects designs c. concern over how to create equivalent groups d. random assignment frequently used
A
6. Rats learning a maze are tested after varying degrees of food deprivation. Some run the maze after 4 hours without food, others after 8 hours, and others after 12 hours deprivation. In this study, a. food deprivation is the manipulated independent variable b. the rats are a subject variable c. the independent variable is a task variable d. food deprivation is the dependent variable
A
60. Demand characteristics refer to a. aspects of the experimental procedure that give away the study's hypotheses b. demands placed on experimenters by non-cooperative participants c. pressures placed on participants by experimenters who want a study to come out a certain way d. features of the study that raise evaluation apprehension in subjects
A
60. What were the results of the Plous survey of attitudes toward animal research? a. students strongly supported the use of animals for research b. students were not very concerned about any pain that might be experienced in animal research c. students supported the research even more strongly than psychologists d. the idea of using animals for educational purposes was not supported by students
A
61. The power of a statistical analysis refers to a. the chances of rejecting the false null hypothesis b. the chances of rejecting a true null hypothesis c. the chances of rejecting any null hypothesis d. whether the analysis involves descriptive or inferential statistics (inferential are more powerful)
A
62. Because they experience ____________, participants try to behave in a way that makes the experimenter think well of them. a. evaluation apprehension b. demand characteristics c. the Hawthorne effect d. deception in a study
A
62. Which of the following is true about falsified data? a. it might go undetected if it is consistent with results from other laboratories b. almost all research involves replication, so falsified data is easy to spot c. creating all the data for a study is obviously fraudulent, but making up one or two data points is normal practice d. fraudulent data is easily spotted because it produces results that don't make sense
A
64. Brady's "ulcers in executive monkeys" study was flawed by which of the following threats to internal validity? a. selection b. maturation c. attrition d. testing
A
66. In a study comparing productivity in two factories, one in an urban setting and one in a rural setting, a city wide strike may affect life for subjects in the first group but not those in the second. This is an example of a. selection interacting with history b. attrition c. a simple selection effect d. selection interacting with instrumentation
A
7. Compared to field research, what is the advantage of laboratory research? a. informed consent is easier b. it allows experimental realism to occur c. there is a greater degree of mundane realism d. only lab research yields data that can be analyzed adequately (statistically)
A
7. Festinger's famous study of a failed prophecy in a religious cult used which method? a. participant observation b. unstructured naturalistic observation c. archival study d. naturalistic observation within an experimenter-structured environment
A
7. Which of the following is true about relying on authority as a way of searching for the truth? a. the authority could be wrong b. it is a problem for nonscientists but not for scientists c. it is almost certain that the authority's knowledge is based on subjective experience only d. authority should seldom if ever be believed-people should discover things for themselves
A
8. What was the "critical incidents" technique? a. a survey procedure used to elicit examples of unethical conduct by psychologists b. a 10-point scale measuring the severity of an ethical infraction c. a procedure for identifying studies that were ethically questionable but "critical" for advancing psychological science d. a procedure whereby psychologists were sent a set of 50 experiments and asked to criticize them on ethical grounds
A
9. Creating equivalent groups is a design problem for a. between-subjects designs b. within-subjects designs c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
A
9. Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce's ways of fixing belief? a. the a priori method b. the method of direct experience c. the scientific method d. the method of authority
A
Multiple Choice 1. All factorial designs a. have at least two independent variables b. have the potential for producing at least three main effects c. have the potential for producing at least two interaction effects d. have at least one manipulated independent variable and one nonmanipulated independent variable
A
40. Researchers studying children and attempting to develop a classification system for children's play are illustrating which of psychology's goals? a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. control
A Description
32. If a number of studies all seem consistent with a theory, then the theory is said to have been supported through a. induction b. deduction c. serendipity d. parsimony
A induction
27. Classification is the major purpose of a(n) ________ scale of measurement. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
A nominal
32. Consider the experiment on multiple choice answer changing. What measurement scale was used in reporting the results of this study? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
A nominal
Which of the following would serve as an appropriate operational definition of depression in a research study about mood disorders?
A participant's total score on a statistically valid depression inventory.
13. A test with a minimum amount of measurement error is said to be a. reliable b. valid c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
A reliable
How is fMRI research conducted?
A scanner measures changes in blood oxygenation in the brain.
40. In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, block randomization could produce each of the following sequences except a. ACCBAB b. ABCCBA c. CABBCA d. BACCBA
A, each set of three must complete abc before repeating
9. Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce's ways of fixing belief? a. the a priori method b. the method of direct experience c. the scientific method d. the method of authority
A. The a priori method
7. Which of the following is true about relying on authority as a way of searching for the truth? a. the authority could be wrong b. it is a problem for nonscientists but not for scientists c. it is almost certain that the authority's knowledge is based on subjective experience only d. authority should seldom if ever be believed-people should discover things for themselves
A. The authority could be wrong
24. The method of introspection was gradually replaced by behavioral methods because a. the latter were more objective b. the latter yielded more in depth descriptions of one's personal experience c. introspection required considerable training but no training is required to use behavioral methods d. behavioral methods allowed a closer examination of mental processes
A. The latter were more objective
Shalva suggests that most people outside of industralized societies do not have telephones in their home. Loni disagrees, and would most accurately respond in which of the following ways? Actually, about three-quarters of the world's population now has access to a mobile phone! There is no way to know for certain how many people have telephones. Actually, more than half of the homes in America and Europe are without a working telephone. It isn't just Western societies that have phones. Most people in Asian societies also have phones in their homes. Due to government initiatives across the world, almost every home on every continent now has access to a working telephone.
Actually, about three-quarters of the world's population now has access to a mobile phone!
Shalva suggests that most people outside of industralized societies do not have telephones in their home. Loni disagrees, and would most accurately respond in which of the following ways?
Actually, about three-quarters of the world's population now have access to a mobile phone!
______ are evolved solutions to problems that historically contributed to reproductive success.
Adaptations
Who opened a famous hospital in Africa and won a Nobel Peace Prize?
Albert Schweitzer
What distinguishes an experiment from a quasi-experimental research design?
An experiment involves random assignment and a quasi-experiment does not.
Jason and Andrea note how tall the mountain appears and then they ride a ski lift to the top, where they estimate how far it is to the bottom. According to the visual descent illusions, which of the following is most likely?
Andrea will be more likely to overestimate the distance since women are more susceptible to this illusion.
1. A between-subjects design a. is also known as a repeated-measures design b. must deal with the problem of equivalent groups c. includes a minimum of two independent variables d. must include a subject variable
B
1. In his famous 1938 text, the so-called "Columbia bible," R. S. Woodworth a. argued that experimental and correlational studies were not fundamentally different b. distinguished between independent and dependent variables in experiments c. dismissed correlational research as not scientific d. showed a preference for correlational over experimental research
B
11. A researcher is interested in whether memory is better for concrete rather than abstract nouns and designs a study to answer the question. In this study, the independent variable is a. a situational variable b. a task variable c. an instructional variable d. a subject variable
B
11. What is accomplished by random assignment? a. possible order effects are controlled b. possible confounds are spread evenly through the different groups c. an equal number of subjects per group is assured d. a representative sample is selected from the population
B
12. In a 2x2 design, the following results occur: 20 40 40 20 Which of the following is true? a. there is one main effect and an interaction b. there is an interaction but no main effects c. there are two main effects but no interaction d. there are two main effects and an interaction
B
13. After completing their laboratory experiment on exposure to violent video games, why did Bushman and Anderson complete a field experiment on the exposure to violence and helping behavior? a. they wanted to improve experimental realism b. they wanted to see if the results of their first experiment would generalize to everyday situations c. they wanted to rule out alternative interpretations of their laboratory experiment d. they wanted to increase sample size
B
13. Milgram's participants thought they were in a study about _______ when in fact they were in a study about _________. a. obedience; punishment and learning b. punishment and learning; obedience c. obedience; helping behavior d. helping behavior; obedience
B
13. Random assignment is to random selection as _______ is to ________. a. between-subjects; within-subjects b. placing participants in groups; acquiring participants for the study c. complete counterbalancing; partial counterbalancing d. recruiting subjects; debriefing subjects
B
14. In Bushman and Anderson's field experiment, who was the experimental confederate? a. a young man who was heard fighting with another person b. a young woman with and apparent ankle injury and crutches at a movie theater c. a young woman with and apparent ankle injury and crutches in the laboratory d. the experimenter who administered the questionnaires
B
14. Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don't support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes a. use the availability heuristic b. have a confirmation bias c. decide on the truth on the basis of logic rather than direct experience d. rely too much on introspection
B
14. When phrenologists assessed the trait of "destructiveness" by measuring skull contour, their measurements were a. reliable and valid b. reliable but not valid c. valid but not reliable d. neither reliable nor valid
B
15. If a study is planned by a research psychologist but actually carried out by a graduate student, who holds primary responsibility for the "dignity and welfare" of the participants? a. the graduate student b. the research psychologist c. the Institutional Review Board (i.e., neither the student nor the psychologist) d. the participants themselves (buyer beware)
B
15. Researchers have measured the contents of people's trash and the bumper stickers that people put on their cars. These are two examples of a. event sampling b. unobtrusive measures c. reactivity d. double blind measures
B
15. The results of an inkblot test might be quite different when given to the same person on two different occasions. If this is the case, then based on this fact alone, the inkblot test is a. not reliable but probably valid b. not reliable c. not valid d. neither reliable nor valid
B
15. Which of the following studies used a single-factor, independent groups design? a. Kroeger et al.'s study, which evaluated the effects of a social skills program for autism b. the study by Kasser and Sheldon, which compared groups writing two kinds of essays c. Lee and Aronson's study comparing the effects of having a room move forward or backward d. the study by McDonald and Flanagan, which examined the effects of traumatic brain injury
B
16. As a technique for creating equivalent groups, when is matching preferred over random assignment? a. when a large number of subjects are available and can be used b. when some extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable c. whenever a within-subjects design is preferred over a between-subjects design d. whenever a potential confound exists, but you aren't aware of its presence
B
16. In a 2x2 design, the following results occur: 20 30 30 20 Which of the following is true? a. there is one main effect and no interaction b. there is an interaction but no main effects c. there are two main effects but no interaction d. there are two main effects and an interaction
B
16. Interobserver reliability is calculated for the purpose of a. increasing the amount of data available b. reducing observer bias c. eliminating subject reactivity d. substituting for event and time sampling
B
17. In a single experiment, amount of reward and type of reward are varied. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of three "amount of reward" groups. Each subject is tested once with one type of reward and once again with a second type of reward. What type of design is this? a. 2x2 single factor, multilevel b. 2x3 mixed factorial c. 2x3 independent groups factorial d. 3x3 repeated-measures factorial
B
17. Students sometimes change their answers on multiple-choice questions. Many students believe that the most common outcome is that they change from the correct answer to a wrong answer, despite research that shows that students more often change from an incorrect answer to a correct one. What accounts for the strength of this erroneous belief? a. scientific thinking via logical deduction b. social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences c. a priori thinking—they reason that it would have been better to go with the first hunch or instinct d. none of the above—students in fact believe that they are successful when they change answers
B
18. Concerning the assignment of risk, where would you place the participants in Milgram's experiment? a. at minimal risk b. at risk c. experiencing no risk d. none of the above
B
18. Crowley et al.'s observational study took place in a science museum. They found that a. parents explained science more to older children than younger children b. parents explained science more to male children than female children c. Dads explained science more to boy children and Moms explained science more to girl children d. parents tended to rely on museum staff to explain science to their children
B
18. Which of the following is true about measures of behavior? a. they are more likely to be valid than reliable b. they all include some degree of measurement error c. measurement error can be eliminated completely by careful researchers d. if a measure has content validity, it is almost certain to be reliable
B
19. Research psychologists believe all of the following except a. the causes of behavior can be discovered by using scientific methods b. if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made c. it may not be possible to predict behavior with certainty d. making effective choices requires that events be predictable
B
19. Some subjects try to solve a difficult maze while sitting in a 2x3 ft room. Others try to solve the same maze while sitting in a 10x12 ft room. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of crowding on maze performance The larger room has natural light because of its two windows. The 2x3 ft room has no windows, so natural light is simulated with a special type of fluorescent light. Which of the following is true? a. the independent variable is the type of maze being used b. whether or not windows are present is an uncontrolled extraneous variable c. assuming random assignment is used, this study clearly has internal validity d. the main variable is a subject variable
B
19. Which of the following characterized Crowley et al.'s observational study in a science museum? a. they used participant observation rather than naturalistic observation (because the parents were involved b. unlike most naturalistic observation studies, they were able to obtain informed consent c. because they used videotape, they did not need to determine interobserver reliability d. they explained their results (parents explaining science more to boys than girls) by simply pointing out that the boys asked more questions than the girls did
B
2. A 2x3 factorial design has six a. independent variables b. different conditions c. levels of the independent variable d. subjects per condition
B
2. Basic research is concerned with ______ while applied research tries to ________. a. experimental realism; accomplish mundane realism b. establishing essential principles; solve practical problems c. the laboratory only; use field studies only d. mundane realism; accomplish experimental realism
B
2. Which of the following is not an example of a construct? a. perceived social support b. letter identification c. habituation d. social effectiveness
B
20. A t test for dependent samples is used to compare experimental conditions in which of the following designs? a. single-factor, independent groups design b. single-factor, matched groups design c. single-factor, nonequivalent groups design d. both alternatives a. and c.
B
20. What is the advantage of using operational definitions? a. they force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition b. they facilitate replication c. it's easy to agree on a universal definition for a concept like aggression d. there are no advantages to using operational definitions; no two persons can ever agree on the best definition
B
31. Which of the following is not an empirical question? a. Can prayer reduce blood pressure? b. Are prayers regularly answered by God? c. Do college seniors pray for different things than college freshmen? d. none of these are empirical questions — prayer is too private
B
21. A test might not appear to be a good test of native intelligence and yet it might do a very good job of predicting how well someone does in school. That is, this test a. has both face validity and predictive validity b. has criterion validity but not face validity c. is reliable but not valid d. has criterion validity but lacks reliability
B
21. Blocked random assignment is sometimes used in order to a. match participants on some potentially confounding factor b. insure an equal number of participants per condition c. insure that a random sample is selected d. accomplish complete counterbalancing
B
22. Regarding the ethics of participant observation, a. deception may be used if it is likely that consent would not be obtained b. informed consent must be obtained from participants who are observed c. debriefing is a required d. deception may not be used
B
23. In a stylus maze study, some subjects are shocked for errors and others are not shocked. Also, some are told they'll earn $10 if they learn the maze in 5 trials and others are told they'll earn $100. The results are that whether or not shock was present had no effect on behavior, but those who could earn $100 learned faster than those earning just $10. This result is most clearly an example of a. a main effect of shock b. a main effect of incentive (money) c. an interaction between shock and incentive d. all of the above
B
23. Which of the following is not part of the APA's ethics code for humans? a. those who are at least at minimal risk must give their informed consent b. people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it c. participants must be thoroughly debriefed at the end of a study d. participants must be assured of confidentiality
B
26. A study by Gardner compared participants who were fully informed ahead of time about the predicted effects of noise on stress with others who were not informed. What were the results? a. fully informed subjects were more adversely affected by the noise than uninformed subjects b. uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed c. there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is not needed for that type of research d. there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is needed for that type of research
B
26. Avoiding an order effect is a design problem for a. between-subjects designs b. within-subjects designs c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
B
26. Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except a. they realize that conclusions are tentative and could change depending on future research b. they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body) c. they expect claims to be supported by data collected in a systematic fashion d. they assume that behavior has causes that can be discovered using scientific methods
B
26. The purpose of random sampling is to obtain a sample that is a. large enough to be valid b. representative of the population c. smaller than the population d. significantly different from the population
B
26. What was the reason for using more than two conditions in the Bransford and Johnson study of the effects of context on memory? a. they hoped to discover nonlinear effects b. they hoped to rule out different interpretations about the effects of context c. they hoped to find differences between their five distinct independent variables d. they hoped to show that context was not important for memory
B
26. Which of the following is an example of research began as the result of reflecting on a real news event? a. Festinger's cognitive dissonance research b. Darley's helping behavior research c. Broadbent's dichotic listening research d. Bushman and Anderson's violence and helping behavior research
B
27. The idea for Zeigarnik's study on the forgetting of completed tasks came from a. a deduction from a theory b. the observation of an everyday event in a restaurant c. the accidental discovery of a memory problem with incomplete tasks d. an unanswered question from a study Zeigarnik had just completed
B
28. In Steele, Ball, and Runk's study of the "Mozart effect," the researchers used a multilevel, _______ design. a. independent groups b. repeated measures c. matched groups d. nonequivalent groups
B
29. When considering a student's overall standing in a class (first, second, third, etc.), which measurement scale is being used? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
B
29. Which of the following is most clearly phrased as an empirical question? a. Are newborns essentially good or bad? b. Do Catholics believe in the reality of Hell? c. Are the mind and body two separate entities? d. Is there life after death?
B
3. A research methods course is to a social psychology course as ______ is to ______. a. content; process b. process; content c. scientific; nonscientific d. philosophy; sociology
B
30. Self-esteem would be considered a manipulated independent variable if a. two groups in a study were composed of those with high self-esteem and low self-esteem b. a procedure was designed so that some people succeeded and others failed in a task c. only moderate self-esteem participants were picked for the study d. none of the above — as a personality variable, self-esteem is by definition a subject variable
B
30. The Society for Research in Child Development publishes a set of ethical guidelines that supplement the APA code. One such guideline applies when studying school age children in a school setting. In this research, which of the following is true? a. no student in a class can be tested unless all students in the class agree to be tested b. in addition to parents, the students' teachers should also give their consent c. at least one representative parent must be recruited to observe the research trials d. because some children might be reluctant to participate, it is OK to provide them with incentives large enough to get them to volunteer
B
30. When using a(n) ______ measurement scale, the most that can be said is that one score is greater than another. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
B
31. A prediction is made from a theory and the results are just as predicted. What can be concluded about the theory? a. it has been proven true b. it has been inductively supported c. it has been turned into a fact d. it has been disproven
B
32. When should a stratified sample be used? a. when probability sampling is not necessary b. when identifiable subgroups of the population are of interest c. when the population is too large for all of it to be tested d. when a list of all population members is not available
B
33. According to the original cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance occurs when people a. experience electrical shock that is painful b. simultaneously experience contradictory thoughts c. are rewarded by others for feeling sad d. must learn difficult tasks and they sometimes fail
B
33. In a single-factor study with sex on the X-axis, which type of graph should be used? a. a line graph b. a bar graph c. either a line or a bar graph d. none of the above—with discrete variables, tables must be used
B
33. The main difference between an interval and a ratio scale is that an interval scale a. is used only for placing participants into categories b. does not have a true zero point c. does not preserve a rank order in the assignment of numbers d. has equal intervals between numbers
B
34. A researcher who selects a probability sample that is 40% male and 60% female is most likely to be using __________ sampling. a. cluster b. stratified c. convenience d. purposive
B
35. All of the following are examples of probability sampling except a. simple random b. quota c. cluster d. stratified
B
35. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, and C, participants only try each brand once, and an equal number of subjects experience each of the six possible sequences. Which type of counterbalancing is being used? a. Latin square b. complete counterbalancing c. block randomization d. reverse counterbalancing
B
35. What did the Willowbrook and Tuskegee studies have in common? a. took advantage of mentally ill participants b. questionable informed consent procedures c. first uses of effective debriefing d. first medical studies to use proper control procedures
B
36. In the study by Korn, Davis, and Davis, it was determined that department chairs rated B. F. Skinner higher on their "all time" list than historians did. The study featured a(n) _______ scale of measurement. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
B
37. Decisions made about how to define the dependent variable most clearly affect the ________ validity of a study. a. internal b. construct c. external d. statistical conclusion
B
37. Hypotheses are derived from theories through the process of a. induction b. deduction c. falsification d. parsimony
B
37. What distinguishes the following two historical examples of ethically "challenged" incidents: the Willowbrook case and the MK-ULTRA case? a. Willowbrook broke confidentiality; MK-ULTRA was a failure to debrief b. the Willowbrook researchers hoped to improve health; the MK-ULTRA researchers were not concerned with medical benefit to society c. Willowbrook failed on the issue of assent, but was adequate on the issue of consent; the opposite was true of MK-ULTRA d. Willowbrook involved human participants, while MK-ULTRA used animals
B
37. What is the major strength of the interview format for conducting survey research? a. it has fewer logistical problems than other methods b. more in-depth information can be acquired than with other methods c. unlike other methods, interviewer bias is seldom a problem d. it is cheaper than other methods
B
37. When analyzing a multilevel design, multiple t tests a. are OK, providing you complete no more than five of them b. increase the probability of making a Type II error c. increase the probability of making a Type I error d. should be completed first, then an ANOVA to verify the results
B
38. Descriptive statistics a. enable the researcher to determine the significance of results b. summarize the data of an experiment c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
B
38. Studies of aggression have sometimes been criticized for developing questionable operational definitions of aggression (e.g., horn honking). This is primarily a criticism of _________ validity. a. internal b. construct c. external d. statistical conclusion
B
39. In a taste test, subjects try Coke, then Pepsi, then RC Cola, then RC Cola, then Pepsi, and finally, Coke. What method of counterbalancing is being used here? a. block randomization b. reverse counterbalancing c. complete counterbalancing d. asymmetrical transfer
B
4. A within-subjects design a. requires more subjects than a comparable between-subjects design b. must deal with the problem of order effects c. tests different groups of participants at each level of the independent variable d. includes at least three different groups of subjects
B
4. How is the problem of subject reactivity handled in naturalistic observations of animal behavior? a. researchers remain completely hidden from the animals b. researchers assume that animals become accustomed to their presence c. researchers rely only on unobtrusive measures d. researchers rely on video recording in zoos
B
41. If a researcher is concerned about _______, then the researcher may ask participants to not disclose any information to others until the study is completed. a. deception b. participant crosstalk c. confidentiality d. desensitizing
B
41. In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, reverse counterbalancing would produce which of the following sequences? a. ACCBAB b. ABCCBA c. CABBCA d. ABCABC
B
41. When is the median a better measure of central tendency than the mean? a. when several of the scores are the same score b. when there are a few scores that are much higher or lower than the others c. when the scores are normally distributed d. none of the above; the mean is always preferred
B
42. Five children are tested for IQ and their scores are: 110, 160, 100, 100, 110. What is the best way to describe the central tendency of these scores? a. the mode b. the median c. the mean d. the range
B
42. Research that attempts to study psychological phenomena in settings that reflect daily living (e.g., a memory study about forgetting where we put our keys) is said to have _________ validity. a. construct b. ecological c. internal d. no statistical conclusion
B
42. When used as a counterbalancing procedure, block randomization insures a. an equal number of participants per condition b. that each condition is tested before any condition is retested c. that each possible sequence of conditions is used d. equivalent groups
B
42. Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur? a. X and Y covary b. X and Y should occur simultaneously c. alternative explanations for Y can be ruled out d. variation in X produces predictable variation in Y
B
44. On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was predicted that after making a hard choice, people will convince themselves that they have made a wise choice. Suppose you do a study and discover the exact opposite outcome. Logically, what can be concluded? a. cognitive dissonance theory is true b. cognitive dissonance theory is not true c. cognitive dissonance theory has not been supported d. cognitive dissonance theory has been supported
B
44. The best return rate will be for written surveys that are a. surveying attitudes about sex rather than about politics b. clearly unrelated to a sales pitch c. filled with more open questions than closed questions d. printed on colored paper than on white paper
B
45. On the basis of a theory a prediction is made; from the prediction a study is run, and the study does not come out as expected. What is the researcher most likely to conclude? a. the theory should be discarded b. the study should be replicated c. the theory has been supported but not proven d. the equipment must have failed
B
45. Social psychologists might be concerned that conformity experiments using participants from individualist cultures might not be relevant for understanding behavior in collectivist cultures. This concern is about _______ validity. a. internal b. external c. construct d. statistical conclusion
B
45. Which of the following is true about return rates for mailed surveys? a. anything less than 100% creates problems for interpretation b. researchers are happy with return rates between 70% and 85% c. as long as the total number of replies is large (>100), the rate is return is irrelevant d. if less than 80%, representativeness is a serious problem
B
46. Compared to a longitudinal study, a cross-sectional study a. takes longer to complete b. has to deal with potential cohort effects c. has attrition as its major difficulty d. has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly
B
46. In a normal distribution, what (approximate) percentage of scores likely fall within one standard deviation of the mean? a. 50% b. 68% c. 75% d. 95%
B
46. Which of the following is true about subject (participant) pools? a. because of the new APA ethics code, they are no longer used b. students must be given a reasonable alternative to research participation c. to insure participation in research, and therefore a continuation of progress, the APA encourages schools to demand full participation from psychology students d. an hour of participation is considered to be the equivalent of a 10-page paper
B
47. Knowing the standard deviation of a set of scores, it is possible to calculate a. range b. variance c. the mean d. the frequency distribution
B
47. Most research psychologists believe that a. "sentient" animals have the same basic rights as humans b. animals can be subjected to procedures not to be used with people c. ethical guidelines are essential for research with humans, but not so for research with animals d. animal research has no relevance for understanding human behavior
B
49. Eleanor Gibson's creation of the visual cliff was motivated by her interest in a. the ability to perceive details at great distance b. the perception of depth c. experimental extinction of a conditioned response d. discovering an alternative to introspection
B
49. Normally, which of the following outcomes is most desired by the researcher? a. reject Ho; Ho is true b. reject Ho; Ho is false c. fail to reject Ho; Ho is true d. fail to reject Ho; Ho is false
B
49. On surveys, subjects can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as a. experimenter bias b. social desirability bias c. question ambiguity d. good subject bias
B
49. Which of the following is true of Terman's study of gifted children? a. it illustrated the problem of cohort effects in cross-sectional studies b. unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low c. it combined longitudinal and cross-sectional methods into a single design d. it showed that intellectually gifted children have serious problems with social skills
B
5. In a sequence of trials, an infant looks at a stimulus for 10 seconds, then 8, then 6, then 4. On the next trial, the infant looks for 12 seconds. What has occurred on this last trial? a. the infant has noticed a change in the stimulus b. habituation has occurred c. the infant has lost interest in the stimulus d. the infant is afraid of the stimulus
B
5. The studies by Cherry and by Broadbent, using dichotic listening, are examples of a. basic research on attention b. applied research on the factors that enhance the focusing of attention c. research high in mundane realism but low in experimental realism d. basic research on car driving
B
50. In research evaluating the effectiveness of a drug, participants in a placebo control group a. are given the drug, but they don't think it is the drug b. are not given the drug, but think they are being given the drug c. both alternatives a. and b. are examples of placebo controls d. none of the above
B
53. Experimenter expectancies a. have been uncovered in studies involving human subjects but not in those using animals b. can be reduced by using a double blind procedure c. can be eliminated by recruiting only "good" subjects d. are not a problem for experienced experimenters
B
53. In his address on "The Value of Behavioral Research with Animals," Miller argued that a. all animal research is justified b. animal research contributes to the psychological well being of humans c. animal research should only be done if it can be shown that the research directly benefits animals as well as humans d. the benefits of animal research have been significantly overstated
B
54. Demographic information includes a. how knowledgeable a person is about some topic b. information about the income level of the respondent c. someone's opinion about democracy (or related issues) d. all of the above
B
55. In a yoked control group, a. the exact sequence of events for each member of the group is planned ahead of time b. what happens to subjects depends on what happens to members of the experimental group c. participants in the experimental and control groups are always interacting with each other in some fashion d. subjects in the control group try to outperform those in the experimental group
B
55. In the early stages of designing a study, the feasibility of some procedures is often evaluated by conducting a a. debate among different members of the research team b. pilot study c. hypothetical "what's next?" exercise d. rigorous attempt to falsify the prediction
B
55. What does the APA ethics code for animal research have in common with the code for human research? a. both have a need for informed consent b. both have a need to balance scientific merit and potential harm to subjects c. both have a need to test as few subjects as possible d. both require IRB approval
B
56. Research in psychology is characterized by all of the following except a. most research is a logical "what's next?" consequence of a study just completed b. to avoid getting off to a bad start, most research is highly structured in its early stages c. research is more likely to be completed by research teams than individual researchers d. at the start of a research project, researchers often conduct loosely structured pilot studies
B
57. After taking a special computerized introductory sociology course, students do twice as well on the posttest as they did on the pretest. The researcher suspects the pretest alerted students to what was to come, however. This threat to internal validity is called a. instrumentation b. testing c. regression to the mean d. selection
B
57. How might experimenter bias be communicated to subjects in animal research? a. experimenters are more likely to cheat (animals can't report fraud) b. animals in different groups might be handled differently by experimenters c. the subjects will experience different degrees of evaluation apprehension d. none of the above — experimenter bias only occurs in research with human subjects
B
59. According to Orne, what characterizes most participants? a. they are suspicious and uninterested in the study in which they are participating b. they are cooperative and try to help the experimenter c. they are too afraid for their behavior to be considered normal d. they will actively try to give results opposite to the ones wanted by the experimenter
B
59. According to Pasteur, "chance favors the prepared mind." Thus, creative breakthroughs in physics are most likely to be made by a. random accident (thus they could be made by anyone) b. physicists c. chemists d. any scientist other than a physicist
B
6. Dennis studied a pair of female twins. What was true about his study? a. he obtained parental consent before testing them b. he was interested in whether environmental deprivation would affect development c. he was able to show that twins have about the same IQ, even if raised in different environments d. it was the first developmental psychology study to use assent in addition to consent
B
61. Demand characteristics are more likely to be found in a. between-subjects designs rather than within-subjects designs b. within-subjects designs rather than between-subjects designs c. studies with animal subjects than studies with human subjects d. cross-sectional rather than longitudinal studies
B
62. Null hypothesis significance testing answers the question ________, while an effect size analysis answers the question ________. a. how much of an effect did one factor have on another?; is the difference significant? b. is the difference significant?; how much of an effect did one factor have on another? c. can we reject Ho; is the sample large enough? d. have we made a Type I error?; have we made a Type II error?
B
63. What does the APA ethics code have to say about the status of data collected by a research psychologist? a. before results based on these data can be published, the data must be statistically analyzed by a person not involved in the data collection b. researchers are expected to make the data set available to other scientists who ask to examine it c. all research participants should have the opportunity to examine all the data, in order to determine if they want their to stay in the data set or be removed d. researchers have copyright ownership over their data and can deny its availability to others
B
65. In a study in which the procedures were assumed to create anxiety, some participants were interrupted in the middle of the procedure and their blood pressure was checked. This is an example of a. a Hawthorne effect b. a manipulation check c. a check on experimenter bias d. a placebo control
B
65. What was the main methodological flaw in Brady's "ulcers in executive monkeys" study? a. because the animals were in restraining chairs for so long, a maturation effect occurred b. the executive monkeys were more ulcer-prone than the control group monkeys c. because the study was completed in another historical era, there is no external validity d. because most of the monkeys died, attrition was a problem
B
68. In a study of the effectiveness of a program to reduce test anxiety, pretest scores (N=40) average 80 (max = 100) and posttest scores average 65. Which of the following pretest-posttest scores in a control group would make you most confident about program effectiveness? a. pre 80 à post 65 b. pre 70 à post 70 c. pre 70 à post 55 d. pre 80 à post 72
B
7. A study by evaluating the effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction in reading compared two groups, one using the computers, the other not using them. The researchers first tested the students for "reading readiness" and insured that the average readiness scores of students in the two group was the same. The design used here was a two-level ___________ design. a. independent groups design b. matched groups design c. nonequivalent groups design d. repeated measures design
B
7. In a factorial study, what is a main effect? a. it refers to any statistically significant finding in the study b. it refers to any statistically significant difference between the levels of a single i. independent variable c. it occurs when the effect of one variable depends on the level of the other variable d. it is any result that is significant at the .01 rather than the .05 level
B
7. When formulating the original APA code of ethics, the Hobbs committee used an empirical procedure called the __________ method. a. informed consent b. critical incidents c. ethics case study d. archival
B
8. Kroeger and colleagues examined the effects of a social skills training program in children with autism. Which of the following was true about the study? a. it was a multilevel, independent groups design b. two equivalent groups of children were created through a matching procedure c. they used complete rather than partial counterbalancing d. it was a single-factor, repeated-measures design
B
8. Suppose a child in Kim and Spelke's habituation experiment showed a gradual decrease in looking time when shown ten examples of balls rolling down a plane while accelerating. The child then sees (trial 11) a ball rolling down a plane while decelerating. If the child has grasped the concept of gravity, what will happen to the behavior? a. they will look longer on trial 10 than on trial 11 b. they will look longer on trial 11 than on trial 10 c. they will look for the same amount of time on both trials 10 and 11 d. not enough information to decide
B
8. With ___________ participants complete different tasks, whereas with ___________ participants are told how to do certain tasks. a. instructional variables; task variables b. task variables; instructional variables c. task variables; situational variables d. situational variables; task variables
B
9. Compared to laboratory research, which of the following is true about field research? a. it allows for a greater degree of control over variables b. it may be higher in mundane realism c. both informed consent and debriefing are easier to manage d. it will be higher in experimental realism
B
9. In a factorial study, a main effect a. refers to any F ratio in the ANOVA that is significant b. occurs when differences are found for the different levels of an independent variable c. occurs when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another i. independent variable d. is determined by calculating row means (as opposed to column means)
B
9. What is illustrated by Goodall's observations of chimps killing each other? a. her observations were hopelessly biased by what she expected to see b. observational research can serve the purpose of falsification c. in naturalistic observation with animals, subject reactivity cannot be avoided d. it's a good thing she didn't try participant observation
B
42. Five children are tested for IQ and their scores are: 110, 160, 100, 100, 110. What is the best way to describe the central tendency of these scores? a. the mode b. the median c. the mean d. the range
B The median
18. Concerning the assignment of risk, where would you place the participants in Milgram's experiment? a. at minimal risk b. at risk c. experiencing no risk d. none of the above
B at risk
37. Hypotheses are derived from theories through the process of a. induction b. deduction c. falsification d. parsimony
B deduction
29. When considering a student's overall standing in a class (first, second, third, etc.), which measurement scale is being used? a. nominal b ordinal c. interval d. ratio
B ordinal
36. In the study by Korn, Davis, and Davis, it was determined that department chairs rated B. F. Skinner higher on their "all time" list than historians did. The study featured a(n) _______ scale of measurement. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
B ordinal
How is social neuroscience similar to social psychology?
Both involve the study of the same topics.
How is social neuroscience similar to neuroscience?
Both use the same measures (e.g., fMRI, EEG).
Which part of the brain, located on the left side of the frontal lobe, was identified by a surgeon as being implicated in speech production?
Broca's area
How are measures of brain activity used to make inferences about social processes?
By identifying the regions that are highly active during tasks.
1. If a between-subjects design uses random assignment, the design will be called a(n) a. nonequivalent groups design b. repeated-measures design c. independent groups design d. matched groups design
C
1. People are using their own personal system of ethics when they make statements like this: a. I enjoy watching baseball on TV b. I think I'll cut the grass tomorrow instead of today c. I don't think it is a good idea to physically punish children d. I don't think it is a good idea to take a research methods course until after you've taken a statistics course
C
1. What do the preface to Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology and the original constitution of the American Psychological Association have in common? a. they both defined psychology as the study of behavior b. they both recognized that psychology was a subdivision of philosophy c. they both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology d. they both defined psychology as the study of the mind
C
1. Which of the following is an example of a construct? a. entering arm #3 of a radial maze b. using fingers when adding c. social effectiveness d. naming letters
C
1.Participants are asked to memorize three different lists of words. The lists are presented at three different presentation speeds. How would you classify this study? a. applied research b. field research c. basic research d. both a. and b.
C
10. A study by McDonald and Flanagan evaluated the effects of traumatic brain injury, using a single-factor ___________ design. a. independent groups design b. matched groups design c. nonequivalent groups design d. repeated-measures design
C
10. If simple reaction time takes an average of 0.17 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes an average of 0.26 seconds, then according to Donders' method, how long does the mental event of discrimination take? a. 0.43 seconds b. 0.26 seconds c. 0.09 seconds d. 0.20 seconds
C
11. In the original Milgram obedience experiment, the research participants played the role of a. experimenter b. learner c. teacher d. either learner or teacher, depending on a coin toss
C
11. Using Donders method, if the mental event called discrimination takes 0.07 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes 0.23 seconds, what is the person's basic reaction time? a. 0.07 seconds b. 0.30 seconds c. 0.16 seconds d. 0.93 seconds
C
12. In the laboratory research study by Bushman and Anderson, participants played either violent or nonviolent video games, then filled out a questionnaire. Which of the following describes what they found? a. participants who played violent video games completed the questionnaires faster than participants who played non-violent video games b. participants who played violent video games reported less violence in the video games than participants who played non-violent video games c. participants who played violent video games reported more violence in the video games than participants who played non-violent video games d. participants who played violent video games were slower to help an individual in an adjacent room compared to participants who played non-violent video games e. participants who played violent video games did not help an individual in an adjacent room compared to participants who played non-violent video games
C
13. If our experiences include some unforgettable events, we might overestimate how often those kinds of events occur. This is called a. belief perseverance b. a confirmation bias c. the availability heuristic d. the a priori heuristic
C
14. What do random assignment and matching have in common? a. they are both designed to reduce the number of participants needed for a study b. they both provide effective counterbalancing c. they are both designed to create equivalent groups of participants d. they are both commonly found in within-subjects designs
C
14. Which of the following studies used a single-factor, repeated-measures design? a. Kroeger et al.'s study, which evaluated the effects of a social skills program for autism b. the study by Kasser and Sheldon, which compared groups writing two kinds of essays c. Lee and Aronson's study comparing the effects of having a room move forward or backward d. the study by McDonald and Flanagan, which examined the effects of traumatic brain injury
C
15. According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why? a. they seem more human that way b. by seeking out controversies with other scientists, they keep their aging minds sharp c. by vigorously advocating their theory, it won't be abandoned without a thorough test d. none of the above—because they are objective, dispassionate, and ruled only by data, "tenacity" is not a term that characterizes scientists
C
15. In a 2x2 design, the following results occur: 20 30 30 40 Which of the following is true? a. there is one main effect and no interaction b. there is an interaction but no main effects c. there are two main effects but no interaction d. there are two main effects and an interaction
C
15. In a study of the effects of X on Y, variable Z is confounded with X. Which of the following is true? a. X could be causing Y b. Z could be causing Y c. both alternatives a. and b. are equally possible d. none of the above
C
16. If participants find themselves performing tasks like those encountered in ordinary daily living, then they are considered to be a. experiencing no risk b. at risk c. at minimal risk d. none of the above
C
16. The study in the text that examined male female patterns of control over the TV remote is a good example of a study that combines a. basic and applied research b. field and lab research c. qualitative and quantitative research d. all of the above
C
17. A researcher wants to know if children prefer cereal that has colors in it. Preschoolers compare plain-colored Wheatios with multicolored Rice Chrunchios. The children preferred the latter. What can be concluded? a. children prefer colored cereal b. whether the cereal is composed of wheat or rice is the independent variable c. cereal type is confounded with cereal color d. cereal color is the dependent variable
C
17. If there is minimal or no risk to participants, the IRB will a. not have to consider the case b. typically complete a formal review (just to be sure) c. typically complete an expedited review d. always approve the research
C
18. Empirical questions must a. be answerable with data b. include terms that can be operationally defined c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
18. When a confound exists, a. it means that the researcher failed to include a control group in the study b. it is the confounding factor, not the independent variable, which causes the behavior to occur c. there will be at least two different ways of interpreting the results d. it simply means that the dependent variable hasn't been defined precisely enough
C
19. A researcher is measuring aggression. Which of the following is most clearly inadequate as an operational definition of the term? a. choosing a button which makes it difficult for another subject to complete a task b. honking one's horn at an intersection for a period of more than two seconds c. attempting to harm someone d. delivering electric shocks to a competitor
C
19. At a university or college, the Institutional Review Board is a university or college committee that a. evaluates proposals and awards grant money to researchers b. evaluates the methodological soundness of research proposals c. evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals d. accomplishes all three of the tasks outlined in alternatives a., b., and c.
C
19. When is it most likely that a between-subjects design is being used? a. when a Latin square is mentioned in the design b. when the independent variable is a manipulated variable c. when a subject variable is being used d. whenever there are more than 40 subjects being tested
C
2. All of the following are the kinds of statements that derive from one's system of ethics except a. I don't think it is appropriate to allow children to watch more than three hours of TV per day b. People should not be allowed to have pets; it's slavery c. I don't think it is appropriate to separate mind from body; the mind is just a looser term for the brain d. If you spare the rod, you will produce an emotionally healthy child
C
2. If a between-subjects design uses the subject variable of gender and has just one independent variable, which of the following is true? a. the design is a multilevel design b. the design is a repeated-measures design c. the design is a nonequivalent groups design d. the design will be analyzed with a t test for related samples
C
2. Woodworth's so-called "Columbia bible" was the first experimental psychology text to argue for a clear distinction between a. experimental and control groups b. manipulated and subject variables c. experimental and correlational research strategies d. nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales of measurement
C
20. In a study on "identitiy maintenance strategies" in newer versus older homeless individuals, a. the procedure could be described as naturalistic observation with minimal structure imposed by researchers b. researchers used a longitudinal design c. covert participant observation was used d. a large sample size was used
C
20. In the study described in the previous item, what is the dependent variable? a. a measure of room size b. the type of maze being used c. maze performance d. the degree of natural light
C
21. A major characteristic of psychological science is its objectivity, which means that a. science is free from human biases b. psychologists assume that people are essentially machines c. observations can be verified by more than a single observer d. results of research are always reported in terms of numbers (statistics)
C
32. Conclusions about cause and effect can be drawn in studies involving a. instructional variables b. task variables c. situational variables d. all of the above
D
21. According to the APA ethics code, a. there are no restrictions on observational research b. naturalistic observation is OK, but participant observation has been deemed unethical c. informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments d. in naturalistic observation, debriefing is only considered important in animal studies
C
21. Operational definitions a. are seldom needed because of modern advances in behavioral technology b. are needed to force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition of a construct c. force researchers to be clear about defining the terms of their studies d. differ from one study to another, which means that using operational definitions hinders the replication process
C
22. An objective observation is one a. that can only be made by a mechanical recording device b. completely free from any personal bias on the part of the observer c. that can be verified by a second observer d. that cannot be questioned
C
22. In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions could be due to all of the following except a. some confounding factor b. random error c. a carry-over effect d. the effect of the independent variable
C
22. Which of the following is true about a P x E factorial design? a. it is a single-factor design b. both variables are manipulated variables c. it includes both a subject variable and a manipulated variable d. both variables must be between-subjects variables
C
23. A t test for independent samples is to a t test for dependent samples as ______ is to ______. a. an independent groups design; a nonequivalent groups design b. a repeated-measures design; a matched groups design c. nonequivalent groups design; a repeated-measures design d. a matched groups design; a repeated-measures design
C
23. In a within-subjects design, the differences between experimental conditions could be due to all of the following except a. some confounding factor b. random error c. individual differences d. the effect of the independent variable
C
23. On the "Connectedness to Nature" scale, convergent validity was established when it was found that a correlation existed between scores on the scale and a. SAT scores b. scores on a test of social desirability c. scores on the NEP ("New Ecological Paradigm") test d. scores on a shyness test
C
23. Two researchers with two completely different operational definitions for aggression nonetheless produce the same result — frustration leads to aggression. This outcome is referred to as a. exact replication b. operationism c. converging operations d. serendipity
C
23. Which of the following is true about the history of survey research? a. because research in early psychology used small N, surveys were not used until after World War I b. the first survey research was Kinsey's pioneering sex surveys c. Darwin and his cousin, Francis Galton, created the first surveys d. the method of the "questionary" was vigorously promoted by William James
C
24. After taking the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, those scoring in the top 25% are assigned to group A and those scoring in the bottom 25% are assigned to group B. Participants in both groups are then given a series of problems to solve in a small (8x8) windowless room. Which of the following is true about anxiety in this study? a. it is a task variable b. it is an instructional variable c. it is a subject variable d. it is a dependent variable
C
24. Unlike two-level designs, multilevel designs can a. use counterbalancing b. test more than one independent variable c. uncover nonlinear effects d. reject the null hypothesis
C
24. What do the following discoveries have in common: Skinner's extinction curve and Hubel and Wiesel's feature detectors? a. both examples of research ideas resulting from everyday observations b. both examples of research deduced logically from theory c. both examples of a serendipitous finding d. both examples of failures to replicate
C
25. On the "Connectedness to Nature" scale, divergent validity was established when it was found that no correlation existed between scores on the scale and a. SAT scores b. scores on a test of social desirability c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above - the outcomes in alternatives a. and b. supported convergent validity
C
27. A researcher finds that in a study of direction finding, males are less likely to acknowledge being lost than females. In this study, the independent variable is a. whether or not participants get lost b. a willingness to admit being lost c. a subject variable d. a manipulated variable
C
27. In order to generalize from the results obtained with a sample to the population as a whole, a. all members of the population must be tested eventually b. each member of the population must have exactly the same probability of being selected, especially if stratified sampling is being used c. the sample must be representative of the population d. the exact values (on the trait being measured) for the population must be known
C
27. With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public? a. the desire for objectivity b. the emphasis of supporting claims with data c. the recognition that conclusions are tentative d. the reliance on empirical questions
C
28. Consent forms typically include a. a brief survey eliciting participant opinions about psychological research b. the precise research hypothesis being tested c. an assurance of confidentiality d. a statement indicating that participants must complete the study once they start it
C
28. Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, while at the same time and on the same driving range five other golfers hit 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. The difference is most likely due to a. a warm-up effect b. a change in wind direction c. individual differences d. evaluation apprehension
C
28. Guéguen and Ciccotti tested whether having a dog present would lead women to provide their phone numbers to inquiring men. In this study, a nominal scale of measurement was used for which variable? a. gender b. whether or not a dog was present c. whether or not phone numbers were provided d. a nominal scale of measurement was not used in this study
C
28. Questions that can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called a. introspective questions b. authoritative questions c. empirical questions d. nonempirical questions
C
28. Which of the chapter's research examples used a mixed design? a. the study on noisy vs. quiet environments b. the closing time study c. the study about beliefs about work as exercise in hotel workers d. the study about stereotype threat
C
28. Which of the following examples illustrates research that resulted from reflecting on an everyday observation? a. Skinner's research on extinction b. Festinger's application of dissonance theory to the decision making c. Zeigarnik's decision to study the effects of incomplete tasks on memory d. Pfungst's study of Clever Hans
C
29. Research participants can expect to find several pieces of information in an informed consent form. Which of the following is not likely to be found? a. a statement of the possible risks for participating b. a mechanism for contacting the researcher after the participation is over c. a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis d. an assurance of confidentiality
C
29. Theories a. are not highly regarded until proven true b. lead to hypotheses through the process of induction c. provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically d. are ideal if they can explain all possible outcomes
C
3. A between-subjects design a. requires fewer subjects than a comparable within-subjects design b. must deal with the problem of sequence effects c. includes at least two different groups of participants d. tests the same group of participants at each level of the independent variable
C
3. Woodworth's 1938 text, Experimental Psychology, a. showed a preference for experimental over correlational research b. distinguished between independent and dependent variables c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
31. All of the following are examples of ratio scale measures except a. reaction time b. number of errors in maze running c. Grade Point Average (GPA) d. number of words recalled on a memory test
C
31. If it is not feasible to have a complete listing of the members of the population, which probability sampling method can be used? a. stratified b. convenience c. cluster d. simple random
C
31. In research with school children, what is meant by the principle of assent? a. this is when the parents give consent b. this is when the teachers allow their classroom to be used in the study c. this is when the children agree to participate d. this is when the children are given concrete rewards for participating
C
32. In a study using prisoners, special care must be taken to insure that a. families of the prisoners give consent b. deception is never used c. prisoners don't feel coerced into participating d. provide incentives large enough to gain the trust of the prisoners
C
32. Phrenology originated in the legitimate scientific attempt to a. find a good measure of personality b. prove that humans were descended from apes c. study localization of brain function d. none of the above—like other pseudosciences, phrenology had no connection with legitimate science
C
32. The general procedure used to control for order effects is called a. randomization b. double blind c. counterbalancing d. automation
C
33. Phrenology eventually failed as science because a. it was shown that localization of brain function does not occur b. its measures failed the test of objectivity c. it avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome d. it abandoned its use of the anecdotal method
C
33. To study math achievement in West Virginia's third graders, a researcher randomly selects 5% of the state's school districts and gives all the students in each district a math test. What sampling procedure is being used here? a. quota b. stratified c. cluster d. none of the above (all the children in the selected districts are tested - therefore the entire population is being tested, not just a sample)
C
33. Which of the following is true of the Willowbrook hepatitis study? a. there was a complete absence of informed consent b. the researchers made no attempt to justify the study c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled children should only be studied in research concerning mental disability d. patient confidentiality was violated
C
34. How did researchers justify the Willowbrook hepatitis study? a. they believed the ultimate goal of eliminating hepatitis at the institution justified the deliberate exposure to hepatitis b. they believed that hepatitis was so rampant that the participants would be likely to contract it anyway c. both of the above justifications were used d. the researchers made no attempt to justify the study
C
34. Which of the following is true about how to construct a graph of an experiment's results? a. if the independent variable is a discrete variable, a bar graph should be used b. if the independent variable is a continuous variable, a line graph or a bar graph could be used c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
35. In Sheldon's research, 7-point ______ scales were used to measure body type and temperament. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
C
36. In a study comparing two sets of rankings, a researcher erroneously uses a statistical analysis designed for use with interval or ratio data. This study will have questionable a. internal validity b. construct validity c. statistical conclusion validity d. reliability
C
36. The Kinsey Report of sexual behavior is a classic example of a. case study research b. archival research c. survey research using a face-to-face interview format d. electronic surveying
C
36. Which of the following is true about pseudoscience? a. pseudosciences seldom last very long because they are so easily falsified b. to create apparent legitimacy, they take simple phenomena and add unnecessary complexity c. pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories d. all science eventually becomes pseudoscience
C
37. In general, pseudoscientific theories a. take fairly simple behavioral phenomena and overly complicate them b. recognize the weakness of relying on anecdotal evidence c. avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms d. reject the idea that their theories should be tested by collecting empirical data
C
37. Psychologists generally assume that most personality and IQ tests use a(n) _____ scale. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
C
38. Compared to other methods found in Chapter 12, survey research a. does not have a problem with reactivity b. is more likely to use convenience sampling c. has a greater need for the sample to be representative d. will tend to have a smaller sample size
C
38. Hagemann, Strauss, and Leißing studied the effects of the color of clothing (red versus blue) in referees' judgments of tae kwan do ability. Referees viewed two sets of 11 videos in random order, and each set was counterbalanced. In effect, Hagemann accomplished a. complete counterbalancing b. block randomization c. both a and b d. none of the above
C
38. In debriefing after helping behavior studies, experimenters often emphasize that some situations are often so powerful that nobody could be expected to help. This portion of the postexperimental session is emphasizing what Holmes referred to as a. debriefing b. dehoaxing c. desensitizing d. both alternatives b. and c.
C
39. Descriptive statistic is to inferential statistic as _________ is to ________. a. mean; standard deviation b. central tendency; variability c. sample; population d. median; range
C
39. In research that evaluates some new form of psychotherapy, the usual comparison is between a. the new therapy and no therapy b. the new therapy and a placebo therapy c. the new therapy and an already existing therapy d. those who have never been in therapy before, and those who have lots of therapy experience
C
39. Those who argue that psychologists know a great deal about college sophomores but very little about other groups are criticizing the ______ validity of psychological research. a. internal b. construct c. external d. statistical conclusion
C
39. When is a theory discarded? a. when a study does not come out as predicted, thereby producing falsification b. whenever a better theory is proposed c. when empirical results consistently fail to support it d. when the theory's originator dies
C
4. Applied research a. always has mundane realism but seldom has experimental realism b. always has experimental realism but seldom has mundane realism c. can be either laboratory or field research d. is always field research, while basic research is laboratory research
C
4. For any experiment investigating the effect of X on Y, a. X is the independent variable b. Y is the dependent variable c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
4. How did Watson and Rayner justify doing the Little Albert study? a. they knew they would be removing the fear at the end of the study; thus Albert would leave the experiment without the fear b. they had the parents' informed consent and the approval of the IRB c. they thought he was strong and healthy and would not be harmed by the procedure d. none of the above - they gave no thought to the ethical dimensions of their study
C
4. Which of the following is not listed in the text as a reason for taking a research methods course? a. it helps the student become a critical consumer of information b. it is essential for admission to most graduate schools c. it is the most important course in the psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding d. it provides a foundation for achieving a better understanding of other psychology courses
C
40. All of the following characterize interview surveys except a. cost can be a problem b. the interviewer can clarify ambiguous questions c. getting a representative sample is easier than with the other methods d. they might be limited to a small geographical area
C
40. The use of control groups has been criticized on ethical grounds because a. those in control groups seldom have the opportunity to give informed consent b. control group participants aren't debriefed c. control group participants could be missing an effective therapy d. those in control groups, because they are still waiting for therapy, are more likely to have their privacy violated
C
40. When B. F. Skinner was ranked as the top psychologist by psychology department heads, some might argue that the ranking occurred because the study was done shortly after Skinner died. This is a criticism of ________ validity. a. internal b. construct c. external d. statistical conclusion
C
41. "If a theory is true, then event X should occur." Suppose event X does not occur. What would the typical scientist conclude? a. the theory has been disproven — let's get rid of it b. the outcome must have been an accident c. the study failed to support the theory — let's replicate d. the original hypothesis must have been deduced improperly
C
41. The internal validity of a study is high when a. the results generalize to other situations b. the results apply to other groups of people c. potential confounds are properly controlled d. external validity is also high (they go together)
C
41. Which of the following is a problem for written surveys? a. question ambiguity b. survey return rate c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
42. Sullivan and Deiker asked psychologists and students to evaluate the ethical appropriateness of several deception studies. What did they find? a. for the psychologists it was "anything goes"; the students were deeply concerned b. psychologists were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were students c. students were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were psychologists d. psychologists found some of the procedures questionable; students found all of the procedures questionable
C
42. Which of the following is true about the Yerkes-Dodson arousal-performance study? a. Yerkes and Dodson examined athletes' motor performance b. with more arousal, there was a decline in performance c. it's an example of a study which should be illustrated with a line graph d. it's an example of a study which should be illustrated with a bar graph
C
43. All of the following are closed questions except a. Is this a closed question? b. Is this an open question? c. How is a closed question different from an open question? d. Is this a poor multiple choice question?
C
43. External validity concerns the extent that research findings a. result from methodologically sound procedures b. result from studies that carefully define the variables c. generalize beyond the specific group tested in the study d. reflect properly completed statistical analyses
C
44. In a memory study, each subject learns six lists of words. A researcher decides to use a Latin square to determine the order in which lists will be shown. Which of the following is true? a. if ten subjects are to be assigned to each row of the Latin square, then 600 subjects will be needed to complete the study b. participants will see each list more than once c. six different orders of list presentation will be used d. the Latin square will have 36 (6x6) rows
C
44. What is the relationship between a frequency distribution (FD) and a normal distribution (ND)? a. FD uses the median as the primary measure of central tendency; ND uses the mean b. FD is a hypothetical distribution; ND is based on actual data c. FD is a distribution of actual scores, while ND is a hypothetical distribution d. FD is always bell shaped, while ND may or may not be bell shaped
C
45. A graph in which each vertical bar corresponds to the frequency of some score is called a a. normal curve b. Gee Whiz graph c. histogram d. line graph
C
45. If a line graph has been used to portray the results of a single-factor study, you can be sure that a. the dependent variable is a discrete variable b. it is a multilevel design, not a two-level design c. there is a continuous variable on the X-axis d. a nonlinear effect will occur
C
47. Concerning subject (participant) pools, the APA recommends all of the following except a. alternative activities must equal research participation in terms of time and effort b. students should be aware of the requirement before signing up for the course c. students should be encouraged to participate, and be told about alternatives if they ask about them d. there must be a clear and simple method for students to complain about any perceived mistreatment
C
47. The predictions from dissonance theory did not always come out as predicted. What happened to the theory? a. it was discarded b. it was concluded that it must be true; most of the research proved it c. it evolved to incorporate the idea that dissonance occurred most strongly when the self was threatened d. it was logically disproven but hung on over the years because nothing better came along
C
48. Compared to a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study a. takes less time to complete b. has to deal with potential cohort effects c. has attrition as its major difficulty d. has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly
C
48. If a t test for dependent samples has been completed in a single factor study, you can be sure that a. the independent variable has more than two levels b. the independent variable is a subject variable c. the independent variable only has two levels d. a Type I error is more likely than a Type II error
C
49. If a 1-factor ANOVA has been completed in a study with one independent variable, you can be sure that a. multiple t tests have already been completed first b. the design involves repeated measures c. post hoc testing will occur if the ANOVA is significant d. the independent variable has at least five levels
C
49. In their visual cliff research, Gibson and Walk studied both children and goats. Why goats? a. goat and human visual systems are identical b. goats could be placed on the visual cliff while blindfolded; you cannot do that to children c. unlike children, goats can be raised is perceptual isolation d. goats can move through the environment at about the same time as humans
C
5. A 3x3x3 factorial design has three a. levels b. conditions c. independent variables d. dependent variables
C
5. A researcher tests four different groups of participants. Each group is given a different dosage of caffeine, and reaction time is measured for each subject. Which of the following is true? a. dosage level is the dependent variable b. reaction time is an independent variable c. the independent variable has four levels d. the independent variable is a subject variable
C
5. In between-subject designs, a. each subject participates in at least two levels of the independent variable b. relatively small numbers of participants usually need to be recruited c. blocked random assignment can be used as a way for forming equivalent groups d. block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing
C
5. The study by Kasser and Sheldon, in which subjects wrote essays about death or about listening to music, included a. a matching variable (income) b. a subject variable c. random assignment d. repeated measures
C
5. Why is it important for professional psychologists to be familiar with research methods? a. they might need to perform an evaluation to determine the effectiveness of an agency's program b. they might need to critically evaluate the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of some new clinical treatment for depression c. both alternatives a. and b. are true d. none of the above—professional psychologists only need to apply the results of research; they need not be familiar with how the research was done
C
50. B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when a. he repeated Pavlov's famous experiments (i.e., followed authority) b. he reasoned that an absence of reinforcement would eliminate a behavior c. his apparatus malfunctioned d. he forgot to feed his animals
C
51. A "freshman year" program finds that first year students are more relaxed at the end of their first semester than they were at the beginning. The Dean is excited, but the researcher suspects the change may be due to a. history b. regression c. maturation d. selection
C
51. Moderate animal rights activists who grant the necessity of using animals for medical research often criticize the use of animals in psychological research on what grounds? a. it is needlessly repetitive b. animal research has no relevance for human behavior c. both a. and b. d. none of the above
C
51. Nonresponse bias occurs when a. the population from which the sample is taken is too small b. response rate is lower than anticipated c. those returning a survey differ in some important way from the initial sample d. those responding to a survey fail to answer a significant number of questions on the survey
C
51. Terman's studies of gifted children a. showed clear evidence of a detrimental cohort effect b. was flawed by problems with attrition c. used a longitudinal design d. used a cross-sectional design
C
52. When survey items are all worded favorably , the result can be a response bias called a. the Hawthorne effect b. a social desirability bias c. response acquiescence d. nonresponse bias
C
52. Which of the following is true about the case of Clever Hans? a. it was shown to be a case of scientific fraud b. Pfungst demonstrated that the most parsimonious explanation was that the horse had a higher level of intelligence than other horses c. Pfungst ruled out intelligence by showing that if the questioner didn't know the answer, thehorse didn't know the answer d. he only answered correctly when his trainer (von Osten) knew the answer
C
53. Which of the following studies would be most likely to use a waiting list control group? a. a study evaluating the how waiting for the doctor produces frustration b. a study testing the effects of different dosage levels of a new drug c. a study evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy for depression d. a study comparing environments that differ in terms of how crowded they are
C
54. Experimenter expectancies can be reduced by using a. trained experimenters instead of machines b. a placebo control group c. a double-blind procedure d. a between-subjects rather than a within-subjects design
C
54. In a maze learning study, a researcher compares the performance of laboratory-bred rats and wild rats, hoping to find that the wild rats are better. Which of the following would be a Type II error? a. the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true b. the wild rats outperform the lab rats in the study c. no difference is found in the study, but wild rats are in truth better maze learners d. lab rats learn faster in the study, but in truth there is no difference
C
54. Which of the following is the least accurate description of most research in psychology? a. the outcome of one study is usually a question that leads to the next study b. research is more likely to be the product of a research team than of an individual investigator working alone c. the majority of research ideas come from a logical deduction from an established theory d. researchers don't complete projects in topic A, then move to B; they develop programs of research on topic A
C
55. In a "Gee whiz" graph, a. the differences are so obvious that an inferential analysis is not needed b. the hoped-for differences fail to materialize c. apparent differences are exaggerated by failing to label the Y-axis appropriately d. there are too many lines, making it impossible to interpret
C
55. What was the lesson derived from the example of the marketing campaigns for the Whopper and the Big Mac? a. some surveys have self selection problems b. be careful of writing survey items that have double-barreled questions c. beware of leading questions d. some items use words that are linguistically ambiguous
C
56. All of the following are included in the APA ethics code for research with animals except a. periodic checks of the facility by a veterinarian b. an animal subjects committee analogous to an IRB c. a prohibition against the use of animals for mere educational use d. painless death if euthanasia is necessary
C
56. Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double-blind procedure will help to reduce a. subject bias only b. experimenter bias only c. both subject bias and experimenter bias d. neither subject bias nor experimenter bias
C
56. In the study on the effectiveness of EMDR, how were participants in the yoked control group treated? a. they moved their eyes randomly, instead of following the therapist's lead b. they were not given any form of therapy c. the length of their "therapy" sessions matched those in the experimental group d. they were matched in terms of how severe their problem was
C
57. A researcher uses some of the same procedures in her method as in a previous study, but she adds a new variable to be tested. What has she done? a. engaged in data falsification b. did an exact replication of the previous study c. partially replicated the previous study d. created serendipity in her study
C
57. In the box describing the case of the female journalist who was fired on the basis of a survey, which of the following occurred? a. the survey was not actually completed; the data were manufactured b. even though an elaborate (and appropriate) statistical analysis was done, the survey itself was hopelessly biased c. there was an inappropriate statistical analysis d. it a well-designed and fair survey, but used a biased sample
C
57. Which of the following is true about Type II errors? a. the probability of one occurring is equal to the alpha level b. they cannot occur if the statistical test is powerful enough c. they occur when a true effect exists, but we fail to discover it in our study d. they occur when we reject the null hypothesis, when we really should not do so
C
58. Researchers are happy whenever a. systematic variance is large b. error variance is small c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
58. Study #1 compares 2- and 4-month old children on a perceptual task. Study #2 uses the same task and compares four groups of children, aged 2, 4, 6, and 8 months. Which of the following is true? a. study #2 is an exact replication b. study #2 should not have tested the 2- and 4-month olds (already been done) c. study #2 is a partial replication and an extension d. study #1 should have tested 6- and 8-month olds
C
6. Broadbent's study on selective attention is to Strayer's study on cell phone use while driving as _______ is to _________. a. field research; laboratory research b. mundane realism; experimental realism c. applied research; basic research d. basic research; applied research
C
60. Most researchers would agree that a. every experiment that lasts more than an hour should include a pretest and a posttest b. external validity is more important than internal validity c. internal validity is more important than external validity d. research results have no significant value unless they have ecological validity
C
60. The traditional view about data falsification is that it will be detected eventually by the scientific community because a. faked results won't replicate and will therefore be discarded b. a faked result will raise suspicions during the peer review process c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
61. In the case in which a researcher fabricated data about a treatment for hyperactive children, the fraud was detected because a. the results never replicated b. it caught the attention of peers during the peer review process; the results were never published c. a colleague suspected that the data were not genuine d. the researcher was overwhelmed with guilt
C
61. Which of the following is true about external validity? a. researchers consider it less important, in the long run, than internal validity b. it can only accumulate over time, with lots of research c. both alternatives a. and b. are true d. none of the above
C
63. The major threat to internal validity that occurs in studies that last for a significant period of time (e.g., five years) is a. regression b. maturation c. attrition d. selection
C
64. Demand characteristics, and therefore subject bias, can be reduced by using a. only good subjects b. only those participants incapable of figuring out the hypothesis c. deception d. within-subjects rather than between-subjects designs
C
64. Researchers often report effect sizes to demonstrate a. the relationship between systematic variance and error variance. b. confidence intervals. c. the size or magnitude of the effect. d. statistical power.
C
7. All of the following characterize within-subjects designs except a. concern over order effects b. requires smaller N than comparable between-subjects designs c. researcher will use either random assignment or matching d. some form of counterbalancing will be used
C
7. To see if the time of day has an effect on helping behavior, experimenters ask passersby for directions in New York's Central Park, either at 8:00 am or 8:00 pm. Which of the following is true? a. this is an example of field research that lacks an independent variable b. this is a study with two independent variables (the times) c. tthis is an example of a field experiment d. the independent variable is an instructional variable
C
8. All of the following are true about factorial designs except a. they have at least two independent variables b. the independent variables can be either between-subjects or within-subjects c. they are best analyzed with a 1-factor ANOVA d. if both main effects and interactions occur, interactions should be interpreted first
C
8. In a study by Sigall and Ostrove, participants recommended jail sentences for "Barbara Helm." The study is a good example of a. the use of complete counterbalancing b. the advantages of matching over random assignment as a means of creating equivalent groups c. a type of study requiring a between-subjects design d. a type of study requiring a within-subjects design
C
8. Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause, namely God b. Why do I know it? I just know it, that's all c. My country, right or wrong d. It just stands to reason that animals with a cortex must have some level of consciousness
C
8. ________ occurs when the behavior of subjects is affected by their knowledge that they are being observed. a. naturalistic observation b. experimenter bias c. reactivity d. unobtrusive observation
C
9. In an experiment on creative problem solving in groups, some groups of participants are told to produce the best solutions, while other groups are told to produce ideas without regard to their merit (i.e., to brainstorm). The independent variable in this study is a. the different levels of creativity b. a task variable c. an instructional variable d. how quickly the solutions will be produced for the two groups
C
9. Kroeger and colleagues examined the effects of a social skills training program in children with autism. The study included all of the following except a. use of a double-blind procedure b. matching for autism functioning c. matching for social skills training d. interobserver reliability calculations
C
9. Suppose a child in Kim and Spelke's habituation experiment showed a gradual decrease in looking time when shown ten examples of balls rolling down a plane while accelerating. The child then sees (trial 11) a ball rolling up a plane while decelerating. If the child understands the concept of gravity, what will happen to the behavior? a. they will no longer look at the display b. they will look much longer on trial 11 than on trial 10 c. they will look for the same amount of time on both trials 10 and 11 d. not enough information to decide
C
10. In a 2 (gender) x 2 (type of therapy) factorial design, males were helped by therapy A, but females were helped by therapy B. This describes a. a main effect for gender b. a main effect for therapy type c. an interaction between gender and therapy type d. none of the above
C 11. In the study by Grant et al., subjects studied text materials either in a noisy or a quiet environment and also recalled the material either in a noisy or a quiet environment. What was true about this study? a. there were two different conditions (noisy; quiet) b. it was a 2x2 matched groups factorial design c. they found an interaction and two significant main effects d. no significant main effects were found in this study, but there was an interaction @D
58. According to Pasteur, "chance favors the prepared mind." Thus, creative breakthroughs in physics are most likely to be made by a. random accident (thus they could be made by anyone) b. physicists c. chemists d. any scientist other than a physicist
C Chemists
16. If participants find themselves performing tasks like those encountered in ordinary daily living, then they are considered to be a. experiencing no risk b. at risk c. at minimal risk d. none of the above
C at minimal risk
25. On the "Connectedness to Nature" scale, divergent validity was established when it was found that no correlation existed between scores on the scale and a. SAT scores b. scores on a test of social desirability C both alternatives a and b d. none of the above - the outcomes in alternatives a. and b. supported convergent validity
C both alternatives a and b
35. In Sheldon's research, 7-point ______ scales were used to measure body type and temperament. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
C interval
37. Psychologists generally assume that most personality and IQ tests use a(n) _____ scale. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
C interval
The next four questions refer to the following experiment: A researcher investigated the effect of a child's attractiveness and gender on judgments of personality and intelligence. Male teachers were shown photos of children to obtain their "first impressions" of children. Each teacher was shown four photos (the order was randomized for each teacher): an attractive boy, an unattractive boy, an attractive girl, and an unattractive girl. The teachers rated the apparent friendliness of the child and also estimated the child's intelligence. 30. How would you describe the design of this study? a. it's a 2x2 mixed factorial b. it's a 2x4 between-subjects factorial c. it's a 2x2 repeated-measures factorial d. it's a 2x4 PxE factorial 31. Which of the following is true about the study? a. there are two different dependent variables b. there are four independent variables c. although it is a repeated-measures study, there is a failure to control for possible i. sequence effects d. one of the two independent variables is a subject variable 32. This study includes the gender of of the children in the photos as a. a manipulated variable b. a subject variable c. a dependent variable d. se an uncontrolled extraneous variable 33. With 30 teachers tested per cell of this design, how many teachers participated in the experiment? a. 30 b. 120 c. 60 d. 90
C, A, A, A
10. As a way of fixing belief, Peirce's a priori method relies heavily on a. belief perseverance b. drawing conclusions from making systematic observations of nature c. relying on the expertise of others d. convincing others through logical arguments
D
10. Which of the following is true of observational research? a. if done carefully, cause and effect conclusions can be drawn b. subject reactivity is seldom a problem c. results can support a theory, but cannot serve to raise questions about a theory d. the descriptive information can provide hypotheses for more controlled studies
D
11. A study by McDonald and Flanagan evaluated the effects of traumatic brain injury. Which of the following is true about their study? a. causal conclusions could be drawn b. random assignment was used, rather than matching c. the study used a multilevel, independent groups design d. the study used a subject variable with two levels
D
11. Peirce was critical about the a priori method as a way of fixing belief because a. it was especially prone to a confirmation bias b. the use of logic is not really needed for arriving at truth c. it really meant nothing more than relying on authority d. carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions
D
12. Lee and Aronson's "moving room" study used a ________ design. a. multilevel, independent groups design b. single-factor, matched groups design c. single-factor, nonequivalent groups design d. single-factor, repeated-measures design
D
12. When subjects partake in each condition before any condition is repeated ________ has been used. a. reverse counterbalancing b. matching c. block randomization d. blocked random assignment
D
13. All of the following are designed to reduce observer bias except a. interobserver reliability b. event sampling c. behavior checklists d. unobtrusive measures
D
13. Experimental group is to control group as ________ is to _______. a. independent variable; dependent variable b. dependent variable; independent variable c. untreated; treated d. treated; untreated
D
13. In a 2x2 design, the following results occur: 20 40 40 80 Which of the following is true? a. there is one main effect and an interaction b. there is an interaction but no main effects c. there are two main effects but no interaction d. there are two main effects and an interaction
D
15. When using a matching procedure a. participants are tested upon completion of the study as a manipulation check. b. participants are tested upon completion of the study for an assessment of individual differences. c. participants with different scores are paired then a member of each pair is randomly assigned to each level of the independent variable. d. participants with similar scores are paired then a member of each pair is randomly assigned to each level of the independent variable.
D
16. On a reaction time test, which of the following factors could contribute to measurement error? a. subject attentiveness b. equipment irregularities c. increased boredom if the task lasts too long d. all of the above
D
16. When a confound exists, a. some uncontrolled factor covaries with the independent variable b. it cannot be determined whether the confounding variable or the independent variable is causing the results to occur c. there will be at least two different ways of interpreting the results d. all of the above
D
17. If an IQ test is reliable and a child scores 115, what is known? a. the child will only be an average student in school b. the student will perform at a level in school that is about 15% higher than others c. the IQ test is a good measure of intellect d. the person has a higher IQ than someone who scores 95
D
17. Sternberg and Grigerenko studied the effects of parasitic infections on cognitive functioning in several field sites around the world. They argued that field research offers several advantages over laboratory research. All of the following are advantages they cited except a. some conditions (e.g., extreme heat) could never be duplicated in the lab b. discoveries that result from the research can have immediate beneficial effects on people c. field research can correct misconceptions that might arise from laboratory research d. field research automatically allows the experimenters greater experimental realism
D
17. Which of the following is not an important factor in determining whether to use matching as a technique for creating equivalent groups? a. sample size b. whether an extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable c. whether it is possible to measure participants on the potential matching variable d. whether counterbalancing is required
D
17. Which of the following studies used a single-factor, nonequivalent groups design? a. Kroeger et al.'s study, which evaluated the effects of a social skills program for autism b. the study by Kasser and Sheldon, which compared groups writing two kinds of essays c. Lee and Aronson's study comparing the effects of having a room move forward or backward d. the study by McDonald and Flanagan, which examined the effects of traumatic brain injury
D
18. As psychologists use the term, determinism means that a. free choice does not exist b. all the events of our lives have been "determined" ahead of time c. every event has a cause that can be known and discovered with certainty d. events can be predicted with greater than chance probability
D
19. Magazine surveys about your mental health a. have been shown to be highly reliable b. have criterion validity but not construct validity c. have construct validity but not criterion validity d. have face validity but not construct validity
D
20. What did the philosopher Rudolph Carnap have to say about human freedom of choice? a. free choices are really determined ahead of time by fate b. the concept is meaningless if determinism is true c. because determinism is true, we might think we have free choice, but we don't d. the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable
D
20. When deciding to use matching, which of the following is unimportant as a factor contributing to the decision? a. sample size b. whether an extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable c. whether it is possible to measure participants on the potential matching variable d. all of the above are important
D
21. A t test for independent samples is used to compare experimental conditions in which of the following designs? a. single-factor, independent groups design b. single-factor, matched groups design c. single-factor, nonequivalent groups design d. both alternatives a. and c.
D
22. A t test for dependent samples is used to compare experimental conditions in which of the following designs? a. single-factor, matched groups design b. single-factor, independent groups design c. single-factor, repeated-measures design d. both alternatives a. and c.
D
23. In study in which some participants are made anxious and others are not, and anxious subjects then do more poorly on a difficult problem, anxiety is a. a subject variable b. the dependent variable c. an extraneous variable being controlled d. a manipulated independent variable
D
23. The major shortcoming with introspection as a method was that a. it relied too heavily on the a priori method b. it was used to answer philosophical rather than empirical questions c. it relied too heavily on direct observations of behavior d. observations could not be verified—they were too subjective
D
24. For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects design be preferred? a. Who learns mazes more quickly, male or female rats? b. Do participants give harsher jail sentences to unattractive defendants? c. Is the Ponzo illusion stronger for those raised in a Western, industrialized cultures? d. Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or vertical?
D
24. Which of the following is true about construct validity? a. it is never established in a single study b. it is concerned with the question of whether the construct being measured is a meaningful construct c. it is concerned with the question of whether a tool developed to measure a construct is the best one available d. all of the above
D
25. After taking a personality test that differentiates introverts from extraverts, two groups are formed. Tested individually, introverted participants are given a series of problems to solve in a small (36 square feet) room, while extroverts are given the same problems in a larger room (81 square feet). Which of the following is true? a. the independent variable is shyness b. introversion/extraversion is a manipulated independent variable c. room size is the dependent variable d. personality (introvert/extravert) is confounded with room size
D
25. In within-subjects designs, a. each subject enters the study naive with respect to the procedures to be used b. large numbers of participants usually need to be recruited c. blocked random assignment can be used as a way for forming equivalent groups d. block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing
D
25. Which of the following would be an example of a research project began as the result of a serendipitous event? a. A suspects B of fraud, so A replicates B's work b. A notices that complete strangers who take the same subway to work every day begin to greet one another at the station; A wonders why c. A comes across an interesting study and does a partial replication and an extension of it d. A has an equipment failure and notices some unusual behavior that leads to a series of studies
D
27. Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, and then 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. Which of the following is true? a. a warm-up effect b. a wind change c. brand B is better d. any of the above are possible explanations
D
27. In terms of the current ethics code, Milgram's obedience research is most questionable with respect to which issue? a. confidentiality b. debriefing c. following up on participants to insure their well being d. allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure
D
28. The basic definition of ____________ is that all members of the population have exactly the same chance of being selected as participants. a. cluster sampling b. nonprobability sampling c. convenience sampling d. simple random sampling
D
29. In Steele, Ball, and Runk's study of the so-called Mozart effect, which of the following was true? a. they used a multilevel, matched-groups design b. they used a complete counterbalancing procedure c. they found that listening to Mozart made it easier to recall digits d. there was no Mozart effect, but a significant practice effect occurred
D
29. In a 3x3 factorial design, how many different F ratios will be calculated in the ANOVA? a. 2 b. 4 c. 9 d. 3
D
29. In a study about self-esteem, self-esteem is a. a subject variable b. a manipulated variable c. the dependent variable d. could be any of the above
D
3. A 2x4 factorial design has a. eight different conditions b. an independent variable with four levels c. two different independent variables d. all of the above
D
3. Naturalistic observation is to participant observation as ______ is to _____. a. highly structured; unstructured b. habituation; unobtrusive observation c. objective; subjective d. lower probability of reactivity; higher probability of reactivity
D
3. Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation is occurring? a. 14, 10, 8, 12 b. 6, 6, 6, 6 c. 10, 6, 10, 6 d. 10, 8, 6, 4
D
30. All of the following are true of theories except a. they organize existing data b. an attribute of a good theory is that it is high on "productivity" c. provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically d. they are tentative until the facts prove them true
D
31. A researcher examines three groups of participants, extreme Type A, extreme Type B, and those in the middle. Each group is given a time estimation task (i.e., indicate when a minute has passed). What is the design? a. multilevel, independent groups b. multilevel, repeated measures c. multilevel, matched groups d. multilevel, nonequivalent groups
D
31. The Ji, Peng, and Nisbett (2000) study tested subjects on a "field dependence test" called the rod and frame test (RFT). As independent variables, this study used a. a task variable (RFT) and a situational variable (culture) b. a manipulated (RFT) and a nonmanipulated variable (sex) c. a manipulated (sex) and a subject variable (culture) d. two subject variables (sex and culture)
D
34. If participants only experience each of the study's conditions one time, then all of the following counterbalancing techniques can be used except a. Latin square b. complete counterbalancing c. random sample of all possible sequences d. reverse counterbalancing
D
34. In the Bobo doll study by Bandura, Ross, and Ross, a. children saw different degrees of aggression; there was no control group used b. both a manipulated and a subject variable were included c. the size of the Bobo doll was kept the same for both adult models and child participants d. the dependent variable was sex
D
34. Which of the following is true about graphology? a. it relies on anecdotes as supporting evidence b. it reduces complexity to simplicity c. it uses multiple measurements and calculations to appear scientific d. all of the above
D
35. All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except a. they try to confuse the naive by associating with concepts from legitimate science b. they rely exclusively on anecdotal evidence for support c. they cannot be adequately falsified d. they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex
D
35. In the original cognitive dissonance theory, it was said that dissonance develops as a result of experiencing contradictory thoughts. This "dissonance" is an example of a. a behavior b. a hypothesis c. an operational definition d. a construct
D
36. How should a multilevel, independent groups design be analyzed if there are three groups (A, B, C) in the study? a. use 3 t tests (A & B, A & C, B & C) b. find the two groups farthest apart and compare them with a t test c. complete a 3-factor analysis of variance d. complete a 1-factor analysis of variance
D
38. People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one's personality. One reason is motivational—having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called a. confirmation bias b. belief perseverance c. availability heuristic d. effort justification
D
39. A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify) graphology's claims is to a. collect writing samples whose topics are not about the individual (e.g., copy a piece of text) b. compare graphology's results with those of valid and reliable personality tests c. avoid anecdotal evidence d. all of the above
D
4. A 2x2x4 factorial design a. has three dependent variables b. includes eight different conditions c. includes an independent variable with three levels d. has sixteen different conditions
D
40. During debriefing, the experiment must be prepared to reassure the participant if the procedures have created some stress. This part of debriefing is called a. informed consent b. insuring confidentiality c. dehoaxing d. desensitizing
D
41. Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called a. explanations b. theories c. predictions d. laws
D
46. If matching is used in a single-factor study, you can be sure that a. repeated measures are involved b. some type of confound exists c. it is a multilevel design, not a two-level design d. the independent variable is tested between subjects
D
42. On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was predicted that after making a hard choice, people will convince themselves that they have made a wise choice. Suppose you do a study and discover that exact outcome. What is the proper conclusion? a. cognitive dissonance theory has been proven b. cognitive dissonance theory has been disproven c. cognitive dissonance theory has not been supported d. cognitive dissonance theory has been supported
D
43. According to APA guidelines, when is it considered appropriate to deceive participants about the true purpose of the study? a. never b. only when debriefing is excluded (therefore participants won't need to discover that they have been deceived) c. only when the subjects are nonhuman d. only when the research hypothesis could not be tested in any other way
D
43. Of the studies described in the chapter, which most clearly illustrates the ability of a multilevel design to produce a nonlinear effect? a. the Bransford and Johnson study on the effects of context on memory b. the Mozart effect study c. the study with the moving room d. the Yerkes Dodson arousal-performance study
D
43. Psychologists would conclude that frustration was a cause of aggression if it could be shown that a. when frustration occurred, aggression also occurred with some regularity b. other explanations for the aggression could be ruled out under the circumstances c. the frustration preceded the aggression d. all of the above
D
43. Which of the following is true about cognitive dissonance theory? a. it failed the criterion of productivity b. it generated a lot of research, but it was discarded because better theories came along c. it was not stated precisely enough to be tested—thus, it failed the test of falsifiability d. through the work of Aronson, it evolved into a theory emphasizing threats to the self concept
D
44. Research using the Internet is increasing. Which of the following guideline is least likely to be a problem for participants? a. informed consent b. confidentiality and privacy c. debriefing d. the option to quit any time
D
44. When psychologists use the various principles that have been established through research to help people, they are meeting the goal of a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. application
D
45. Which of the following is an example of describing behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
D
45. Which of the following problems is unique to electronic research? a. it is impossible to accomplish debriefing b. deception might occur c. participants might think they cannot quit the experiment without penalty d. there is no way to insure that a participant is age 18 or older
D
46. A major problem with phone surveying is a. sampling; too many people have unlisted numbers b. cost; face-to-face interviews are much cheaper c. logistics; it is difficult to collect a lot of data per unit of time d. selling disguised as surveying (sugging)
D
46. Which of the following distinguishes a good theory from a bad one? a. the good theory has been proven true b. the good theory can explain all possible research outcomes c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
D
46. Which of the following is true about the use of animals in psychological research? a. animals used to be subjects in the majority of psychological research; they are now used in less than 1% of the studies b. animals are no longer used in psychological research c. animals are used in about half of the studies done by research psychologists d. animals are used in about 8% of psychological research
D
47. "Ergonomic" psychologists develop airplane dials that are fool proof. That is, pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. This demonstrates the use of which of psychology's goals? a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. application
D
47. Which of the following is true about cohort effects? a. they are less important if the ages compared are 50, 60, and 70 (as opposed to 5, 6, and 7) b. they are a version of the general problem of controlling order effects c. they are more of a problem for longitudinal than for cross-sectional studies d. they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem
D
48. Why did Gibson and Walk study animals in the visual cliff studies? a. the animals could be raised in visual isolation b. animals can be fully mobile without a matter of hours c. studying animals enabled them to control for perceptual experience d. all of the above
D
50. Some dogs can open gates with their noses. To explain this phenomenon by attributing logic and problem solving abilities to the dog is to a. give a parsimonious explanation b. falsify a simpler explanation c. be guilty of a confirmation bias d. give an explanation that is not very parsimonious
D
50. Terman's studies of gifted children have been criticized because a. the high level of attrition made interpretation impossible or highly speculative at best b. he used a cross-sectional strategy when he should have used a longitudinal strategy c. significant cohort effects existed d. his sample could have been more representative
D
50. Zezima reported that while nearly 100% of people reported that they wash their hands after using public restrooms, however actual observations of public hand washing behavior demonstrated much lower percentages. This illustrates a. invasion of privacy b. question ambiguity c. biased sampling d. a social desirability bias
D
51. Which of the following empirical questions is most likely to be answered with a study using a placebo control? a. Is psychoanalysis effective for agoraphobia? b. Can memory be improved with training? c. Are men less likely to ask directions than women? d. Will alcohol slow down reaction time?
D
52. A Type II error occurs when the researcher a. rejects Ho, but Ho is true b. rejects Ho, but Ho is false c. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is true d. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is false
D
52. Animal rights activists argue that instead of using laboratory animals, psychologists should use alternatives. They recommend all of the following except a. using nonintrusive observational procedures and study animals in their natural environments b. substituting nonsentient for sentient animals (bugs instead of rats) c. using computer simulations instead of live animals d. using non-primate mammals (e.g., dogs) instead of primates
D
52. During the course of an experimental that lasts over a period of time, normal developmental changes may occur that can affect the results of the study independent of the treatment program being evaluated. This threat to internal validity is called a. history b. regression c. testing d. maturation
D
53. In a maze learning study, a researcher compares the performance of laboratory-bred rats and wild rats, hoping to find that the wild rats are better. Which of the following is true? a. the null hypothesis is that wild rats will learn faster than lab rats b. a Type II error would be to find a difference in the study when no true difference exists c. a Type I error would be to find no difference in the study when a true difference exists d. if wild rats really are better, but the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, then a Type II error has occurred
D
53. When should DK ("don't know") alternatives be used? a. when collecting demographic information b. never—they will be overused by respondents c. whenever you are surveying people with moderate to low IQs d. when there is good reason to believe that some respondents will genuinely not know an answer
D
55. In a _____________ procedure, both participants and the experimenters do not know which condition is being tested, whereas in a _____________ procedure only the participants are unaware of which condition is being tested. a. placebo control; manipulation check b. manipulation check; placebo control c. single-blind; double-blind d. double-blind; single-blind
D
56. After averaging 20 points per game for her college basketball team over the first 15 games, Amanda scores 37 points one night. Because of _______, she will almost certainly score _______ points in the next game. a. a fatigue effect; fewer b. a history effect; more c. regression to the mean; more d. regression to the mean; fewer
D
58. The "scientific purpose" of an animal research study can fit into one of three categories. Which of the following is not one of those categories? a. increase our knowledge of the basic processes underlying the evolution of a behavior b. yield results that benefit humans and/or the species being studied c. increase the basic understanding of the species being studied d. improve the safety and efficiency of commercial products that will be used by humans
D
58. Which of the following was true about the survey by Plous on attitudes toward animal research? a. he used a simple random sample b. his return rate was very high—over 90% c. he found large differences in attitude between students and psychologists d. the male-female proportion in his sample was very close to the population proportion
D
59. A set of data has a mean of 12 and a 95% confidence interval of 10-14. What does this mean? a. the standard deviation will be 14-10, or 4 b. you can be 95% sure that 12 is the population mean c. in order for the mean to be significantly different fro some other mean, the scores producing the other mean cannot be between 10 and 14 d. you can be quite sure that the population mean falls somewhere between 10 and 14
D
59. In the survey of student attitudes toward animal research by Plous, which sampling method was used? a. cluster b. simple random c. convenience d. stratified
D
59. The presence of a control group enables researchers to evaluate threats to internal validity. However, one threat that is most likely to still influence results to an unknown degree, even when a control group is used, is a. history b. maturation c. instrumentation d. testing
D
6. A 3x3x3 factorial design has a. three independent variables, each with three levels b. 27 different conditions c. the potential for three different main effects d. all of the above
D
6. A gradual decline in responding in the face of a repeated stimulus is known as a. inhibition b. habituation c. extinction d. reaction time
D
6. Random assignment is least likely to be an element in which of the following designs a. an independent groups design b. a matched groups design c. a repeated-measures design with a Latin square d. a nonequivalent groups design
D
6. The "strange situation" was used to investigate parent-child attachments and is an example of a. participant observation b. unstructured naturalistic observation c. archival study d. laboratory observation
D
6. When students assume that their textbook must be correct, they are relying on _________ as a way of knowing. a. the a priori method b. experience c. creativity d. Authority
D
60. What is accomplished by a meta-analysis? a. this analysis determines the probability of making both type I and type II errors b. this is the statistical technique used to measure power c. this is the term used to describe the complete statistical analysis of data—both the descriptive and the inferential analyses d. this is a statistical procedure that combines effect sizes of several studies
D
62. Sometimes performance differences could be attributed to an independent variable or to some basic difference in the composition of the two groups involved. When this occurs, there is said to be a threat due to a. regression b. maturation c. attrition d. selection
D
63. In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not know whether they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later tested for memory by experimenters who did not know which group the participants were in. Which of the following is true about this study? a. it failed to control for experimenter expectations b. it illustrates the good subject effect c. the participants were senior citizens, so it showed an especially high level of evaluation apprehension d. the design was an example of a double blind procedure
D
63. Suppose there are 100 studies that failed to demonstrate an effect of gender on false memories, but 8 studies that showed a gender difference. One may conclude from reading the published studies there is a gender difference, but one may be incorrect due to a. incomplete confidence intervals. b. error variance. c. systematic variance. d. a phenomenon called a file drawer effect.
D
66. All of the following could be used to control for subject bias, except a. using some degree of deception b. conducting an unobtrusive field study c. doing a manipulation check d. informing participants of the hypothesis instead of deceiving them
D
67. Which of the following is true about the experiments at the Western Electric plant at Hawthorne, Illinois? a. for a field study, it was remarkably free from confounding b. the workers in the relay assembly test room were so excited about being treated as c. "special" that they were highly productive even under poor working conditions d. worker productivity increased regardless of whether working conditions were made better or poorer f. inappropriate statistical procedures created a false impression of the results
D
7. In the mental rotation studies, Shepard and Metzler predicted that a. participants would make more errors with a 30o rotation than with a 60o rotation b. participants would make more errors with a 60o rotation than with a 30o rotation c. participants would take more time with a 30o rotation than with a 60o rotation d. participants would take more time with a 60o rotation than with a 30o rotation
D
8. Compared to field research, which of the following is true about laboratory research? a. it allows for a greater degree of control over variables b. it may be lower in mundane realism c. both informed consent and debriefing are easier to manage d. all of the above
D
9. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. Which of the following is true? a. the standards are "aspirational goals" guiding the general behavior of psychologists b. the principles are "enforceable rules of conduct" for psychologists c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
D
35. In the original cognitive dissonance theory, it was said that dissonance develops as a result of experiencing contradictory thoughts. This "dissonance" is an example of a. a behavior b. a hypothesis c. an operational definition d. a construct
D a construct
16. On a reaction time test, which of the following factors could contribute to measurement error? a. subject attentiveness b. equipment irregularities c. increased boredom if the task lasts too long d. all of the above
D all the above
24. Which of the following is true about construct validity? a. it is never established in a single study b. it is concerned with the question of whether the construct being measured is a meaningful construct c. it is concerned with the question of whether a tool developed to measure a construct is the best one available d. all of the above
D all the above
43. Psychologists would conclude that frustration was a cause of aggression if it could be shown that a. when frustration occurred, aggression also occurred with some regularity b. other explanations for the aggression could be ruled out under the circumstances c. the frustration preceded the aggression d. all of the above
D all the above
41. Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called a. explanations b. theories c. predictions d. laws
D laws
9. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. Which of the following is true? a. the standards are "aspirational goals" guiding the general behavior of psychologists b. the principles are "enforceable rules of conduct" for psychologists c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
D none of the above
50. A theory that has the minimum of constructs and assumptions, yet adequately summarizes and organizes information, is said to be a(n) ________ theory. a. parsimonious b. operationalized c. falsified d. simplistic
D simplistic
The next four questions refer to the following experiment: A researcher studied the influence of crowding (low, medium, and high crowding) on reading comprehension between two types of third graders. Half the children randomly assigned to each crowding condition were classified as "good" and half "poor" on an assessment of verbal fluency. In the study, each child read a 750-word passage and was tested on it later. 24. This is a _______ design. a. 2x2 b. 3x3 c. 1x4 d. 2x3 25. This study includes a. a repeated-measures factor b. a subject variable c. counterbalancing d. three independent variables 26. Which of the following is true? a. there are 4 different conditions b. this is a multilevel, independent groups design c. this is a P x E factorial design d. there is a design flaw — a failure to counterbalance 27. Twenty poor comprehenders are tested in the low crowding condition. To keep the same N in all the cells, how many children will participate in the experiment? a. 40 b. 80 c. 120 d. 20
D, B, C, C
44. When psychologists use the various principles that have been established through research to help people, they are meeting the goal of a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. application
D. Application
47. "Ergonomic" psychologists develop airplane dials that are fool proof. That is, pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. This demonstrates the use of which of psychology's goals? a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. application
D. Application
34. Which of the following is true about graphology? a. it relies on anecdotes as supporting evidence b. it reduces complexity to simplicity c. it uses multiple measurements and calculations to appear scientific d. all of the above
D. all of the above
According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate?
Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete.
According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate? Research cannot be conducted unless deception is used; otherwise participants can "fake" the data. Deception is unethical and should never be used in psychological research. Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete. As long as any deception is explained in the research report, it is ethical to use. Deception may be used in research as long as an institutional review board has approved it. It does not need to be shared with the research participants.
Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete.
Dr. Gonzalez conducts research that allows her to draw conclusions about a small group of people: the participants in her study. She now wonders whether these conclusions will apply to the larger population from which her sample was drawn. Which of the following questions is most relevant to Dr. Gonzalez's current situation?
Do my conclusions generalize into the real world?
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?
Do teenagers spend more time on their cell phones in a shopping mall than do adults?
"father of immunology"
Edward Jenner
How is EEG research conducted?
Electrodes measure the electrical activity of the brain.
______ theory deals with the evolution of cognitive biases that lead to judgments and decisions we make in situations of uncertainty.
Error management
______, or change over time, occurs through the processes of natural and sexual selection, and its primary products are adaptations.
Evolution
______ is the degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied.
External validity
Which notable individual, who was a cousin of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, is credited with inventing the self-report questionnaire that allowed people to offer their own judgments or opinions on various matters?
Francis Galton
What two people created the green revolution and produced hybrid agricultural crops and synthetic fertilizers
Fritz Harbour and Norman Borlaug
The saying the "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" represents to philosophy of ______ psychology.
Gestalt
How did Wundt study consciousness?
His students gave self-reports of their reactions to stimuli.
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?
How does race impact voting trends in a political election?
What did the research conducted by Clark and Clark show about segregation?
It harmed the self-esteem of African American children.
What did Evelyn Hooker's research help to accomplish?
It helped change attitudes about homosexuality.
In a research study, ______ validity addresses the degree to which that study can lead to unambiguous causal inferences.
Internal
______ is a process of sexual selection by which members of one sex compete with each other, with the victors gaining enhanced mating access to members of the opposite sex.
Intrasexual competition
What effects does chronic stress have on people?
It impairs attention, memory, and self-control.
Which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic?
Look at the Data and Form Your Own Opinion.
Which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic? To Experiment or Not to Experiment, That is the question. Ethics: Who Needs the American Psychological Association? Statistics: They NEVER Lie! Look at the Data and Form Your Own Opinion. The Myth that Publications Lead to Academic Job Security.
Look at the Data and Form Your Own Opinion.
What early research finding suggested that the amygdala is involved in emotional responses?
Monkeys who had their amygdalae damaged showed a loss of fear.
Who helped thousands of people living in the slums of Kolkata?
Mother Teresa
Which of the following is NOT an example of an error or bias from the error management theory (EMT)?
Müller-Lyer illusion
Denzel is a psychologist who is interested in conducting research that examines the nature-nurture debate as it applies to people. He is trying to come up with a way to explore this issue using an experiment, but is having difficulty constructing a research plan. What would be the primary obstacle Denzel faces?
One cannot manipulate human beings' genetics easily
Why is EEG better for studying social categorization (SC) than self-report?
SC is automatic; people are generally unable to report it.
Markus is in a study examining the impact of vitamin C on vision. Some participants take 100mg. of vitamin C every day while others take placebo. Markus doesn't know which group he's in, but he is given eye exams measuring his vision each month. What is the dependent variable?
Participant's vision, in this case, Markus'.
Why might interacting with outgroup members increase stress responses?
People worry that they will seem prejudiced if the interaction goes poorly.
How is research involving cortisol conducted?
Saliva and blood samples are analyzed.
EEG studies reveal what about social categorization (SC)?
SC is an automatic process.
George Miller's highly cited 1956 paper about working memory is called "The Magic Number ______, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information".
Seven
What social category might be part of a first impression?
She is a woman.
Who was Margaret Floy Washburn?
She was the first woman to get her PhD in psychology in the US and the second female president of the APA.
What was the role of women in research psychology in the U.S. in the first half of the 1900s?
Some women participated, but faced many barriers.
Science is the use of _________ in order to acquire knowledge
Systematic observation
How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypotheses in psychological research?
The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.
Martha and Mary are sisters who were born 2 ½ years apart. Eric and Merrick are fraternal twin brothers who were born 8 minutes apart. Which of the following would be the most accurate statement regarding their genetic similarities?
The sisters are as genetically similar as the twin brothers.
In what way have scientists Fritz Haber and Norman Borlaug helped to save more than a billion human lives on our planet?
They developed hybrid agricultural crops and synthetic fertilizer that allowed us to produce adequate food for the planet.
fMRI studies show what about simulation and mentalizing?
We imagine our own possible feelings to guess the feelings of others.
What is participant demand?
When a research participant behaves in a way that she/he thinks the experiment wants them to behave.
What event, in 1879, established psychology as a science?
Wundt added a laboratory experience to his experimental psychology lectures.
60. The creation of the maze apparatus a. a. required the presence of scientists (Small and Kline) with "prepared" minds (i.e., they knew about rat behavior) b. was not creative because it merely copied the human version c. is an example of following authority (i.e., lab director Sanford imposed his will) d. resulted from a desire to produce a laboratory situation unrelated to the rat's everyday experience (that way, learning could be studied in its purest form)
a
What kind of research would be most useful in investigating whether saving for retirement improves with age?
a correlational design
Which of the following examples would demonstrate the influence of nature on one's success?
a football player is born with the genes to be very tall, very fast and quite muscular
Dr. Zarski wants his department to put together a proposal for a program of research that will earn excellent grant funding from a variety of sources, including the federal government. He knows that the research he is conducting will take many years and cost upwards of several million dollars. Which type of research is Dr. Zarski probably proposing?
a longitudinal study
Dr. Crondall is studying who's happier - married or non-married couples. He uses people's current marital status as an independent variable because he can't randomly assign people to a married or single group. What kind of research strategy doesn't employ random assignment?
a quasi-experiment
Based on what you know about dental hygiene and health which of the following would be the best description of the correlation between variable A (the number of times a day one brushes their teeth) and variable B (the number of cavities one has when they go to the dentist).
a strong negative correlation
An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of:
a third variable problem
43. Five children are tested for IQ. For which sets of scores will the median and the mode both be the same? a. 110, 150, 100, 110, 115 b. 90, 100, 120, 110, 90 c. 100, 180, 90, 110, 80 d. 90, 90, 100, 120, 100
a. 110, 150, 100, 110, 115
4. Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation occurs initially, but is followed by the perception of "something new?" a. 12, 10, 7, 11 b. 6, 6, 6, 6 c. 10, 6, 10, 6 d. 10, 8, 6, 4
a. 12, 10, 7, 11
16. Relying on Peirce's a priori method as a way of fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause greater than all the rest b. My country, right or wrong c. Nothing will ever convince me that men have been on the moon d. Of course it's right—it was in the book
a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause greater than all the rest
50. In the early years of the nineteenth century, antivivisectionists criticized a. Watson's research on determining which senses contributed to maze learning b. Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study c. Small's pioneering maze learning studies d. any medical research involving either humans or animals
a. Watson's research on determining which senses contributed to maze learning
34. Anxiety is not observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviors. That is, anxiety is an example of a. a construct b. a law c. a theory d. an operational definition
a. a construct
8. What was the "critical incidents" technique? a. a survey procedure used to elicit examples of unethical conduct by psychologists b. a 10-point scale measuring the severity of an ethical infraction c. a procedure for identifying studies that were ethically questionable but "critical" for advancing psychological science d. a procedure whereby psychologists were sent a set of 50 experiments and asked to criticize them on ethical grounds
a. a survey procedure used to elicit examples of unethical conduct by psychologists
15. Qualitative research is to quantitative research as _______ is to _______. a. analytic narrative; inferential analysis b. applied research; basic research c. field research; laboratory research d. basic field research; applied field research
a. analytic narrative; inferential analysis
54. In his address on "The Value of Behavioral Research with Animals," Miller argued that a. animal rights activists have overstated the harm done to animals by researchers b. animal research doesn't do much for animals, but it can benefit humans c. animal research doesn't do much for humans, but it can benefit animals d. animal research never harms the animals
a. animal rights activists have overstated the harm done to animals by researchers
57. According to the APA code of ethics for animal research, a. appetitive procedures are preferred over aversive procedures b. using animals for mere educational use is prohibited c. in research involving pain, only nonsentient animals may be used d. the research supervisor must also be a veterinarian
a. appetitive procedures are preferred over aversive procedures
1. Empirical questions a. are answerable with objective data b. cannot be answered via scientific methods c. are best answered through Peirce's a priori method d. can only be answered relying on accounts of personal experiences
a. are answerable with objective data
30. Empirical questions a. are answerable with objective data b. cannot be answered via scientific methods c. are best answered through Peirce's a priori method d. can only be answered relying on accounts of personal experiences
a. are answerable with objective data
1. Relying on Peirce's a priori method as a way of fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause greater than all the rest b. My country, right or wrong c. Nothing will ever convince me that men have been on the moon d. Of course it's right—it was in the book
a. because all events have causes, there must be some first cause greater than all the rest
10. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to continually weigh the profit and the cost of the research they complete. Which general principle is this? a. beneficence and nonmaleficence b. integrity c. justice d. fidelity and responsibility
a. beneficence and nonmaleficence
24. According to the APA's ethics code for humans, those who volunteer for a study a. can quit at any time, without penalty b. must be debriefed at the end of the study, if they request it c. must sign an informed consent form that fully explains all aspects of the study ahead of time, including its complete hypothesis d. must complete the study, once they begin
a. can quit at any time, without penalty
48. According to Popper, science proceeds by a. creating theories and trying to falsify them b. searching for the ideal (i.e., cannot be falsified) theory c. accumulating data in the absence of formal theories d. achieving the proof of a theory after sufficient inductive support has accumulated
a. creating theories and trying to falsify them
22. For each of the following, a construct is paired with a measure. Which measure has the least content validity? a. creativity — crossword puzzle completion b. delay of gratification — choosing to wait for a larger reward c. verbal intelligence — vocabulary d. short-term memory — recall of nonsense syllables
a. creativity — crossword puzzle completion
26. A study examines scores on an employment test and job performance six months later. This study is most likely attempting to establish a. criterion validity b. face validity c. reliability d. construct validity
a. criterion validity
1. The statement "Many students likely fear taking the research methods course" is an example of ________ behavior; the statement "The fear of taking the research methods course is caused by unfounded gossip" is an example of _________ behavior. a. describing; explaining b. describing; predicting c. explaining; predicting d. predicting; explaining
a. describing; explaining
48. The statement "Many students likely fear taking the research methods course" is an example of ________ behavior; the statement "The fear of taking the research methods course is caused by unfounded gossip" is an example of _________ behavior. a. describing; explaining b. describing; predicting c. explaining; predicting d. predicting; explaining
a. describing; explaining
1. Researchers studying children and attempting to develop a classification system for children's play are illustrating which of psychology's goals? a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. control
a. description
3. The purpose of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study was to a. determine if emotional responses could be conditioned b. evaluate the effectiveness of a therapy for treating children's fears c. determine the stimuli that produced the basic emotions d. see if humans learned in the same way as animals
a. determine if emotional responses could be conditioned
40. "If a theory is true, then event X should occur." Which of the following outcomes illustrates the fallacy of affirming the consequent? a. event X occurs, therefore the theory has been proven true b. event X occurs, therefore the theory has been supported c. event X does not occur, therefore the theory has been disproven d. event X does not occur, therefore the theory has not been supported
a. event X occurs, therefore the theory has been proven true
20. A study that involves naturalistic observation of public behavior would likely receive the following designation from an IRB a. exempt from review b. expedited review c. full review d. none of the above
a. exempt from review
39. Dehoaxing is to desensitizing as _______ is to ________. a. explanation; stress reduction b. explanation; consent c. stress reduction; explanation d. stress reduction; consent
a. explanation; stress reduction
49. Some dogs can open gates with their noses. To explain this phenomenon by attributing logic and problem solving abilities to the dog is to a. give a parsimonious explanation b. falsify a simpler explanation c. be guilty of a confirmation bias d. give an explanation that is not very parsimonious
a. give a parsimonious explanation
59. The late British psychologist Cyril Burt has been suspected of scientific fraud in the reporting of some of the data from his famous twin studies. What does his case illustrate about data falsification? a. if fraudulent results are virtually the same as legitimate results (other twin studies), the fraud may go undetected b. most scientific fraud can be detected because the results will not be replicated when other scientists study the phenomenon c. scientific fraud is often uncovered during the peer review process for journal publication d. scientific fraud generally happens when researchers become mentally unbalanced
a. if fraudulent results are virtually the same as legitimate results (other twin studies), the fraud may go undetected
34. Which of the following is true about interval and ratio scales? a. in a ratio scale, a score of zero means the absence of the phenomenon being measured b. in an interval scale, it is not possible to achieve a score of zero c. equal intervals exist in interval scales, but such is not the case in ratio scales d. equal intervals exist in ratio scales, but such is not the case in interval scales
a. in a ratio scale, a score of zero means the absence of the phenomenon being measured
7. Compared to field research, what is the advantage of laboratory research? a. informed consent is easier b. it allows experimental realism to occur c. there is a greater degree of mundane realism d. only lab research yields data that can be analyzed adequately (statistically)
a. informed consent is easier
1. To be data driven is to a. insist on empirical support for assertions b. use scientific methods even when they are inappropriate c. collect more data than is really necessary in order to answer an empirical question d. insist that the only valid question is an empirical question
a. insist on empirical support for assertions
25. To be data driven is to a. insist on empirical support for assertions b. use scientific methods even when they are inappropriate c. collect more data than is really necessary in order to answer an empirical question d. insist that the only valid question is an empirical question
a. insist on empirical support for assertions
11. Which of the following is true of the studies done by Bushman and Anderson (which evaluated exposure to violence and helping behavior)? a. it combined both laboratory and field research in a series of experiments b. it was a series of experiments high in mundane realism but low in experimental realism c. it combined both basic and applied research in a single experiment d. it was a series of experiments high in experimental realism but low in mundane realism
a. it combined both laboratory and field research in a series of experiments
62. Which of the following is true about falsified data? a. it might go undetected if it is consistent with results from other laboratories b. almost all research involves replication, so falsified data is easy to spot c. creating all the data for a study is obviously fraudulent, but making up one or two data points is normal practice d. fraudulent data is easily spotted because it produces results that don't make sense
a. it might go undetected if it is consistent with results from other laboratories
51. Which of the following is true about the case of Clever Hans? a. it was shown to be a case of scientific fraud b. Pfungst demonstrated that the most parsimonious explanation was that the horse had a higher level of intelligence than other horses c. Pfungst ruled out intelligence by showing that if the questioner didn't know the answer, thehorse didn't know the answer d. he only answered correctly when his trainer (von Osten) knew the answer
a. it was shown to be a case of scientific fraud
22. Which of the following is true about an IRB? a. its membership includes nonscientists b. it always judges the methodological soundness of studies c. its approval is not needed for research completed outside a laboratory d. its decisions can be appealed to the APA ethics board
a. its membership includes nonscientists
20. A test is said to be reliable if ___________, and valid if it _____________. a. its results are repeatable; measures what it is supposed to measure b. has a sufficiently high amount of measurement error; measures what it is supposed to i. measure c. its results are repeatable; is low in measurement error d. measures what it is supposed to measure; is low in measurement error
a. its results are repeatable; measures what it is supposed to measure
51. In a study examining gender differences in verbal fluency, the null hypothesis is that a. males and females perform equally b. females will most likely outperform males c. males will most likely outperform females d. could be either alternative b. or c., depending on the researcher's prediction
a. males and females perform equally
1. The problem with relying on a belief that "experience is the best teacher" is that a. our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias b. our experiences seldom provide any information about what life is like c. relying on experience makes us overlook the most important source of knowledge—authorities d. none of the above—personal experience is the only reliable way to truth
a. our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias
12. The problem with relying on a belief that "experience is the best teacher" is that a. our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias b. our experiences seldom provide any information about what life is like c. relying on experience makes us overlook the most important source of knowledge—authorities d. none of the above—personal experience is the only reliable way to truth
a. our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias
10. If a study is high on experimental realism, then a. participants will take the procedures seriously b. the participant's task will resemble a normal daily activity c. it is certain that deception has been used d. it is almost certainly a field study rather than a laboratory study
a. participants will take the procedures seriously
1. A research methods course differs from a course in developmental psychology by emphasizing a. process over content b. content over process c. basic rather than applied research d. applied rather than basic research
a. process over content
2. A research methods course differs from a course in developmental psychology by emphasizing a. process over content b. content over process c. basic rather than applied research d. applied rather than basic research
a. process over content
40. All of the following are measures of central tendency except a. range b. median c. mean d. mode
a. range
38. To reason inductively is to a. reason from the specific event to the general principle b. reason from the general principle to the specific event c. use a modus tollens improperly d. affirm the consequent
a. reason from the specific event to the general principle
36. Hypotheses are a. reasonable predictions about what should occur under specific circumstances b. guesses about the causes of events c. generated from theory through the process of induction d. considered to be "proven true" when supported by more than one experiment
a. reasonable predictions about what should occur under specific circumstances
14. When planning any study, the research psychologist faces the conflicting demands of producing meaningful research and a. respecting the rights of human participants b. wasting time by doing an experiment that doesn't come out as predicted c. getting something published d. being sure to avoid any deception of participants
a. respecting the rights of human participants
22. Which of the following is the best example of converging operations? a. several studies use different operational definitions of aggression yet produce the same basic results b. several studies of anxiety, each with a different operational definition of anxiety, each yields different results c. researchers from different laboratories agree ahead of time to use the same operational definitions for intelligence d. researchers from different laboratories collaborate on the same research program
a. several studies use different operational definitions of aggression yet produce the same basic results
5. What was Myrtle McGraw's purpose in doing the "pin-pricking" study with infants? a. she wanted to study physiological maturation in the infants b. she wished to determine if the infants would habituate to the pin pricks and not notice them c. she was studying fear conditioning, but using better controls than Watson d. she was examining which parts of the body were most sensitive to skin punctures
a. she wanted to study physiological maturation in the infants
1. Which of the following is an example of predicting behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests
46. Which of the following is an example of predicting behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests
1. Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce's ways of fixing belief? a. the a priori method b. the method of direct experience c. the scientific method d. the method of authority
a. the a priori method
1. Which of the following is true about relying on authority as a way of searching for the truth? a. the authority could be wrong b. it is a problem for nonscientists but not for scientists c. it is almost certain that the authority's knowledge is based on subjective experience only d. authority should seldom if ever be believed-people should discover things for themselves
a. the authority could be wrong
61. The power of a statistical analysis refers to a. the chances of rejecting the false null hypothesis b. the chances of rejecting a true null hypothesis c. the chances of rejecting any null hypothesis d. whether the analysis involves descriptive or inferential statistics (inferential are more powerful)
a. the chances of rejecting the false null hypothesis
3. Which of the following research studies is most obviously an example of basic research? a. the effect of delaying reward on maze learning in rats b. the effectiveness of hypnosis for improving courtroom eyewitness memory c. worker productivity in well-lit vs. poorly-lit environments d. whether hands-free cell phones are less disruptive to driving than hand-held phones
a. the effect of delaying reward on maze learning in rats
5. In a sequence of trials, an infant looks at a stimulus for 10 seconds, then 8, then 6, then 4. On the next trial, the infant looks for 12 seconds. What has occurred on this last trial? a. the infant has noticed a change in the stimulus b. habituation has occurred c. the infant has lost interest in the stimulus d. the infant is afraid of the stimulus
a. the infant has noticed a change in the stimulus
1. The method of introspection was gradually replaced by behavioral methods because a. the latter were more objective b. the latter yielded more in depth descriptions of one's personal experience c. introspection required considerable training but no training is required to use behavioral methods d. behavioral methods allowed a closer examination of mental processes
a. the latter were more objective
53. Which of the following is the least accurate description of most research in psychology? a. the outcome of one study is usually a question that leads to the next study b. research is more likely to be the product of a research team than of an individual investigator working alone c. the majority of research ideas come from a logical deduction from an established theory d. researchers don't complete projects in topic A, then move to B; they develop programs of research on topic A
a. the outcome of one study is usually a question that leads to the next study
56. Which of the following is true about Type I errors? a. the probability of one occurring is equal to the alpha level b. they cannot occur if the statistical test is powerful enough c. they occur when a true effect exists, but we fail to discover it in our study d. if one occurs, there is no chance that your study will be published
a. the probability of one occurring is equal to the alpha level
12. In the early reaction time research, reaction times for seemingly complex events were occasionally equal to the reaction times for simpler events. How could this have happened? a. the simple additive model was inadequate b. the equipment must have malfunctioned c. the complex event was really much simpler d. the experimenters did not have sufficient training
a. the simple additive model was inadequate
21. IRB's have been criticized by some researchers in psychology. Which of the following is an often-heard and serious criticism? a. there is no appeal process to protect researchers from overzealous IRB's b. IRB procedures slow down the research process c. because psychologists have always had a keen sensitivity to ethical issues, IRB's are not really needed d. IRB's should be made up of research scientists only—nonscientists just don't get it
a. there is no appeal process to protect researchers from overzealous IRB's
36. Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee syphilis study? a. there was a complete absence of informed consent b. the researchers were really studying poverty, not syphilis c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled participants should only be studiedin research concerning mental disability d. confidentiality was violated when patients were described in a news story
a. there was a complete absence of informed consent
48. When summarizing data, why is it important to report both the mean and the standard deviation? a. two sets of data could have the same mean but different amounts of variability b. this way both descriptive and inferential statistics are covered c. this way the null hypothesis can be evaluated d. this enables the researcher to avoid Type I and Type II errors
a. two sets of data could have the same mean but different amounts of variability
25. Researchers believe that some degree of deception in research is sometimes warranted because a. without it, participants might not behave naturally b. without it, participants would be less likely to volunteer c. most participants really cannot understand the complexity of research in psychology d. participants expect to be deceived
a. without it, participants might not behave naturally
The on-going measurement of one's biological functions that occurs as they go about their daily lives is called ______assessment.
ambulatory
There have long been criticisms of the science of psychology regarding the difficulty of measuring internal phenomena such as feelings. This is one reason why ______measures are so important: they are more widely accepted by skeptics.
ambulatory physiological
Some have argued that people who live in areas that are constantly sunny have developed darker skin over many generations as a protective mechanism against the effects of all of that exposure to sunlight. From an evolutionary perspective, this solution to a problem that threatens survival is an example of:
an adaptation
Dr. Eplin is conducting a study with hundreds of children and the parents who raised them, but are not biologically related to the children. Dr. Eplin is curious whether genes or the household environment has a greater influence on children's behavior. What kind of study is Dr. Eplin conducting?
an adoption study
Psychologists often explore questions related to abstract concepts (e.g., satisfaction, happiness, spirituality) when conducting research but those concepts may be hard to quantify. What must be clearly stated at the beginning of the research of such a concept?
an operational definition of the concept
If you wanted to study a person's online behavior using their posts and contributions to a social networking website like Facebook, what would be the best way to analyze that activity?
analyze the content of the language used in their posts
56. A researcher uses some of the same procedures in her method as in a previous study, but she adds a new variable to be tested. What has she done? a. engaged in data falsification b. did an exact replication of the previous study c. partially replicated the previous study d. created serendipity in her study
b. did an exact replication of the previous study
33. The main difference between an interval and a ratio scale is that an interval scale a. is used only for placing participants into categories b. does not have a true zero point c. does not preserve a rank order in the assignment of numbers d. has equal intervals between numbers
b. does not have a true zero point
2. Basic research is concerned with ______ while applied research tries to ________. a. experimental realism; accomplish mundane realism b. establishing essential principles; solve practical problems c. the laboratory only; use field studies only d. mundane realism; accomplish experimental realism
b. establishing essential principles; solve practical problems
6. A gradual decline in responding in the face of a repeated stimulus is known as a. inhibition b. habituation c. extinction d. reaction time
b. habituation
21. A test might not appear to be a good test of native intelligence and yet it might do a very good job of predicting how well someone does in school. That is, this test a. has both face validity and predictive validity b. has criterion validity but not face validity c. is reliable but not valid d. has criterion validity but lacks reliability
b. has criterion validity but not face validity
1. Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don't support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes a. use the availability heuristic b. have a confirmation bias c. decide on the truth on the basis of logic rather than direct experience d. rely too much on introspection
b. have a confirmation bias
14. Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don't support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes a. use the availability heuristic b. have a confirmation bias c. decide on the truth on the basis of logic rather than direct experience d. rely too much on introspection
b. have a confirmation bias
6. Dennis studied a pair of female twins. What was true about his study? a. he obtained parental consent before testing them b. he was interested in whether environmental deprivation would affect development c. he was able to show that twins have about the same IQ, even if raised in different environments d. it was the first developmental psychology study to use assent in addition to consent
b. he was interested in whether environmental deprivation would affect development
1. Research psychologists believe all of the following except a. the causes of behavior can be discovered by using scientific methods b. if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made c. it may not be possible to predict behavior with certainty d. making effective choices requires that events be predictable
b. if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made
19. Research psychologists believe all of the following except a. the causes of behavior can be discovered by using scientific methods b. if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made c. it may not be possible to predict behavior with certainty d. making effective choices requires that events be predictable
b. if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made
30. The Society for Research in Child Development publishes a set of ethical guidelines that supplement the APA code. One such guideline applies when studying school age children in a school setting. In this research, which of the following is true? a. no student in a class can be tested unless all students in the class agree to be tested b. in addition to parents, the students' teachers should also give their consent c. at least one representative parent must be recruited to observe the research trials d. because some children might be reluctant to participate, it is OK to provide them with incentives large enough to get them to volunteer
b. in addition to parents, the students' teachers should also give their consent
62. Null hypothesis significance testing answers the question ________, while an effect size analysis answers the question ________. a. how much of an effect did one factor have on another?; is the difference significant? b. is the difference significant?; how much of an effect did one factor have on another? c. can we reject Ho; is the sample large enough? d. have we made a Type I error?; have we made a Type II error?
b. is the difference significant?; how much of an effect did one factor have on another?
31. A prediction is made from a theory and the results are just as predicted. What can be concluded about the theory? a. it has been proven true b. it has been inductively supported c. it has been turned into a fact d. it has been disproven
b. it has been inductively supported
9. Compared to laboratory research, which of the following is true about field research? a. it allows for a greater degree of control over variables b. it may be higher in mundane realism c. both informed consent and debriefing are easier to manage d. it will be higher in experimental realism
b. it may be higher in mundane realism
2. Which of the following is not an example of a construct? a. perceived social support b. letter identification c. habituation d. social effectiveness
b. letter identification
15. The results of an inkblot test might be quite different when given to the same person on two different occasions. If this is the case, then based on this fact alone, the inkblot test is a. not reliable but probably valid b. not reliable c. not valid d. neither reliable nor valid
b. not reliable
41. If a researcher is concerned about _______, then the researcher may ask participants to not disclose any information to others until the study is completed. a. deception b. participant crosstalk c. confidentiality d. desensitizing
b. participant crosstalk
44. On the basis of a theory a prediction is made; from the prediction a study is run, and the study does not come out as expected. What is the researcher most likely to conclude? a. the theory should be discarded b. the study should be replicated c. the theory has been supported but not proven d. the equipment must have failed
b. the study should be replicated
23. Which of the following is not part of the APA's ethics code for humans? a. those who are at least at minimal risk must give their informed consent b. people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it c. participants must be thoroughly debriefed at the end of a study d. participants must be assured of confidentiality
b. people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it
3. A research methods course is to a social psychology course as ______ is to ______. a. content; process b. process; content c. scientific; nonscientific d. philosophy; sociology
b. process; content
A research methods course is to a social psychology course as ______ is to ______. a.content; process b.process; content c.scientific; nonscientific d.philosophy; sociology
b. process;content
13. Milgram's participants thought they were in a study about _______ when in fact they were in a study about _________. a. obedience; punishment and learning b. punishment and learning; obedience c. obedience; helping behavior d. helping behavior; obedience
b. punishment and learning; obedience
35. What did the Willowbrook and Tuskegee studies have in common? a. took advantage of mentally ill participants b. questionable informed consent procedures c. first uses of effective debriefing d. first medical studies to use proper control procedures
b. questionable informed consent procedures
49. Normally, which of the following outcomes is most desired by the researcher? a. reject Ho; Ho is true b. reject Ho; Ho is false c. fail to reject Ho; Ho is true d. fail to reject Ho; Ho is false
b. reject Ho; Ho is false
14. When phrenologists assessed the trait of "destructiveness" by measuring skull contour, their measurements were a. reliable and valid b. reliable but not valid c. valid but not reliable d. neither reliable nor valid
b. reliable but not valid
63. What does the APA ethics code have to say about the status of data collected by a research psychologist? a. before results based on these data can be published, the data must be statistically analyzed by a person not involved in the data collection b. researchers are expected to make the data set available to other scientists who ask to examine it c. all research participants should have the opportunity to examine all the data, in order to determine if they want their to stay in the data set or be removed d. researchers have copyright ownership over their data and can deny its availability to others
b. researchers are expected to make the data set available to other scientists who ask to examine it
33. According to the original cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance occurs when people a. experience electrical shock that is painful b. simultaneously experience contradictory thoughts c. are rewarded by others for feeling sad d. must learn difficult tasks and they sometimes fail
b. simultaneously experience contradictory thoughts
1. Students sometimes change their answers on multiple-choice questions. Many students believe that the most common outcome is that they change from the correct answer to a wrong answer, despite research that shows that students more often change from an incorrect answer to a correct one. What accounts for the strength of this erroneous belief? a. scientific thinking via logical deduction b. social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences c. a priori thinking—they reason that it would have been better to go with the first hunch or instinct d. none of the above—students in fact believe that they are successful when they change answers
b. social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences
17. Students sometimes change their answers on multiple-choice questions. Many students believe that the most common outcome is that they change from the correct answer to a wrong answer, despite research that shows that students more often change from an incorrect answer to a correct one. What accounts for the strength of this erroneous belief? a. scientific thinking via logical deduction b. social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences c. a priori thinking—they reason that it would have been better to go with the first hunch or instinct d. none of the above—students in fact believe that they are successful when they change answers
b. social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences
38. Descriptive statistics a. enable the researcher to determine the significance of results b. summarize the data of an experiment c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
b. summarize the data of an experiment
37. What distinguishes the following two historical examples of ethically "challenged" incidents: the Willowbrook case and the MK-ULTRA case? a. Willowbrook broke confidentiality; MK-ULTRA was a failure to debrief b. the Willowbrook researchers hoped to improve health; the MK-ULTRA researchers were not concerned with medical benefit to society c. Willowbrook failed on the issue of assent, but was adequate on the issue of consent; the opposite was true of MK-ULTRA d. Willowbrook involved human participants, while MK-ULTRA used animals
b. the Willowbrook researchers hoped to improve health; the MK-ULTRA researchers were not concerned with medical benefit to society
45. Which of the following distinguishes a good theory from a bad one? a. the good theory has been proven true b. the good theory can explain all possible research outcomes c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
b. the good theory can explain all possible research outcomes
27. The idea for Zeigarnik's study on the forgetting of completed tasks came from a. a deduction from a theory b. the observation of an everyday event in a restaurant c. the accidental discovery of a memory problem with incomplete tasks d. an unanswered question from a study Zeigarnik had just completed
b. the observation of an everyday event in a restaurant
1. Eleanor Gibson's creation of the visual cliff was motivated by her interest in a. the ability to perceive details at great distance b. the perception of depth c. experimental extinction of a conditioned response d. discovering an alternative to introspection
b. the perception of depth
49. Eleanor Gibson's creation of the visual cliff was motivated by her interest in a. the ability to perceive details at great distance b. the perception of depth c. experimental extinction of a conditioned response d. discovering an alternative to introspection
b. the perception of depth
18. Which of the following is true about measures of behavior? a. they are more likely to be valid than reliable b. they all include some degree of measurement error c. measurement error can be eliminated completely by careful researchers d. if a measure has content validity, it is almost certain to be reliable
b. they all include some degree of measurement error
1. Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except a. they realize that conclusions are tentative and could change depending on future research b. they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body) c. they expect claims to be supported by data collected in a systematic fashion d. they assume that behavior has causes that can be discovered using scientific methods
b. they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body)
26. Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except a. they realize that conclusions are tentative and could change depending on future research b. they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body) c. they expect claims to be supported by data collected in a systematic fashion d. they assume that behavior has causes that can be discovered using scientific methods
b. they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body)
20. What is the advantage of using operational definitions? a. they force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition b. they facilitate replication c. it's easy to agree on a universal definition for a concept like aggression d. there are no advantages to using operational definitions; no two persons can ever agree on the best definition
b. they facilitate replication
13. After completing their laboratory experiment on exposure to violent video games, why did Bushman and Anderson complete a field experiment on the exposure to violence and helping behavior? a. they wanted to improve experimental realism b. they wanted to see if the results of their first experiment would generalize to everyday situations c. they wanted to rule out alternative interpretations of their laboratory experiment d. they wanted to increase sample size
b. they wanted to see if the results of their first experiment would generalize to everyday situations
8. Suppose a child in Kim and Spelke's habituation experiment showed a gradual decrease in looking time when shown ten examples of balls rolling down a plane while accelerating. The child then sees (trial 11) a ball rolling down a plane while decelerating. If the child has grasped the concept of gravity, what will happen to the behavior? a. they will look longer on trial 10 than on trial 11 b. they will look longer on trial 11 than on trial 10 c. they will look for the same amount of time on both trials 10 and 11 d. not enough information to decide
b. they will look longer on trial 11 than on trial 10
55. Research in psychology is characterized by all of the following except a. most research is a logical "what's next?" consequence of a study just completed b. to avoid getting off to a bad start, most research is highly structured in its early stages c. research is more likely to be completed by research teams than individual researchers d. at the start of a research project, researchers often conduct loosely structured pilot studies
b. to avoid getting off to a bad start, most research is highly structured in its early stages
26. A study by Gardner compared participants who were fully informed ahead of time about the predicted effects of noise on stress with others who were not informed. What were the results? a. fully informed subjects were more adversely affected by the noise than uninformed subjects b. uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed c. there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is not needed for that type of research d. there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is needed for that type of research
b. uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed
47. Knowing the standard deviation of a set of scores, it is possible to calculate a. range b. variance c. the mean d. the frequency distribution
b. variance
59. The creation of the maze apparatus a. a. required the presence of scientists (Small and Kline) with "prepared" minds (i.e., they knew about rat behavior) b. was not creative because it merely copied the human version c. is an example of following authority (i.e., lab director Sanford imposed his will) d. resulted from a desire to produce a laboratory situation unrelated to the rat's everyday experience (that way, learning could be studied in its purest form)
b. was not creative because it merely copied the human version
41. When is the median a better measure of central tendency than the mean? a. when several of the scores are the same score b. when there are a few scores that are much higher or lower than the others c. when the scores are normally distributed d. none of the above; the mean is always preferred
b. when there are a few scores that are much higher or lower than the others
Why would it be accurate to say that neural communication is an 'electrochemical process'?
because the system is electrical within a neuron, but chemical between neurons
The science of how one's genetic code and their environmental influences interact to affect their actions is called ______.
behavioral genetics
Psychologists believe that the scientific methods can be used in the _____ domain to understand and improve the world
behavioural
The single most basic part of the human brain - a part that is seen in other, less-evolved animals - is the ______. This essential area helps to regulate such critical functions as breathing, digestion, and the beating of your heart.
brainstem
1. Participants are asked to memorize three different lists of words. The lists are presented at three different presentation speeds. How would you classify this study? a. applied research b. field research c. basic research d. both a. and b.
c basic research
38. In debriefing after helping behavior studies, experimenters often emphasize that some situations are often so powerful that nobody could be expected to help. This portion of the postexperimental session is emphasizing what Holmes referred to as a. debriefing b. dehoaxing c. desensitizing d. both alternatives b. and c.
c desensitizing
11. In the original Milgram obedience experiment, the research participants played the role of a. experimenter b. learner c. teacher d. either learner or teacher, depending on a coin toss
c teacher
10. If simple reaction time takes an average of 0.17 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes an average of 0.26 seconds, then according to Donders' method, how long does the mental event of discrimination take? a. 0.43 seconds b. 0.26 seconds c. 0.09 seconds d. 0.20 seconds
c. 0.09 seconds
11. Using Donders method, if the mental event called discrimination takes 0.07 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes 0.23 seconds, what is the person's basic reaction time? a. 0.07 seconds b. 0.30 seconds c. 0.16 seconds d. 0.93 seconds
c. 0.16 seconds
44. What is the relationship between a frequency distribution (FD) and a normal distribution (ND)? a. FD uses the median as the primary measure of central tendency; ND uses the mean b. FD is a hypothetical distribution; ND is based on actual data c. FD is a distribution of actual scores, while ND is a hypothetical distribution d. FD is always bell shaped, while ND may or may not be bell shaped
c. FD is a distribution of actual scores, while ND is a hypothetical distribution
52. According to the text, which of the following is true about the Freudian and the learning theory explanations for why young children imitate their parents? a. the learning theory explanation has fewer assumptions and is therefore more parsimonious b. the Freudian explanation has fewer assumptions and is therefore more parsimonious c. Freudian theory has been falsified d. learning theory has been falsified
c. Freudian theory has been falsified
31. All of the following are examples of ratio scale measures except a. reaction time b. number of errors in maze running c. Grade Point Average (GPA) d. number of words recalled on a memory test
c. Grade Point Average (GPA)
39. Descriptive statistic is to inferential statistic as _________ is to ________. a. mean; standard deviation b. central tendency; variability c. sample; population d. median; range
c. sample; population
1. People are using their own personal system of ethics when they make statements like this: a. I enjoy watching baseball on TV b. I think I'll cut the grass tomorrow instead of today c. I don't think it is a good idea to physically punish children d. I don't think it is a good idea to take a research methods course until after you've taken a statistics course
c. I don't think it is a good idea to physically punish children
2. All of the following are the kinds of statements that derive from one's system of ethics except a. I don't think it is appropriate to allow children to watch more than three hours of TV per day b. People should not be allowed to have pets; it's slavery c. I don't think it is appropriate to separate mind from body; the mind is just a looser term for the brain d. If you spare the rod, you will produce an emotionally healthy child
c. I don't think it is appropriate to separate mind from body; the mind is just a looser term for the brain
8. Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause, namely God b. Why do I know it? I just know it, that's all c. My country, right or wrong d. It just stands to reason that animals with a cortex must have some level of consciousness
c. My country, right or wrong
28. Which of the following examples illustrates research that resulted from reflecting on an everyday observation? a. Skinner's research on extinction b. Festinger's application of dissonance theory to the decision making c. Zeigarnik's decision to study the effects of incomplete tasks on memory d. Pfungst's study of Clever Hans
c. Zeigarnik's decision to study the effects of incomplete tasks on memory
61. In the case in which a researcher fabricated data about a treatment for hyperactive children, the fraud was detected because a. the results never replicated b. it caught the attention of peers during the peer review process; the results were never published c. a colleague suspected that the data were not genuine d. the researcher was overwhelmed with guilt
c. a colleague suspected that the data were not genuine
56. All of the following are included in the APA ethics code for research with animals except a. periodic checks of the facility by a veterinarian b. an animal subjects committee analogous to an IRB c. a prohibition against the use of animals for mere educational use d. painless death if euthanasia is necessary
c. a prohibition against the use of animals for mere educational use
29. Research participants can expect to find several pieces of information in an informed consent form. Which of the following is not likely to be found? a. a statement of the possible risks for participating b. a mechanism for contacting the researcher after the participation is over c. a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis d. an assurance of confidentiality
c. a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis
28. Consent forms typically include a. a brief survey eliciting participant opinions about psychological research b. the precise research hypothesis being tested c. an assurance of confidentiality d. a statement indicating that participants must complete the study once they start it
c. an assurance of confidentiality
55. In a "Gee whiz" graph, a. the differences are so obvious that an inferential analysis is not needed b. the hoped-for differences fail to materialize c. apparent differences are exaggerated by failing to label the Y-axis appropriately d. there are too many lines, making it impossible to interpret
c. apparent differences are exaggerated by failing to label the Y-axis appropriately
6. Broadbent's study on selective attention is to Strayer's study on cell phone use while driving as _______ is to _________. a. field research; laboratory research b. mundane realism; experimental realism c. applied research; basic research d. basic research; applied research
c. applied research; basic research
47. Theories that can explain all outcomes after the fact a. do not allow for predictions to be made b. have been falsified c. are said to be highly parsimonious d. illustrate the results of converging operations
c. are said to be highly parsimonious
19. A researcher is measuring aggression. Which of the following is most clearly inadequate as an operational definition of the term? a. choosing a button which makes it difficult for another subject to complete a task b. honking one's horn at an intersection for a period of more than two seconds c. attempting to harm someone d. delivering electric shocks to a competitor
c. attempting to harm someone
1. In general, pseudoscientific theories a. take fairly simple behavioral phenomena and overly complicate them b. recognize the weakness of relying on anecdotal evidence c. avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms d. reject the idea that their theories should be tested by collecting empirical data
c. avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms
37. In general, pseudoscientific theories a. take fairly simple behavioral phenomena and overly complicate them b. recognize the weakness of relying on anecdotal evidence c. avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms d. reject the idea that their theories should be tested by collecting empirical data
c. avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms
12. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. The general principles are "aspirational goals." Which of the following is an example of an aspirational goal? a. concern for the rights and dignity of others b. ethnic quotas for admission to graduate school in psychology c. blind review of research articles (reviewer doesn't know name of article's author) d. the obligation for psychologists to provide some of their services free of charge
c. blind review of research articles (reviewer doesn't know name of article's author)
51. Moderate animal rights activists who grant the necessity of using animals for medical research often criticize the use of animals in psychological research on what grounds? a. it is needlessly repetitive b. animal research has no relevance for human behavior c. both a. and b. d. none of the above
c. both a. and b.
18. Empirical questions must a. be answerable with data b. include terms that can be operationally defined c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
c. both alternatives a. and b.
58. Researchers are happy whenever a. systematic variance is large b. error variance is small c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
c. both alternatives a. and b.
60. The traditional view about data falsification is that it will be detected eventually by the scientific community because a. faked results won't replicate and will therefore be discarded b. a faked result will raise suspicions during the peer review process c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
c. both alternatives a. and b.
5. Why is it important for professional psychologists to be familiar with research methods? a. they might need to perform an evaluation to determine the effectiveness of an agency's program b. they might need to critically evaluate the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of some new clinical treatment for depression c. both alternatives a. and b. are true d. none of the above—professional psychologists only need to apply the results of research; they need not be familiar with how the research was done
c. both alternatives a. and b. are true
1. Why is it important for professional psychologists to be familiar with research methods? a. they might need to perform an evaluation to determine the effectiveness of an agency's program b. they might need to critically evaluate the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of some new clinical treatment for depression c. both alternatives a. and b. are true d. none of the above—professional psychologists only need to apply the results of research; they need not be familiar with how the research was done
c. both alternatives a. b. are true
24. What do the following discoveries have in common: Skinner's extinction curve and Hubel and Wiesel's feature detectors? a. both examples of research ideas resulting from everyday observations b. both examples of research deduced logically from theory c. both examples of a serendipitous finding d. both examples of failures to replicate
c. both examples of a serendipitous finding
34. How did researchers justify the Willowbrook hepatitis study? a. they believed the ultimate goal of eliminating hepatitis at the institution justified the deliberate exposure to hepatitis b. they believed that hepatitis was so rampant that the participants would be likely to contract it anyway c. both of the above justifications were used d. the researchers made no attempt to justify the study
c. both of the above justifications were used
15. According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why? a. they seem more human that way b. by seeking out controversies with other scientists, they keep their aging minds sharp c. by vigorously advocating their theory, it won't be abandoned without a thorough test d. none of the above—because they are objective, dispassionate, and ruled only by data, "tenacity" is not a term that characterizes scientists
c. by vigorously advocating their theory, it won't be abandoned without a thorough test
1. According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why? a. they seem more human that way b. by seeking out controversies with other scientists, they keep their aging minds sharp c. by vigorously advocating their theory, it won't be abandoned without a thorough test none of the above—because they are objective, dispassionate, and ruled only by data, "tenacity" is not a term that characterizes scientists
c. by vigorously advocating their theory, it wont be abandoned without a thorough test
4. Applied research a. always has mundane realism but seldom has experimental realism b. always has experimental realism but seldom has mundane realism c. can be either laboratory or field research d. is always field research, while basic research is laboratory research
c. can be either laboratory or field research
23. Two researchers with two completely different operational definitions for aggression nonetheless produce the same result — frustration leads to aggression. This outcome is referred to as a. exact replication b. operationism c. converging operations d. serendipity
c. converging operations
1. Questions that can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called a. introspective questions b. authoritative questions c. empirical questions d. nonempirical questions
c. empirical questions
28. Questions that can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called a. introspective questions b. authoritative questions c. empirical questions d. nonempirical questions
c. empirical questions
19. At a university or college, the Institutional Review Board is a university or college committee that a. evaluates proposals and awards grant money to researchers b. evaluates the methodological soundness of research proposals c. evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals d. accomplishes all three of the tasks outlined in alternatives a., b., and c.
c. evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals
21. Operational definitions a. are seldom needed because of modern advances in behavioral technology b. are needed to force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition of a construct c. force researchers to be clear about defining the terms of their studies d. differ from one study to another, which means that using operational definitions hinders the replication process
c. force researchers to be clear about defining the terms of their studies
1. B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when a. he repeated Pavlov's famous experiments (i.e., followed authority) b. he reasoned that an absence of reinforcement would eliminate a behavior c. his apparatus malfunctioned d. he forgot to feed his animals
c. his apparatus malfunctioned
50. B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when a. he repeated Pavlov's famous experiments (i.e., followed authority) b. he reasoned that an absence of reinforcement would eliminate a behavior c. his apparatus malfunctioned d. he forgot to feed his animals
c. his apparatus malfunctioned
45. A graph in which each vertical bar corresponds to the frequency of some score is called a a. normal curve b. Gee Whiz graph c. histogram d. line graph
c. histogram
54. In the early stages of designing a study, the feasibility of some procedures is often evaluated by conducting a a. debate among different members of the research team b. pilot study c. hypothetical "what's next?" exercise d. rigorous attempt to falsify the prediction
c. hypothetical "what's next?" exercise
1. Phrenology eventually failed as science because a. it was shown that localization of brain function does not occur b. its measures failed the test of objectivity c. it avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome d. it abandoned its use of the anecdotal method
c. it avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome
33. Phrenology eventually failed as science because a. it was shown that localization of brain function does not occur b. its measures failed the test of objectivity c. it avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome d. it abandoned its use of the anecdotal method
c. it avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome
1. Which of the following is not listed in the text as a reason for taking a research methods course? a. it helps the student become a critical consumer of information b. it is essential for admission to most graduate schools c. it is the most important course in the psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding d. it provides a foundation for achieving a better understanding of other psychology courses
c. it is the most important course in the psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding
4. Which of the following is not listed in the text as a reason for taking a research methods course? a. it helps the student become a critical consumer of information b. it is essential for admission to most graduate schools c. it is the most important course in the psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding d. it provides a foundation for achieving a better understanding of other psychology courses
c. it is the most important course in the psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding
33. Which of the following is true of the Willowbrook hepatitis study? a. there was a complete absence of informed consent b. the researchers made no attempt to justify the study c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled children should only be studied in research concerning mental disability d. patient confidentiality was violated
c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled children should only be studied in research concerning mental disability
1. Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause, namely God b. Why do I know it? I just know it, that's all c. My country, right or wrong d. It just stands to reason that animals with a cortex must have some level of consciousness
c. my country, right or wrong
54. In a maze learning study, a researcher compares the performance of laboratory-bred rats and wild rats, hoping to find that the wild rats are better. Which of the following would be a Type II error? a. the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true b. the wild rats outperform the lab rats in the study c. no difference is found in the study, but wild rats are in truth better maze learners d. lab rats learn faster in the study, but in truth there is no difference
c. no difference is found in the study, but wild rats are in truth better maze learners
1. A major characteristic of psychological science is its objectivity, which means that a. science is free from human biases b. psychologists assume that people are essentially machines c. observations can be verified by more than a single observer d. results of research are always reported in terms of numbers (statistics)
c. observations can be verified by more than a single observer
21. A major characteristic of psychological science is its objectivity, which means that a. science is free from human biases b. psychologists assume that people are essentially machines c. observations can be verified by more than a single observer d. results of research are always reported in terms of numbers (statistics)
c. observations can be verified by more than a single observer
12. In the laboratory research study by Bushman and Anderson, participants played either violent or nonviolent video games, then filled out a questionnaire. Which of the following describes what they found? a. participants who played violent video games completed the questionnaires faster than participants who played non-violent video games b. participants who played violent video games reported less violence in the video games than participants who played non-violent video games c. participants who played violent video games d. participants who played violent video games were slower to help an individual in an adjacent room compared to participants who played non-violent video games e. participants who played violent video games did not help an individual in an adjacent room compared to participants who played non-violent video games
c. participants who played violent video games
32. In a study using prisoners, special care must be taken to insure that a. families of the prisoners give consent b. deception is never used c. prisoners don't feel coerced into participating d. provide incentives large enough to gain the trust of the prisoners
c. prisoners don't feel coerced into participating
29. Theories a. are not highly regarded until proven true b. lead to hypotheses through the process of induction c. provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically d. are ideal if they can explain all possible outcomes
c. provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically
1. Which of the following is true about pseudoscience? a. pseudosciences seldom last very long because they are so easily falsified b. to create apparent legitimacy, they take simple phenomena and add unnecessary complexity c. pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories d. all science eventually becomes pseudoscience
c. pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories
36. Which of the following is true about pseudoscience? a. pseudosciences seldom last very long because they are so easily falsified b. to create apparent legitimacy, they take simple phenomena and add unnecessary complexity c. pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories d. all science eventually becomes pseudoscience
c. pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories
16. The study in the text that examined male female patterns of control over the TV remote is a good example of a study that combines a. basic and applied research b. field and lab research c. qualitative and quantitative research
c. qualitative and quantitative research
23. On the "Connectedness to Nature" scale, convergent validity was established when it was found that a correlation existed between scores on the scale and a. SAT scores b. scores on a test of social desirability c. scores on the NEP ("New Ecological Paradigm") test d. scores on a shyness test
c. scores on the NEP ("New Ecological Paradigm") test
1. Which of the following is an example of a construct? a. entering arm #3 of a radial maze b. using fingers when adding c. social effectiveness d. naming letters
c. social effectiveness
42. Sullivan and Deiker asked psychologists and students to evaluate the ethical appropriateness of several deception studies. What did they find? a. for the psychologists it was "anything goes"; the students were deeply concerned b. psychologists were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were students c. students were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were psychologists d. psychologists found some of the procedures questionable; students found all of the procedures questionable
c. students were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were psychologists
57. Study #1 compares 2- and 4-month old children on a perceptual task. Study #2 uses the same task and compares four groups of children, aged 2, 4, 6, and 8 months. Which of the following is true? a. study #2 is an exact replication b. study #2 should not have tested the 2- and 4-month olds (already been done) c. study #2 is a partial replication and an extension d. study #1 should have tested 6- and 8-month olds
c. study #2 is a partial replication and an extension
1. Phrenology originated in the legitimate scientific attempt to a. find a good measure of personality b. prove that humans were descended from apes c. study localization of brain function d. none of the above—like other pseudosciences, phrenology had no connection with legitimate science
c. study localization of brain function
32. Phrenology originated in the legitimate scientific attempt to a. find a good measure of personality b. prove that humans were descended from apes c. study localization of brain function d. none of the above—like other pseudosciences, phrenology had no connection with legitimate science
c. study localization of brain function
1. An objective observation is one a. that can only be made by a mechanical recording device b. completely free from any personal bias on the part of the observer c. that can be verified by a second observer d. that cannot be questioned
c. that can be verified by a second observer
22. An objective observation is one a. that can only be made by a mechanical recording device b. completely free from any personal bias on the part of the observer c. that can be verified by a second observer d. that cannot be questioned
c. that can be verified by a second observer
1. If our experiences include some unforgettable events, we might overestimate how often those kinds of events occur. This is called a. belief perseverance b. a confirmation bias c. the availability heuristic d. the a priori heuristic
c. the availability heuristic
13. If our experiences include some unforgettable events, we might overestimate how often those kinds of events occur. This is called a. belief perseverance b. a confirmation bias c. the availability heuristic d. the a priori heuristic
c. the availability heuristic
1. With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public? a. the desire for objectivity b. the emphasis of supporting claims with data c. the recognition that conclusions are tentative d. the reliance on empirical questions
c. the recognition that conclusions are tentative
27. With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public? a. the desire for objectivity b. the emphasis of supporting claims with data c. the recognition that conclusions are tentative d. the reliance on empirical questions
c. the recognition that conclusions are tentative
64. Researchers often report effect sizes to demonstrate a. the relationship between systematic variance and error variance. b. confidence intervals. c. the size or magnitude of the effect. d. statistical power.
c. the size or magnitude of the effect.
41. "If a theory is true, then event X should occur." Suppose event X does not occur. What would the typical scientist conclude? a. the theory has been disproven — let's get rid of it b. the outcome must have been an accident c. the study failed to support the theory — let's replicate d. the original hypothesis must have been deduced improperly
c. the study failed to support the theory — let's replicate
1. What do the preface to Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology and the original constitution of the American Psychological Association have in common? a. they both defined psychology as the study of behavior b. they both recognized that psychology was a subdivision of philosophy c. they both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology d. they both defined psychology as the study of the mind
c. they both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology
1. What do the preface to Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology and the original constitution of the American Psychological Association have in common? a. they both defined psychology as the study of behavior b. they both recognized that psychology was a subdivision of philosophy c. they both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology d. they both defined psychology as the study of the mind
c. they both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology
57. Which of the following is true about Type II errors? a. the probability of one occurring is equal to the alpha level b. they cannot occur if the statistical test is powerful enough c. they occur when a true effect exists, but we fail to discover it in our study d. they occur when we reject the null hypothesis, when we really should not do so
c. they occur when a true effect exists, but we fail to discover it in our study
4. How did Watson and Rayner justify doing the Little Albert study? a. they knew they would be removing the fear at the end of the study; thus Albert would leave the experiment without the fear b. they had the parents' informed consent and the approval of the IRB c. they thought he was strong and healthy and would not be harmed by the procedure d. none of the above - they gave no thought to the ethical dimensions of their study
c. they thought he was strong and healthy and would not be harmed by the procedure
9. Suppose a child in Kim and Spelke's habituation experiment showed a gradual decrease in looking time when shown ten examples of balls rolling down a plane while accelerating. The child then sees (trial 11) a ball rolling up a plane while decelerating. If the child understands the concept of gravity, what will happen to the behavior? a. they will no longer look at the display b. they will look much longer on trial 11 than on trial 10 c. they will look for the same amount of time on both trials 10 and 11 d. not enough information to decide
c. they will look for the same amount of time on both trials 10 and 11
31. In research with school children, what is meant by the principle of assent? a. this is when the parents give consent b. this is when the teachers allow their classroom to be used in the study c. this is when the children agree to participate d. this is when the children are given concrete rewards for participating
c. this is when the children agree to participate
17. If there is minimal or no risk to participants, the IRB will a. not have to consider the case b. typically complete a formal review (just to be sure) c. typically complete an expedited review d. always approve the research
c. typically complete an expedited review
49. In their visual cliff research, Gibson and Walk studied both children and goats. Why goats? a. goat and human visual systems are identical b. goats could be placed on the visual cliff while blindfolded; you cannot do that to children c. unlike children, goats can be raised is perceptual isolation d. goats can move through the environment at about the same time as humans
c. unlike children, goats can be raised is perceptual isolation
39. When is a theory discarded? a. when a study does not come out as predicted, thereby producing falsification b. whenever a better theory is proposed c. when empirical results consistently fail to support it d. when the theory's originator dies
c. when empirical results consistently fail to support it
28. Guéguen and Ciccotti tested whether having a dog present would lead women to provide their phone numbers to inquiring men. In this study, a nominal scale of measurement was used for which variable? a. gender b. whether or not a dog was present c. whether or not phone numbers were provided d. a nominal scale of measurement was not used in this study
c. whether or not phone numbers were provided
There is a very popular fighting-oriented video game in which characters often kill each other at the end of their match. One character's finishing move is to grab his opponent and tear his spine out. His final stance is to stand up holding the opponent's brain and spinal cord up high in a victorious pose. In biological terms, this combatant is holding his opponent's ______ nervous system.
central
13-year old Laila is taken to her doctor when her parents recognize that she is having symptoms related to her movement and posture. The doctor sends her to a neurologist, who orders an MRI of her brain. The doctor is not surprised to find out that Laila has a small growth on her ______, and speaks to the parents about how this will be treated so that Laila's symptoms will resolve.
cerebellum
Which of the following provides the easiest opportunity to see the way in which genes and one's environment work together to influence behavior?
child adoption studies
Professor Brown is a psychologist who conducts intelligence research using students from his own courses as his participants. One day he comes into class and posts the results of intelligence tests on the board with each student's name. Professor Brown has forgotten to attend to which ethical obligation in research?
confidentiality
Maritza is in a study testing if almond milk slows the development of brittle bones. She's in the study for 3 months but doesn't know that her milk allergy is causing her body to block nutrients, so it doesn't help her. Maritza's allergy is an example of a(n):
confound
Systematic observation is the ___________
core of science
Charlise suffers from severe epilepsy and has several seizures a week. Her neurologist has tried several different medications to control the illness, all without success. Now she is concerned that Charlise will suffer brain damage if the seizures continue and has recommend a split-brain procedure. She describes to Charlise that this surgery will involve severing the ______to reduce electrical activity between the two hemispheres of her cerebral cortex.
corpus callosum
The thick bundle of neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called the ______. This structure allows those hemispheres to communicate with each other.
corpus callosum
Which kind of research allows us to passively observe exactly two variables to determine a relationship between them without drawing cause-and-effect conclusions?
correlational research
William always gets a very popular girl to be his date for school events while Denny usually skips the events altogether to stay home alone. This demonstrates the way in which ______ is a major input for the activation or suppression of psychological adaptations.
culture
Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that science is:
cumulative
48. Why did Gibson and Walk study animals in the visual cliff studies? a. the animals could be raised in visual isolation b. animals can be fully mobile without a matter of hours c. studying animals enabled them to control for perceptual experience d. all of the above
d all the above
3. Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation is occurring? a. 14, 10, 8, 12 b. 6, 6, 6, 6 c. 10, 6, 10, 6 d. 10, 8, 6, 4
d. 10, 8, 6, 4
25. Which of the following would be an example of a research project began as the result of a serendipitous event? a. A suspects B of fraud, so A replicates B's work b. A notices that complete strangers who take the same subway to work every day begin to greet one another at the station; A wonders why c. A comes across an interesting study and does a partial replication and an extension of it d. A has an equipment failure and notices some unusual behavior that leads to a series of studies
d. A has an equipment failure and notices some unusual behavior that leads to a series of studies
63. Suppose there are 100 studies that failed to demonstrate an effect of gender on false memories, but 8 studies that showed a gender difference. One may conclude from reading the published studies there is a gender difference, but one may be incorrect due to a. incomplete confidence intervals. b. error variance. c. systematic variance. d. a phenomenon called a file drawer effect.
d. a phenomenon called a file drawer effect
1. A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify) graphology's claims is to a. collect writing samples whose topics are not about the individual (e.g., copy a piece of text) b. compare graphology's results with those of valid and reliable personality tests c. avoid anecdotal evidence d. all of the above
d. all of the above
1. Psychologists would conclude that frustration was a cause of aggression if it could be shown that a. when frustration occurred, aggression also occurred with some regularity b. other explanations for the aggression could be ruled out under the circumstances c. the frustration preceded the aggression d. all of the above
d. all of the above
1. Which of the following is true about graphology? a. it relies on anecdotes as supporting evidence b. it reduces complexity to simplicity c. it uses multiple measurements and calculations to appear scientific d. all of the above
d. all of the above
39. A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify) graphology's claims is to a. collect writing samples whose topics are not about the individual (e.g., copy a piece of text) b. compare graphology's results with those of valid and reliable personality tests c. avoid anecdotal evidence d. all of the above
d. all of the above
8. Compared to field research, which of the following is true about laboratory research? a. it allows for a greater degree of control over variables b. it may be lower in mundane realism c. both informed consent and debriefing are easier to manage d. all of the above
d. all of the above
27. In terms of the current ethics code, Milgram's obedience research is most questionable with respect to which issue? a. confidentiality b. debriefing c. following up on participants to insure their well being d. allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure
d. allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure
46. Which of the following is true about the use of animals in psychological research? a. animals used to be subjects in the majority of psychological research; they are now used in less than 1% of the studies b. animals are no longer used in psychological research c. animals are used in about half of the studies done by research psychologists d. animals are used in about 8% of psychological research
d. animals are used in about 8% of psychological research
1. "Ergonomic" psychologists develop airplane dials that are fool proof. That is, pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. This demonstrates the use of which of psychology's goals? a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. application
d. application
1. When psychologists use the various principles that have been established through research to help people, they are meeting the goal of a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. application
d. application
1. When students assume that their textbook must be correct, they are relying on _________ as a way of knowing. a. the a priori method b. experience c. creativity d. authority
d. authority
6. When students assume that their textbook must be correct, they are relying on _________ as a way of knowing. a. the a priori method b. experience c. creativity d. authority
d. authority
1. Peirce was critical about the a priori method as a way of fixing belief because a. it was especially prone to a confirmation bias b. the use of logic is not really needed for arriving at truth c. it really meant nothing more than relying on authority d. carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions
d. carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusion
11. Peirce was critical about the a priori method as a way of fixing belief because a. it was especially prone to a confirmation bias b. the use of logic is not really needed for arriving at truth c. it really meant nothing more than relying on authority d. carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions
d. carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions
42. On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was predicted that after making a hard choice, people will convince themselves that they have made a wise choice. Suppose you do a study and discover that exact outcome. What is the proper conclusion? a. cognitive dissonance theory has been proven b. cognitive dissonance theory has been disproven c. cognitive dissonance theory has not been supported d. cognitive dissonance theory has been supported
d. cognitive dissonance theory has been supported
43. On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was predicted that after making a hard choice, people will convince themselves that they have made a wise choice. Suppose you do a study and discover the exact opposite outcome. Logically, what can be concluded? a. cognitive dissonance theory is true b. cognitive dissonance theory is not true c. cognitive dissonance theory has not been supported d. cognitive dissonance theory has been supported
d. cognitive dissonance theory has been supported
1. As a way of fixing belief, Peirce's a priori method relies heavily on a. belief perseverance b. drawing conclusions from making systematic observations of nature c. relying on the expertise of others d. convincing others through logical arguments
d. convincing others through logical arguments
10. As a way of fixing belief, Peirce's a priori method relies heavily on a. belief perseverance b. drawing conclusions from making systematic observations of nature c. relying on the expertise of others d. convincing others through logical arguments
d. convincing others through logical arguments
40. During debriefing, the experiment must be prepared to reassure the participant if the procedures have created some stress. This part of debriefing is called a. informed consent b. insuring confidentiality c. dehoaxing d. desensitizing
d. desensitizing
1. People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one's personality. One reason is motivational—having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called a. confirmation bias b. belief perseverance c. availability heuristic d. effort justification
d. effort justification
38. People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one's personality. One reason is motivational—having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called a. confirmation bias b. belief perseverance c. availability heuristic d. effort justification
d. effort justification
1. As psychologists use the term, determinism means that a. free choice does not exist b. all the events of our lives have been "determined" ahead of time c. every event has a cause that can be known and discovered with certainty d. events can be predicted with greater than chance probability
d. events can be predicted with greater chance than chance probability
18. As psychologists use the term, determinism means that a. free choice does not exist b. all the events of our lives have been "determined" ahead of time c. every event has a cause that can be known and discovered with certainty d. events can be predicted with greater than chance probability
d. events can be predicted with greater than chance probability
52. A Type II error occurs when the researcher a. rejects Ho, but Ho is true b. rejects Ho, but Ho is false c. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is true d. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is false
d. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is false
17. Sternberg and Grigerenko studied the effects of parasitic infections on cognitive functioning in several field sites around the world. They argued that field research offers several advantages over laboratory research. All of the following are advantages they cited except a. some conditions (e.g., extreme heat) could never be duplicated in the lab b. discoveries that result from the research can have immediate beneficial effects on people c. field research can correct misconceptions that might arise from laboratory research d. field research automatically allows the experimenters greater experimental realism
d. field research automatically allows the experimenters greater experimental realism
19. Magazine surveys about your mental health a. have been shown to be highly reliable b. have criterion validity but not construct validity c. have construct validity but not criterion validity d. have face validity but not construct validity
d. have face validity but not construct validity
53. In a maze learning study, a researcher compares the performance of laboratory-bred rats and wild rats, hoping to find that the wild rats are better. Which of the following is true? a. the null hypothesis is that wild rats will learn faster than lab rats b. a Type II error would be to find a difference in the study when no true difference exists c. a Type I error would be to find no difference in the study when a true difference exists d. if wild rats really are better, but the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, then a Type II error has occurred
d. if wild rats really are better, but the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, then a Type II error has occurred
58. The "scientific purpose" of an animal research study can fit into one of three categories. Which of the following is not one of those categories? a. increase our knowledge of the basic processes underlying the evolution of a behavior b. yield results that benefit humans and/or the species being studied c. increase the basic understanding of the species being studied d. improve the safety and efficiency of commercial products that will be used by humans
d. improve the safety and efficiency of commercial products that will be used by humans
46. The predictions from dissonance theory did not always come out as predicted. What happened to the theory? a. it was discarded b. it was concluded that it must be true; most of the research proved it c. it evolved to incorporate the idea that dissonance occurred most strongly when the self was threatened d. it was logically disproven but hung on over the years because nothing better came along
d. it was logically disproven but hung on over the years because nothing better came along
1. Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called a. explanations b. theories c. predictions d. laws
d. laws
1. The major shortcoming with introspection as a method was that a. it relied too heavily on the a priori method b. it was used to answer philosophical rather than empirical questions c. it relied too heavily on direct observations of behavior d. observations could not be verified—they were too subjective
d. observations could not be verified—they were too subjective
23. The major shortcoming with introspection as a method was that a. it relied too heavily on the a priori method b. it was used to answer philosophical rather than empirical questions c. it relied too heavily on direct observations of behavior d. observations could not be verified—they were too subjective
d. observations could not be verified—they were too subjective
43. According to APA guidelines, when is it considered appropriate to deceive participants about the true purpose of the study? a. never b. only when debriefing is excluded (therefore participants won't need to discover that they have been deceived) c. only when the subjects are nonhuman d. only when the research hypothesis could not be tested in any other way
d. only when the research hypothesis could not be tested in any other way
7. In the mental rotation studies, Shepard and Metzler predicted that a. participants would make more errors with a 30o rotation than with a 60o rotation b. participants would make more errors with a 60o rotation than with a 30o rotation c. participants would take more time with a 30o rotation than with a 60o rotation d. participants would take more time with a 60o rotation than with a 30o rotation
d. participants would take more time with a 60o rotation than with a 30o rotation
1. Which of the following is an example of describing behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
45. Which of the following is an example of describing behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects
1. What did the philosopher Rudolph Carnap have to say about human freedom of choice? a. free choices are really determined ahead of time by fate b. the concept is meaningless if determinism is true c. because determinism is true, we might think we have free choice, but we don't d. the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable
d. the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable
20. What did the philosopher Rudolph Carnap have to say about human freedom of choice? a. free choices are really determined ahead of time by fate b. the concept is meaningless if determinism is true c. because determinism is true, we might think we have free choice, but we don't d. the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable
d. the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable
44. Research using the Internet is increasing. Which of the following guideline is least likely to be a problem for participants? a. informed consent b. confidentiality and privacy c. debriefing d. the option to quit any time
d. the option to quit any time
17. If an IQ test is reliable and a child scores 115, what is known? a. the child will only be an average student in school b. the student will perform at a level in school that is about 15% higher than others c. the IQ test is a good measure of intellect d. the person has a higher IQ than someone who scores 95
d. the person has a higher IQ than someone who scores 95
45. Which of the following problems is unique to electronic research? a. it is impossible to accomplish debriefing b. deception might occur c. participants might think they cannot quit the experiment without penalty d. there is no way to insure that a participant is age 18 or older
d. there is no way to insure that a participant is age 18 or older
30. All of the following are true of theories except a. they organize existing data b. an attribute of a good theory is that it is high on "productivity" c. provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically d. they are tentative until the facts prove them true
d. they are tentative until the facts prove them true
1. All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except a. they try to confuse the naive by associating with concepts from legitimate science b. they rely exclusively on anecdotal evidence for support c. they cannot be adequately falsified d. they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex
d. they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex
35. All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except a. they try to confuse the naive by associating with concepts from legitimate science b. they rely exclusively on anecdotal evidence for support c. they cannot be adequately falsified d. they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex
d. they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex
60. What is accomplished by a meta-analysis? a. this analysis determines the probability of making both type I and type II errors b. this is the statistical technique used to measure power c. this is the term used to describe the complete statistical analysis of data—both the descriptive and the inferential analyses d. this is a statistical procedure that combines effect sizes of several studies
d. this is a statistical procedure that combines effect sizes of several studies
52. Animal rights activists argue that instead of using laboratory animals, psychologists should use alternatives. They recommend all of the following except a. using nonintrusive observational procedures and study animals in their natural environments b. substituting nonsentient for sentient animals (bugs instead of rats) c. using computer simulations instead of live animals d. using non-primate mammals (e.g., dogs) instead of primates
d. using non-primate mammals (e.g., dogs) instead of primates
59. A set of data has a mean of 12 and a 95% confidence interval of 10-14. What does this mean? a. the standard deviation will be 14-10, or 4 b. you can be 95% sure that 12 is the population mean c. in order for the mean to be significantly different fro some other mean, the scores producing the other mean cannot be between 10 and 14 d. you can be quite sure that the population mean falls somewhere between 10 and 14
d. you can be quite sure that the population mean falls somewhere between 10 and 14
If a psychology study employs deception as part of its methods, the participants must be informed of that deception before their contribution is completed. This opportunity to educate research participants about the true nature of study is called ______.
debriefing
Which type of brain imaging technique involves shining an infrared light on a person's head to see how it changes as it penetrates the brain?
diffuse optical imaging (DOI)
Armando is participating in a one-week study examining the relationship between emotional states and eating behavior. Every time he eats something, he has to pull out a digital notebook and record how he is feeling at that exact moment. What kind of research method is being used in this study?
experience sampling method
Dr. Magill is conducting research on whether giving monkeys ice cold water in the morning will cause them to be less aggressive during the day. He has several graduate students observing the monkeys and he regularly comments to the students that ice water is "definitely making a difference." As a result, the graduate students are less likely to rate minor aggressive incidents as true aggression. The research in this example has been compromised by ______.
experimenter expectations
Which area of the brain is associated with complex problem solving, planning and organization?
frontal lobe
Irene has been having migraines lately and she goes to visit her doctor. Her doctor sends her to have a brain imaging test that will measure changes in the naturally occurring oxygen in the blood in her brain. Which type of procedure is Irene going to have?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Research on brain region activation focuses on uncovering the ______ of social behavior.
functional neuroanatomy
William James, G Stanley Hall, and Raymond Cattell were part of a group that embraced ______ and was influenced by evolutionary theory.
functionalism
A more modern version of evolution by selection theory is ______theory, and it posits that differential gene replication is the defining process of evolutionary change.
gene selection
Researchers have used several creative methods for studying behaviors and personality characteristics in both direct and unobtrusive methods over the years. Which of the following is not one of those methods?
hiring professional drivers to follow participants as they travel across the city throughout the day
The human brain has developed in numerous ways over the course of evolution. For example, ______, an ancestor of the modern human that lived over 2 million years ago, had a larger brain volume than its own ancestors but far less than modern humans.
homo habilis
Dr. Miller-Lewis is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best thrive when residing in an assisted-living facility. She has several logical ideas that can be tested in her research. These ideas, which might be thought of as educated guesses, are called ______
hypotheses
Dr. Miller-Lewis is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best thrive when residing in an assisted-living facility. She has several logical ideas that can be tested in her research. These ideas, which might be thought of as educated guesses, are called ______.
hypotheses
In an experiment, the condition that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher is called the______ variable.
independent
Oladipo volunteers to be a participant in a research study. When he arrives at the laboratory, he is given a handout that describes the basic purposes of the research and explains that they are not obligated to participate in the study. This handout is related to the ethical consideration of ______
informed consent
Oladipo volunteers to be a participant in a research study. When he arrives at the laboratory, he is given a handout that describes the basic purposes of the research and explains that they are not obligated to participate in the study. This handout is related to the ethical consideration of ______ .
informed consent
Karla has a very pretty face, a nice frame, and she is very intelligent and successful. As a result she has many offers for dates from a variety of men. The likelihood that these desired characteristics are more likely to get passed on to offspring because Karla has more opportunities than other women to date and mate is an example of ______.
intersexual selection
Both Tray and Paul want to date Melia. She would be happy dating either of them, so she says, "You two box for one round, and I will date whoever wins." Tray and Paul fall for this trick and pummel each other for 3 minutes until Tray wins. Tray and Paul are engaging in ______ competition to date Melia.
intrasexual
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the use of an electronically activated recorder, or EAR, in a research study?
it provides a series of soundbites that, when put together, can give an acoustic diary of the participant's day
After the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) examined blogs of users of a specific website. Through their use of ______, they determined that their participants expressed more negative emotions and were more cognitively and socially engaged for two weeks. After that period of time, these levels returned to baseline.
linguistic analyses
The ______ system can be thought of a massive network of cells that allows for communication within the body.
nervous
Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology.
observable behavior
In a study of 16 million Facebook users researchers found that posting "I voted" was associated with increased voting in their networks. Where research methods are concerned this is an example of ______.
observable behavior
Barbara is complaining that she has terrible abdominal pains. Several physicians have found nothing wrong with her. One physician gives Barbara a prescription for tablets with no real medication in them. "I think that this new medication will be very helpful for your abdominal infection," the physician tells Barbara. Within 24 hours of taking the fake medication Barbara reports that her abdominal pains have disappeared. This is called a ______.
placebo effect
Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they talked to police to find out personal information about individuals without those individuals' consent?
privacy
The scientific discipline of ______ examines similarities between individuals and analyzes them based on how biologically related they are.
quantitative genetics
50. A Type I error occurs when the researcher a. rejects Ho, but Ho is true b. rejects Ho, but Ho is false c. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is true d. fails to reject Ho, but Ho is false
rejects Ho, but Ho is true
Which of the following neurotransmitters is known to have an impact on such functions as sleep, hunger, and mood?
serotonin
Eric comes into work one day to find that a new woman has been hired as the front-desk receptionist. She smiles at him and Eric wonders if she is flirting. The fact is she was simply being friendly and professional. Eric has fallen victim to the ______ bias.
sexual overperception
In a recent study, researchers using digitally enhanced photos of the same male college student discovered that women found him more attractive when he had a beard than when he did not. This is related to ______.
sexual selection
To demonstrate the enormous contributions that science has made to social and technological changes over the past century, your text author cites the work of Dr. Edward Jenner. Sometimes called the "father of immunology," Jenner's work directly led to the development of a vaccine that led to the eradication of ______
smallpox
To demonstrate the enormous contributions that science has made to social and technological changes over the past century, your text author cites the work of Dr. Edward Jenner. Sometimes called the "father of immunology," Jenner's work directly led to the development of a vaccine that led to the eradication of ______.
smallpox
A relatively recent invention in technology is likely to become an important part of data collection in psychology research. What is it?
smartphones
As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior. Therefore, you decide to use an Electronically Activated Recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:
studying daily behavior
Mary is gathering data for her dissertation research, and has decided to use the internet to reach a large number of potential participants with a minimum of cost. She creates a list of questions and puts it on a website, and then sends the link out to many people in the hopes that they will go to her site. This inexpensive and rather efficient research design is called a(n)______.
survey
While driving to the beach for a vacation, your family gets stuck in traffic for over an hour. Each car sits very close to the one in front of it and the one behind it, but there is a small space that separates each car. In a system of neurons, such gaps between cells would be called ______.
synaptic gaps
Imagine that you are part of a study that measures heart rate and breathing throughout the day. Your heart rate and breathing only change when you exercise or are very excited. However, every time you visit the researcher to get your equipment updated, your heart rate and breathing spike. This phenomenon is referred to as:
white coat hypertension
Many students do quite well on practice quizzes or textbook exercises; however, on exam day they become anxious when their professor walks into the classroom. This phenomenon is very similar to ______ in research.
white coat hypertension
______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm.
ethics
Annie conducts a correlational research study and calculates that the variables in question have a correlational coefficient of -.81. In this statistic, the negative sign gives us information about the ______ of the relationship between the two variables.
direction
In which country was modern psychology developed?
Germany
What claim did William James make about consciousness in the book Principles of Psychology?
Consciousness cannot be reduced to its component parts.
If a psychology study employs deception as part of its methods, the participants must be informed of that deception before their contribution is completed. This opportunity to educate research participants about the true nature of study is called _____
debriefing.
Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that science is
cumulative.
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?
Do teenagers spend more time on their cellphones in a shopping mall than do adults?
Who's work led to the eradication of smallpox?
Edward Jenner
What did Woolley's research on sex differences in emotions find?
Emotion does not influence women's decision-making more than men's
______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation.
Empirical
______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm.
Ethics
These days, researchers find that about ______ percent of homes across the world have a television, demonstrating the ease with which information can be transmitted to populations.
80