psych final

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. A. archetype B. extrovert C. introvert D. neurotic

B

12. Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent- process theory? A. Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system. B. Research has not supported either theory. C. The opponent-process theory is more accurate than the trichromatic theory. D. The trichromatic theory is more accurate than the opponent-process theory.

A

5. Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology

A

6. Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interestingconversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit'sfriend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Saritsays he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A. attention B. friendship C. habit D. mood

A

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. A. choleric B. melancholic C. phlegmatic D. sanguine

A

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. A. babbling B. baby talk C. lexicon D. phoneme

A

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. olfaction D. thermoception

A

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

A

If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

A

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B. comfort objects C. higher-level needs D. wants

A

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. denial B. displacement C. rationalization D. rejection

A

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? A. afterimage B. blind spot C. preimage D. night blindness

A

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate herbody's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. bodily kinesthetic B. intrapersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

A

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

A

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currentlyworking on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. linguistic B. logical-mathematical C. musical D. spatial

A

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. A. adaptation B. formation C. regression D. revision

A

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

A

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words"Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it isbeyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of________. A. a subliminal message B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

A

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________. A. experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally B. less often experienced in preindustrial countries C. more often experienced in English-speaking countries D. more often experienced in industrial countries

A

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus B. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death C. people would become comatose D. people would lose their ability to feel fear

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good." B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "children." C. The word "people" should be changed to the word "groups." D. The word "potential" should be changed to the word "use."

A

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using? A. moving away from people B. moving toward people C. regression D. sublimation

A

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

A

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. A. automatic B. concepts C. diverse D. stereotypes

A

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

A

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. A. attention B. motivation C. peripherals D. sensation

B

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggestibility C. recognition D. reconstruction

B

9. Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as theyshould, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. A. legal blindness B. night blindness C. night impairment D. night vision

B

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain. A. left; left B. left; right C. right; left D. right; right

B

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. A. anchoring B. confirmation C. hindsight D. representational

B

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. A. archetypes and personas B. beliefs and expectations C. defense mechanisms and coping strategies D. myths, legends, and stories

B

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because heoften hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. A. algorithm B. availability heuristic C. functional fixedness D. hindsight bias

B

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

B

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglueand uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligencecomponent of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. analytic B. creative C. fluid D. practical

B

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience. A. direct B. indirect C. practical D. theoretical

B

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. A. model B. natural C. prototype D. unnatural

B

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. A. conductive B. congenital C. postnatal D. prenatal

B

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

B

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture. A. Contemporary Stereotypes B. Contemporized-Themes C. Cultural Themes D. Thematic Subjects

B

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A. guesswork B. observation C. practice D. statistics

B

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat? A. gustation B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. thermoception

B

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. A. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins B. revealed a genetic component to intelligence C. suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption D. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence

B

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

B

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it." A. The word "acquired" should be changed to the word "practiced." B. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized." C. The word "intelligence" should be changed to the word "intellect." D. The word "retrieve" should be changed to the word "practice."

B

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? A. moving against people B. moving toward people C. reaction formation D. repression

B

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye. A. contracted B. dilated C. longer D. smaller

B

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

B

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. extroversion C. neuroticism D. openness

B

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect

B

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence B. modified the way witnesses are questioned C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity

B

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

B

________ is the knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that increase over a lifetime. A. Fluid intelligence B. Crystallized intelligence C. Verbal knowledge D. Wisdom

B

11. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. 1600s B. 1700s C. 1800s D. 1900sDifficulty: Easy

C

A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator

C

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. A. direct experience versus indirect experience B. empirical knowledge versus personal opinion C. one piece of information versus all of the information D. personal opinion versus empirical knowledge

C

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________. A. brain damage B. intellectual disability C. learning disability D. post-traumatic stress

C

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. A. functionalism B. Gestalt psychology C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

C

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? A. anal B. genital C. latency D. phallic

C

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. A. determining B. processing C. thinking D. understanding

C

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious B. the operation of individual parts of the mind C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts D. understanding the id, ego, and superego

C

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________. A. behaviorism B. client-centered therapy C. introspection D. psychoanalysis

C

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. A. availability heuristic B. confirmation bias C. representational bias D. stereotype bias

C

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. A. extrovert B. humanist C. introvert D. neo-Freudian

C

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

C

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in? A. biopsychology B. clinical psychology C. counseling psychology D. wellness psychology

C

Persons who work as engineers, architects, and pilots may be high in ____ intelligence. A. fluid B. linguistic C. spatial D. naturalistic

C

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to play the piano C. what the word chocolate means D. your most recent visit to the dentist

C

Schemata are a(an) ________ A. example of the brain's ability to form prototypes B. means of sublimating frustration C. method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently D. source of emotional content for the brain

C

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? A. classical conditioning B. dream analysis C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior D. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. A. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" B. change the word "long" to the word "short" C. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" D. change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"

C

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using? A. detachment B. extroversion C. moving against people D. moving with people

C

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

C

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? A. feeling the warmth of the sun B. hearing an airplane fly overhead C. smelling cookies in the oven D. tasting white chocolate fudge

C

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

C

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist? A. Wolfgang Köhler B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

C

Why is psychology considered a social science? A. Because psychologists study groups and how groups interact. B. Because psychology is not considered a hard science. C. Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. D. Behavior is unpredictable, so scientists study it.

C

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A. behaviorism B. gestalt C. humanism D. structuralism

C

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior B. only the mind C. the mind and behavior D. the soul, the mind, and behavior

C. Mind and soul

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. analytic B. creative C. functional D. practical

D

Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind B. chemical and hormonal changes C. dreams D. learned behavior

D

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. A. are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure B. are not encouraged to reach their potential C. don't care about IQ testing D. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

D

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

D

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________. A. confirmation bias B. functional fixedness C. hindsight bias D. mental set

D

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. Ipunish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning

D

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. A. Merkel's theory B. the law of thermoception C .the principle of transduction D. Weber's law

D

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is partof ________ in the second half of life. A. affirming the sexual identity B. resolving the Electra complex C. seeking positive attention D. the self-realization process

D

Intelligence stresses the capacity to A. perform in school and on the job B. read, write, and make computations C. perform verbally and physically D. think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment

D

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. logical-mathematical C. naturalist D. spatial

D

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. A. analytic B. common sense C. crystallized D. fluid

D

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school

D

The idea that people differ in their "profiles of intelligence," showing a unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses, is related to A. Guilford's 120-factor model of intelligence B. Thurston's triarchic theory of successful intelligence C. Cattell's two-factor theory of intelligence D. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

D

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She neverdeveloped a(an) ________. A. ability to communicate B. ability to speak C. lexicon D. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. A. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" B. change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" C. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" D. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" B. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" C. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

D

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

D

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

D

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. B. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. C. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. D. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

D

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

D