Psych Mid term
Dendrites contain the nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells.
False
Denervation supersensitivity results from the disuse of incoming axons.
False
If you fell asleep on a sunny beach lying on your stomach, then your dorsal side would likely be sunburned.
False
The elbow is more distal to the shoulder than the hand.
False
The general rule among neurons is that the wider the branching, the fewer connections with other neurons.
False
A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.
True
A rat in a more stimulating environment develops a thicker cortex, more dendritic branching, and improved learning.
True
An efferent axon carries information away from a structure.
True
At rest, the inside of a neuron's membrane is more negative than the outside.
True
At synapses, the cell that delivers the message is called the presynaptic neuron.
True
Deterioration of the basal ganglia may lead to Parkinson's disease.
True
Diaschisis refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.
True
Electrical communication between neurons is faster than chemical communication within neurons.
True
In strokes caused by ischemia or hemorrhage, neurons die from overstimulation.
True
Most excitatory post-synaptic potentials result in an action potential.
True
Neurotransmitter levels in the brain can be affected by changes in diet.
True
Parkinson's symptoms usually don't appear until 70-80% of substantia nigra neurons have died.
True
Spatial summation is the result of synaptic inputs from different locations arriving at the same time.
True
Synaptogenesis is a process that begins before birth and continues throughout life.
True
The difference in voltage in a resting neuron is called the resting potential.
True
The hindbrain consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.
True
The limbic system is important for motivation and emotional behaviors.
True
The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.
True
The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.
True
The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movement.
True
Although slower than an action potential, synaptic transmission is still relatively fast because: a. the synaptic cleft is very narrow. b. sodium ions are transported quickly. c. neurotransmitters diffuse faster than electricity. d. EPSPs travel faster than IPSPs.
a
In anatomy, the opposite of medial is: a. lateral. b. dorsal. c. ventral. d. rostral.
a
In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra? a. Midbrain b. Hindbrain c. Reticular formation d. Forebrain
a
Inhibitory synapses on a neuron: a. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell. b. weaken the cell's polarization. c. increase the probability of an action potential. d. move the potential closer to the cell's threshold.
a
Keeping animals in a varied environment with stimulation increases the: a. branching of dendrites. b. speed of action potentials. c. density of Nodes of Ranvier along the axon. d. thickness of axons.
a
The information sender of the neuron, which conveys an impulse toward either other neurons or a gland or muscle, is called the: a. axon. b. dendrite. c. soma. d. myelin.
a
The large bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is called the: a. corpus callosum. b. limbic system. c. midbrain. d. thalamus.
a
The limbic system is important for: a. emotional behaviors. b. motor coordination. c. coordination between the eyes and ears. d. perceiving three-dimensional objects.
a
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) _______ before any voluntary movement. a. readiness potential b. action potential c. evoked potential d. motor potential
a
The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the: a. basal ganglia b. limbic system c. cerebellum d. sympathetic nervous system
a
What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters? a. substances found in the diet b. breakdown products of DNA c. breakdown products formed from other transmitters d. methane and ethanol
a
When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell. a. into, into b. into, out of c. out of, into d. out of, out of
a
Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening? a. Occipital cortex b. Medulla c. Cerebellum d. Corpus callosum
b
Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as: a. interpeduncular nuclei. b. nodes of Ranvier. c. myelin synapses. d. presynaptic terminals.
b
If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens? a. The fibers grow back and attach to random targets, so they see a scrambled picture. b. The fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal vision. c. The newt remains blind, since neurons do not regenerate. d. The fibers attach to multiple targets, resulting in blurry vision.
b
Ischemia and hemorrhage kill neurons by: a. understimulating them. b. overstimulating them. c. overactivating the sodium-potassium pump. d. depleting the glutamate supply available to neurons.
b
Mirror neurons are active when: a. viewing mirror images b. watching others performs movements c. identifying ourselves in the mirror d. playing the piano
b
The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called: a. motor neurons. b. dendrites. c. sensory neurons. d. axons.
b
The correct sequence of chemical events at a synapse is: a. reuptake, release, transport, synthesis b. synthesis, transport, release, reuptake c. transport, release, reuptake, synthesis d. recycle, reuse, release, return
b
The posterior parietal cortex: a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world. c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement
b
The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in: a. axons b. vesicles c. peptides d. dendrites
b
The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all: a. part of the forebrain. b. filled with cerebrospinal fluid. c. involved in cognitive functioning. d. filled with blood.
b
Very brief electrical stimulation of the motor cortex results in: a. relaxation b. muscle twitching. c. laughing d. complex, coordinated movement
b
What causes an EPSP? a. the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes b. the opening of sodium channels c. the opening of potassium channels d. inherited paranormal psychic abilities
b
What is the mechanism that prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter? a. a threshold b. a blood-brain barrier c. an endoplasmic wall
b
What term describes the movement of primitive neurons and glia within the developing nervous system? a. Differentiation b. Migration c. Myelination d. Proliferation
b
Which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells? a. They follow electrical gradients. b. They follow chemical gradients from the target cell. c. Axons send out chemicals to the target cells. d. Target cells send out branches for the axons to follow.
b
Which of the following is NOT true of axons? a. They can vary greatly in length. b. They carry information toward the soma. c. They release chemicals that cross the synapse. d. Some of them are covered with myelin sheaths.
b
Which of the following is the most common cause of a stroke? a. Lack of glucose b. Ischemia from an obstruction of an artery c. Hemorrhage of an artery d. Blow to the head
b
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side? a. Coronal b. Sagittal c. Horizontal d. Commuter
b
Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections? a. Chemical messages from our muscles tell our brain how many neurons to form and that number perfectly matches the connections required. b. If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies. c. We are born with all connections formed. d. Connections form rapidly, but we learn to use whatever connections have formed.
b
You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your: a. parasympathetic nervous system. b. sympathetic nervous system. c. somatic nervous system. d. immune system.
b
An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure? a. Midbrain b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. Cerebellum
c
Closed head injury results in damage partially because of: a. increased production of myelin. b. excessive deficit of neurotrophins. c. rotational forces that push the brain against the inside of the skull. d. infection.
c
For some axons, glial cells produce an insulating sheath that makes rapid transmission possible. What is this process called? a. Differentiation b. Migration c. Myelination d. Proliferation
c
Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate whish of the following motor areas? a. posterior parietal lobe b. primary motor cortex c. premotor cortex d. supplementary motor cortex
c
Research in people over age 60 who were randomly assigned to experience six months of aerobic exercise showed: a. that they developed more axons. b. that they developed less tumors. c. that they developed greater thickness of the cortex. d. that they developed less thickness of the cortex.
c
The membrane of a neuron is composed of ____ with ____ embedded in them. a. carbohydrates; purines b. fat molecules; proteins c. proteins; neurotransmitters d. benzene molecules; carbohydrates
c
The prefrontal cortex: a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world. c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement
c
The premotor cortex: a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world. c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement
c
What determines whether a neuron has an action potential? a. only the number of EPSPs impinging on an axon b. only the number of IPSPs impinging on the dendrites c. the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs d. summation effects of IPSPs
c
What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations? a. Occipital b. Parietal c. Temporal d. Frontal
c
When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell. a. into, into b. into, out of c. out of, into d. out of, out of
c
Which division of the nervous system is composed of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems? a. Central b. Parasympathetic c. Peripheral d. Sympathetic
c
Which of the following is a characteristic of glial cells in the human brain? a. They are larger than neurons. b. They are capable of transmitting impulses when neurons fail to do so. c. They are more numerous than neurons. d. They are like neurons, except that they lack axons.
c
Which of the following is an advantage of having a resting potential? a. The toxic effects of sodium are minimized inside the cell. b. No energy is required to maintain it. c. The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus. d. All of the ions are maintained in equal concentrations throughout the cytoplasm.
c
Which of the following structures provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex? a. Limbic system b. Medulla c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus
c
A motor prpgram is: a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback b. Mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion
d
A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) ____ effect or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects. a. gated; metabotropic b. ionotropic; gated c. metabotropic; ionotropic d. ionotropic; metabotropic
d
Alcohol suppresses the release of ____, the brain's main excitatory transmitter. a. 5-HT b. DA c. GABA d. glutamate
d
Allowing only certain people to cross the street, and only at certain times, is comparable to a neuron's ____ with respect to ions. a. threshold of excitation b. all-or-none law c. resting potential d. selective permeability
d
An IPSP represents: a. the location where a dendrite branches. b. a gap in a myelin sheath. c. a subthreshold depolarization. d. a temporary hyperpolarization.
d
Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ________ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex. a. posterior parietal cortex b. secondary motor cortex c. somatosensory cortex d. supplementary motor cortex
d
In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to ____ neurotransmitter(s). a. one; many b. dozens of; only one c. several; only one d. several; many
d
Massive cell death in the brain during prenatal development is: a. an indication of a genetic abnormality. b. an indication of restricted blood flow to the fetus. c. usually due to an autoimmune disorder. d. normal.
d
Temporal summation most likely occurs with: a. infrequent, subthreshold excitation. b. rapid succession of stimuli that each exceed threshold. c. infrequent, inhibitory stimuli. d. rapid succession of subthreshold excitation.
d
The finger-to-nose test is a common way of testing for psssible damage to what structure? a. Spinal cord b. basal ganglia c. medulla d. cerebellum
d
The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential is that: a. the magnitude of an action potential decreases as it travels along the membrane. b. EPSPs occur without sodium ions entering the cell. c. action potentials are always hyperpolarizations. d. EPSPs are subthreshold events that decay over time and space.
d
The resting potential of a neuron refers to: a. the net positive charge on the inside of the neuron. b. ions which rest in one place in the cell. c. the movement of ions to the outside of the neuron. d. the net negative charge on the inside of the neuron.
d
What is the production of new neurons called? a. differentiation b. migration c. myelination d. proliferation
d
When stating that the neuron's membrane is polarized, you are referring to a difference in electrical potential between: a. the axons and the dendrites. b. the axon hillock and the cell body. c. sodium ions and potassium ions. d. the inside and the outside of the membrane.
d
Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex? a. Occipital b. Parietal c. Temporal d. Frontal
d
Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine? a. Dopamine b. Epinephrine c. Norepinephrine d. Serotonin
d
Which of the following is an axample of a ballistic movement? a. threading a needle b. singing a song c. picking up a newspaper d. a reflexive knee jerk
d
cerrebelum is to _____ as basal ganglia is to _____. a. clumsy; paralysis b. initiation; stopping c. pross muscle function; fine motor coordintation d. timing; voluntary movements
d
