psych final

In the classic study by Albert Bandura on aggressive behavior and observational learning, which of the following was true?

Children, both boys and girls, often imitated the aggressive behaviors of the adult model

What is the correct order for Ainsworth's three phases of attachment?

Initial-preattachment phase, attachment-in-the-making phase, clear-cut attachment phase

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Insist on evidence.

Which of the following is true of the placenta?

It is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

It is involuntary, automatic learning.

In the beginning of Pavlov's experiment in classical conditioning, the bell initially did not elicit a response from the dog. During this part of the process, which type of stimulus is the bell?

Neutral

Cancer, heart disease, and lung and respiratory diseases are all side effects of which drug?

Nicotine

In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?

Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.

LaTonya was in a car accident and the doctor injected her with a radioactive tracer to make images of her brain using which technology?

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Consciousness and awareness are said to come from which region of the brain?

Prefrontal cortex

What is one difference, noted via MRI scans, that can be seen in the brains of people with schizophrenia?

They generally have less grey matter.

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?

To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

Alec's doctor informs him that he is at an increased risk of heart disease due to which behavior?

Smoking cigarettes

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, the mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline ________.

arouses the body by accelerating the heart rate

The theory that asserts organisms learn to engage in specific behaviors to reduce a state of tension is called _____.

drive-reduction

Psychological needs, like those for approval or achievement, can give rise to _____.

drives

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:

encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory.

t/f Cones allow us to see in black and white, while rods provide color vision. Cones are more sensitive to dim light than rods are.

false

t/f In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach

false

t/f In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory

false

t/f People with body dysmorphic disorder have dual personalities.

false

t/f The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.

false

t/f Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.

false

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to

focus on the present.

Flora had met with an accident a few day ago. She has forgotten everything about her life before the accident. Flora is suffering from ____________.

generalized dissociative amnesia

In which disorder do people forget their entire lives?

generalized dissociative amnesia

Which one of these form a fatty substance called myelin?

glial cells

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of ________.

having dyslexia

The function of the hippocampus is to________.

help relay information to parts of the cortex for storage

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.

hippocampus

When Afolabi is thirsty, he drinks, when he is hungry, he eats, both in order to maintain ________.

homeostasis

Which term describes a rat that is characterized by excessive eating?

hyperphagic

Which of the following, along with receptors in our liver, helps regulate our hunger?

hypothalamus

Which of these is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger?

hypothalamus

Which type of somatic symptom disorder was previously called hypochondria?

illness anxiety disorder

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________.

implicit memory

Explicit memory is:

information that can be clearly stated.

As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the ________.

iris

According to cognitive theorists, what is the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience?

learning

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by ________.

learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity

The cessation of menstruation is called _________.

menopause

The cessation of menstruation, at which point a woman's fertility ends, is called________________.

menopause

A hypothetical state that activates behavior, propelling one toward a goal

motive

oarding is most closely related to which disorder?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

operant conditioning

Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was three weeks ago. The doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with ________.

oxytocin

When nociceptors in the skin are stimulated, what will you experience?

pain

Nadar was at work when he suddenly felt as if he was choking, was going numb, and was having the chills. He most likely is suffering from a ____________.

panic disorder

Which of these is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions?

acetylcholine

The fear of open, crowded places is called ________.

agoraphobia

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the which of these is first triggered by perception of a stressor?

alarm reaction

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of a broad category of disease-causing organisms called ________.

pathogens

Which part of the nervous system that is involved with sensory and motor neurons?

peripheral nervous system

Sleep, hunger, thirst, and oxygen are examples of _____.

physiological needs

According to Freud, the id follows the _________.

pleasure principle

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as ________.

procedural memories

the Thematic Apperception Test is an example of which type of personality test?

projective

Many health problems are affected by attitudes, emotions, and behavior, which are all ________.

psychological factors

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the ___________.

reality principle

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, what are the three types of color photoreceptors we have?

red, blue, and green

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, what is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness called?

repression

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in which stage are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal?

resistance stage

Excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights describe which of the following?

specific phobias

The gate theory of pain suggests that pain sensations are processed and can be limited through neurons located in the ________.

spine

Humor helps people cope with stress by ________.

stimulating the output of endorphins

One of the advantages of which method is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time?

surveys

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared?

sympathetic division

Which structures that contain neurotransmitters are located within the axon terminals?

synaptic vesicles

In the context of prenatal development, the fetal stage lasts from:

the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth

According to cognitive psychologists, _________.

the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

Operant conditioning is essentially learning __________.

the consequences that follow a behavior

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations that sever the ________.

the corpus callosum

The outer ear funnels sound directly to which structure?

the eardrum

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

the exhaustion stage

Identify the third stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development.

the phallic stage

Which of the following proposes reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions?

theories

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and _______

thirst

A person with normal color vision is labeled a ________.

trichromat

t/f According to Freud, we are motivated to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame.

true

t/f According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

true

t/f Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.

true

t/f Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.

true

t/f In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

true

t/f In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

true

t/f Kinesthesis is about motion and perception. In kinesthesis, sensory information is fed back to the brain from sensory organs in the joints, tendons, and muscles.

true

t/f One suffering from mania may have grand delusional schemes, speak rapidly, and show a rapid flight of ideas.

true

t/f Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.

true

t/f Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system

true

t/f Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes

true

t/f The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective test present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.

true

The embryo is connected to the placenta by the __________.

umbilical cord

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, repression is when memories are pushed into the _______________.

unconscious

Which of the following comes first in the stages of prenatal development?

zygote

Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?

"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal.

The immune system combats diseases ________.

.by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them for destruction

What is the most popular drug used on college campuses?

Alcohol

Which addictive depressants are used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep?

Barbiturates

Which of the following statements about suicide is true?

College students are more likely to commit suicide than non-college students.

The phrase, "You cannot see the forest for the trees" most exemplifies which psychological perspective?

Gestalt psychologists

Conductive deafness is different from sensorineural deafness in which of the following ways?

Hearing aids can be used to help with conductive deafness.

Susan is in the alarm reaction stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Her body is aroused and she experiences a fight-or-flight reaction.

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.

What role does the somatic nervous system play?

It transmits messages about sights, sounds, smells, and so on, to the central nervous system.

Which hormone promotes sleep?

Melatonin

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT:

Reduced probability of aggressive behavior.

Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?

The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

The sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus is the _____________.

amniotic sac

An object that is desirable for its own sake, such as money, is called _____.

an incentive

Asta was in a severe car accident. As a result of her injuries, she can no longer encode the memories of events that have occurred since the accident. This is an example of _________.

anterograde amnesia

Yağmur must choose between cake and ice cream for dessert. Since she likes them both, what kind of conflict is Yağmur facing?

approach-approach

What is the correct order of structures triggered in the ear by incoming sound waves?

auditory canal, ear drum, oval window, cochlea

As Dagwood is chomping on a huge sandwich, he thinks about how glad he is that he does not have to consciously control his digestion because that function is handled by his ________.

autonomic nervous system

The part of a neuron that extends like a trunk from the cell body is called a ________.

axon

People receive reinforcement in the form of information in ______.

biofeedback training

What is the name of the disorder that is characterized by the cycling through both ecstatic elation to deep depression?

bipolar disorder

Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?

bulimia nervosa

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of ________.

bulimia nervosa

The brain and the spinal cord make up which of these parts of the nervous system?

central nervous system

Simone Biles is considered by many to be the greatest gymnast of all time. Which part of her brain is likely highly developed, helping her movements be smooth and balanced?

cerebellum

The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:

children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects.

In the context of specific phobias, what is the term used for the fear of tight or enclosed places?

claustrophobia

Which of the following substances is a stimulant?

cocaine

Tyrese has tried lemons in the past. Whenever he has eaten them in the past, his mouth waters due to increased salivation. He is watching television one night and an advertisement shows a lemon being sliced open. If just thinking about that lemon makes his mouth begin to water, the increased salivation would be a __________________.

conditioned response

Which of the following is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives?

conflict

In every experiment, what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not is called the ________.

dependent variable

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know.' This is an example of a ________ study.

double-blind

The body's system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream is known as which of the following?

endocrine system

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

Another term for declarative memory, which means the same thing because it indicates intentional remembering, is _____________.

explicit memory

The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur is known as ________.

extinction

Jose had his arm amputated after an accident. Sometimes at night he wakes up in pain as he feels a burning sensation running down his missing limb. Jose is experiencing ________.

extrasensory perceptions

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

t/f According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone

false

t/f All of our memories are permanently imprinted on the brain and stored in long-term memory

false

The immune system is able to eradicate foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of white blood cells called ________.

leukocytes

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?

magnetic resonance imaging

Bipolar disorder was formerly called_____________________.

manic-depressive disorder

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in the exhaustion stage, ________.

many aspects of sympathetic activity are reversed

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

may occur months or years after a traumatic experience.

One negative symptom of schizophrenia is the refusal to talk. The term for this is _____________

mutism

People suffering from this disorder have an inflated self-image, extreme need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

narcissistic personality disorder

A sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly refers to

narcolepsy.

Which of the following is a state of deprivation?

need

A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parent's behavior of buying the child a toy has been _______.

negatively reinforced

What is sent by a neuron to relay its message to another neuron?

neurotransmitters

Which agent creates physiological dependence on tobacco products?

nicotine

In which part of the eye are photoreceptors found?

retina

When cocaine is used, which neural process is debated as causes neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft longer?

reuptake

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in ________.

sensorineural deafness

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

serotonin

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by __________.

situational or environmental influences

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______.

sleep apnea

Anatomical deformities that clog the air passageways, such as a thick palate, and problems in the breathing centers in the brain are included as causes of which sleep disorder?

sleep apnea