psych final

Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts no more than _____.

30 seconds

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

In the context of the neural impulse, the action potential in a neuron abides by the _____ principle.

All-or-nothing

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Classical conditioning

Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study?

Correlational research

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?

Critical thinking, Use of the scientific method, Critical evaluation of sources of information

Which of the following best defines teratogen?

It is any agent that causes a birth defect.

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

Long-term memory has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.

____ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

Morphemes

identify the accurate statement in the context of operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning based on relationships between behavior and consequences.

_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

_____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus (i.e., stickers, candy, etc).

Positive reinforcement

_____ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious.

Psychodynamic

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is NOT one of these domains?

Psychological

_____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to 1-2 seconds.

Sensory memory

Ruth is an eight-month-old infant. According to milestones of language development, which of the following language milestones is attained by Ruth at this age?

She produces babbling sounds of spoken language.

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following frames of mind describes the ability to think three-dimensionally?

Spatial

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Sternberg

In the context of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, the corpus callosum is:

a bundle of axons that connects the right hemisphere with the left hemisphere.

Learning is defined as:

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

A specific formula (or set of instructions) for solving a problem is called _____.

an algorithm

According to developmental psychologists, nurture refers to:

an individual's environmental and social experiences.

The process by which individuals come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called _____.

attribution

Fluid intelligence is characterized by _______.

being able to see complex relationships and solve problems.

In the context of specialized cell structure, the nucleus of a neuron is located in the _____.

cell body

In the context of the divisions of the nervous system, the brain is categorized within the _____ nervous system.

central

An individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts is known as:

cognitive dissonance

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of _____.

declarative memory

Dr. Mason's main research interest is the way a person grows and changes from its beginning to its inevitable end. It is most likely that Dr. Mason is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

The first step in memory is _____.

encoding

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days. As a result of the painful experience, she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her. Jennifer's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

generalization

During the embryonic period of prenatal development:

he intestinal tract appears.

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ______.

human thinking

In the context of psychology's scientific method, a(n) _____ is an educated guess that derives

hypothesis

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the latency period occurs _____and is characterized by a psychic "time out".

immediately after the phallic stage

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

law of effect

In _____, the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.

learned helplessness

Concepts refer to

mental categories that are used to group objects, life experiences, and ideas.

In the context of research settings, researchers who use _____ attempt to view behavior without disturbing the environment

naturalistic observation

n Pavlov's studies on classical conditioning, the bell was a(n) _____ before it was paired with the food.

neutral stimulus

In the context of the cerebral cortex, the area critical for processing visual information is the _____ lobe.

occipital

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the _____ principle.

reality

When the ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress, the defense mechanism of _____ is being used.

regression

An event schema is also known as a cognitive _____.

script

In Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment, even the lead researcher succumbed to his role as a prison supervisor. This is an example of ______influencing behavior.

social roles

In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as:

spontaneous recovery

Psychology is formally defined as:

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

if Cathy blames her history teacher for her poor performance on a history test she is engaging in:

the self-serving bias.