Psych Midterm 2: Chapter 6-11

Gibson and Walk

"visual cliff" studies with infants

Intelligence

- "The mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations." - Intelligence is a concept and not a "thing" Reification—a reasoning error

operant conditioning

- Another form of associative learning - Learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher - - Classical conditioning—learning associations between events not controlled by organism - Operant conditioning—learning associations between behavior and resulting events - Thorndike (instrumental conditioning--same) - Learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher - Thorndike (instrumental conditioning--same): Puzzle boxes, Found Trial-and-error, Law of Effect-explains development of new habits

Intelligence Tests

- Binet-identify children needing help - Simon-worked with Binet - Terman-Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Scale: (Stanford)-study of gifted - Follow up study— 1968, 200 "termites" - Big differences turned out to be in confidence, persistence and early parental encouragement - Study still continues—1922-present longest longitudinal study in the world - IQ=Mental Age/Chronological Age * 100 - didn't work well for adults - Wechsler-developed test now used

Simons and Chabris again

- Change blindness - Lacks instruction to focus - Change in a person

Francis Galton

- Cousin of Darwin - Explorer and scientist. - Profoundly affected by the Origin of Species. - Thought that the principles of selection should be brought to bear on humanity. - Coined the term EUGENICS (environment, education, heritage triangle)

Inattentional Blindness

- Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris of Harvard - Change blindness-unaware of changes in the objects you are attending to

Alan Parkin

- Destroyed right and left temporal lobes and left frontal lobes - Destroyed both sides of hippocampus

Stromeyer's "Elizabeth"

- Eidetic imagery ability - The test uses a random dot stereogram. Scan the right pattern with the right eye for one minute, 10 sec rest, scan the left pattern for one minute. - Merge them—what do you see?

Language Development

- Experience dependent - Motherese - Primary intersubjectivity (between adult and child) - Secondary intersubjectivity (both looking at an object) - Synchrony (taking turns)

Charactaristics

- First words are nouns - Underextend (use general words for specific things) - Overextend (use specific words for general things) - Overregularize (apply general rule to exceptions, e.g. "I goed")

Alfred Binet

- French psychologist. - Wanted to research why some school children did not do as well as others at school . - Developed the first IQ test with Theodore Simon in 1905. - The start of PSYCHOMETRICS

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

- From Hungary - Imprisoned in Italy - Heard Jung speak in Switzerland - Came to US to study Psychology - Ecstasy-to stand to the side of something

Jill Price

- Hyperthymestic syndrome, Greek for exceptional memory - OCD-obsessive compulsive disorder - "the Michael Jordan of memory"-Gary Marcus-NYU

Memory

- If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger. - Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve information.

Perfect memory

- Jill Price - Unforgettable —Brad Williams - Taxi star Marilu Henner - Hyperthymesia or HSAM (Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory)

Decision Making and Problem Solving

- Kahneman and Tversky - Heuristics can lead to errors - Example:Belief in the law of small numbers, that is, a sample randomly drawn from a population will be similar to the population in all essential characteristics. - Daniel Kahneman - Nobel prize in Economics 2002—challenged human rationality basis in economics

Savants

- Not a formal term from medicine or psychology - "People with developmental disorders have one or more areas of expertise, ability, or brilliance that are in contrast with the individual's overall limitations." - Usually autistic: Areas include music and art as well as memory:

Creating False Memories

- Photo-shopped photo of a hot-air balloon ride - After repeated exposure, many subjects believe the incident happened. (About 50% recalled it clearly or partially by the 3rd interview.)

Robert M Yerkes

- President of the APA1 - Psychology-a 'hard' science - IQ testing of WW1 recruits 1917-Colonel Yerkes - Testing 1.75 million recruits THE STUDY: Tests carried out on army bases. Three tests were devised: - ALPHA (written) for LITERATE subjects. - BETA (pictorial) for ILLITERATE subjects, and for men who had failed Alpha. - INDIVIDUAL (interview) examination for those who failed the Beta test. SCORING SYSTEM - Men to be graded A+ to E- - Grade would determine military placement. - C- "low average intelligence" - ordinary private. - D are "rarely suited for tasks requiring special skill, forethought . . . - D and E should not be expected to understand written directions. Three facts 1. The average mental age of White American adults stood at 13. 2. European migrants could be graded by their country of origin (Russian 11.34; Italian 11.01, Pole 10.74) 3. The Black lay at the bottom of the scale with an average mental age of 10.41 Three inferences 1. The swamping of an intelligent native stock by interbreeding with feeble minded immigrants and Blacks was dragging down the national average IQ. 2. Nordic supremacy was protected - the more Southern the European origin, the lower the mental age. 3. Black Americans had the lowest scores - some camps suggested that the darker the skin, the lower the IQ score. Problems - The success of Jews in American society was at odds with their apparent mental feebleness. - Yerkes had to admit that individuals handicapped by language and literacy are also penalised by the Beta test. Immigrants would thus be particularly affected. - He also noted that average test scores for foreign born recruits rose consistently with years of residence in America. The hereditarian explanation . . .? - . . . recent immigration had drawn from the dregs of Europe - lower class Slavs and Latins. Earlier immigration had been of higher quality northern stocks.

Confirmation Bias

- Science-seeking alternative explanations Rosenhan-"hearing voices" study - Scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable - Selective human processing bias—prefer positives - Error avoidance (cognitive conservatism and loss aversion)

Born to Talk

- Steve Pinker (MIT-Harvard) - Alan Alda - Noam Chomsky's position-Inborn Universal Grammar (p. 399) - Language Acquisition Device Support for LAD from Children using rules: - Forming plurals of made-up nouns (e.g., wug/wugs) - Forming past tenses of made-up verbs (e.g., chan/channed) - Using regularized form of irregular verbs (e.g., bringed for brought) Difference from Barney toy

4-card Problem

- The Four-Card Task, Peter Wason and Philip N. Johnson-Laird (1972) - Simple logic question involving four cards. - The cards have a letter on one side and a number on the other:. - The rule: "If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side." - Which of the cards would one need to turn over to see if the rule is followed? Results: A and 7 - Disconfirming evidence - Abstract vs. concrete: "If you are drinking alcohol then you must be over 21" - Familiarity

The Study (Neisser, 1979)

- Two films—one superimposed, one actual (Transparent, Opaque) - Two unexpected events (Woman, Gorilla) - Report on either Black or White Team (White, Black) - Report on either all passes or separately on Bounce and Aerial passes (Easy, Hard) Aspects of study: - IV- 4 variables of two levels each-16 levels-2x2x2x2 - DV- notice unexpected event - Construct- sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events Results indicate Inattentional Blindness

Characteristics

- Unusual brain - read and memorized 12,000 books—each in about an hour - Walked at age four-physical difficulties for instance, he crawled on his head - Scored an 87 on the standard IQ test - socially awkward

Reinforcement

-A reinforcer is any event that strengthens the behavior that it follows. - Negative reinforcement is not punishment! (beeping stops when buckle seatbelt) - Application: Change behavior through reinforcement

How We Encode

1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed. 2. However, new or unusual information (friend's new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.

APA

1996 American Psychological Association explanations for the Flynn effect: - better nutrition and parenting - more extensive schooling - improved test-taking ability - impact of the visual and spatial demands that accompany a television-laden, video-game-rich world (note that the changes in IQ started prior to many of these changes)

Weber's fraction to detect a difference in weight is _______ percent.

2

The intelligence quotient (IQ) was originally defined as a child's mental age divided by his or her chronological age and then multiplied by 100. Using this formula, what was the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 9?

75

Repression

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Imagine that you and a friend are riding in a car singing along to loud music. Which of the following external sounds is most likely to be considered "noise" and ignored?

A noisy motorcycle passes you from the opposite direction.

_______ is most characteristic of the experience of flow.

A sense of time passing quickly

habituation

A simple type of learning in which repeated presentation of a stimulus elicits a weaker and weaker response. Ignore repeated stimulus Conditions: Still capable of responding, Still able to detect

PSYCHOMETRICS

A test which measures some aspect of a person's psychological functioning to provide a score which can: - Enable comparison to be made with the scores of other people. - Enable predictions to be made concerning future behaviour and performance. Examples include ability, aptitude, personality and motivational tests.

Pavlov

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery

What is in a dream

Activation Synthesis Model of Dreaming Word association task Awake Pretest-slower Awakened from REM-quicker Awakened from NREM-slower Dreaming in Learning and Memory

Hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one's actions are occurring involuntarily Svengali, villainous hypnotist in the novel Trilby (1894) by George du Maurier Medical uses Elvira Lang-radiologist at Harvard David Spiegel-Stanford Center for Stress and Health

Punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. - positive punishment (spanking) - negative punishment (time out)

Differentiate between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia occurs when an individual cannot encode new memories. Retrograde amnesia occurs when older details are lost but newer ones are remembered.

Free will

As humans, we "feel like" we have free will Science looks for causal mechanisms Question: Who is in charge? Conscious me or unconscious grey matter? fMRI scanner—decide left or right Brain activity predicts decision up to 6 sec. before it is consciously made Interpretation of results:Does not preclude free will

Retaining Spanish

Bahrick (1984) -- similar pattern of Spanish forgetting and retaining over 50 years Bahrick and Hall (1991) similar pattern for math

"Span of Apprehension"

Bean-counting—"The Power of Numerical Discrimination" - Jevons, Nature 1871-white box on black tray

Experts

Beyond autonomous performance Characteristics - 10,000 hour rule - Rapid, high-quality feedback - Concern for technique - Early experience (limitations) Inborn? Flow-total involvement

Clive Wearing

British musician with 20ish-second memory due to damage to amygdala and hippocampus - Now conscious for the first time- habituated to this Retained abilities: Speech, Recognition, Music, Humor Overlearning Memory formation and emotional regulation - Hippocampus - Frontal lobe

Cognition

Categorization - Reaction Time - Skills Decision Making - Biases

Language Acquisition Device

Chomsky Dr. Janet Werker (The Mind, module 23) - Salish Indians - Phonemes - Habituation - 8-12 months child loses discrimination ability Newborns' Cry Melody Is Shaped by Their Native Language (November 2009)

What is memory?

Clive Wearing 1985 Herpes simplex encephalitis - (Sacks' Awakenings with Robin Williams and Robert De Niro, St. Louis encephalitis ) - Anterograde amnesia-cannot remember new things - Retrograde amnesia-not remembering the past

Reasoning and Logical Thinking Obstacles

Cognitive tendencies can get in the way of problem solving - Fixation: O-T-T-F-?-?-? Overconfidence -Is absinthe a liqueur or a precious stone? Confirmation Bias - Wason, 2-4-6 problem

Eleanor Rosch

Concepts (all the information about a category) - Natural categories (e.g., trees) - Organized into hierarchies (plants, trees, oak trees)- basic, subordinate, superordinate - Represented by prototypes (big green leafy with bark) Evidence from: - Response Times-respond quicker for typical - Priming--prime with superordinate - Exemplars-prototypes come up more often - Development-basic level learned first

Skinner interview

Controls in his experiments - Pigeons at ¾ body weight (so theyre always hungry) - Graphs of pecking responses Schedules of reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) - Gambling Free will is a fiction

Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception?

Convergence

sleep and circadian rhythms

Cycles of sleep about every 90 minutes Michel Siffre-French cave explorer No external cues Internal clock differs from 24-hour clock we use Practical application-jet lag

On a summer day, two women walk from the outdoor heat into an air-conditioned office building. In this scenario, which of the following questions relates to the hard problem of consciousness?

Do both women perceive the air conditioning in the same way?

Spanking

Drawbacks - Suppress behavior - Discrimination learning - Fear - Models aggression Reinforcement is more effective

Misinformation and Imagination Effects Dr. Elizabeth Loftus

Eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned about the event. Misinformation Group A: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Group B: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass? Group B (smashed into) reported more broken glass than Group A (hit).

Another warning about Intelligence (What it is and isn't)

Flynn Effect -substantial increase in scores since IQ tests were developed - James R. Flynn

Paradoxical Findings

Flynn's Explanation - Concrete World - Complex World - New habits of mind: Classification, Using Logic on Abstraction, Taking the Hypothetical Seriously Alexander Luria - Cultural effects on cognition - Neuropsychology

Biological Predisposition

Garcia effect (John Garcia)-rats - Illness from radiation hours after drinking plastic-flavored water - US does not have to follow CS immediately - Rats respond to taste, but not sight or sound as CS - All stimuli are not equal—must be ecologically relevant - Not all associations can be learned equally well

How should Intelligence be Measured?

Gardner- multiple intelligences

What caused Clive Wearing's memory loss?

He contracted an encephalitis virus that damaged his brain. struck by a brain infection—a herpes encephalitis—affecting especially the parts of his brain concerned with memory

Marc had a dream that he was swimming in the ocean, when he suddenly began sinking to the ocean floor. In the dream, he frantically tried to swim back to the surface but a mermaid was pulling him down. Which of the following could be a Freudian interpretation of Marc's dream?

He harbors unconscious anger toward his wife, who is constantly overspending

Michel Siffre showed that for most people, their natural circadian rhythm does not match the 24-hour day that we live by. He kept count of his days in the cave as determined by his own waking and sleeping. At the end of the scheduled six months, the people above ground told him it was time to emerge. What is most likely the experience he had then?

He was surprised that the time was up as he thought he had at least a week more to go.

Concepts

How do we form concepts? Early approach: - experimenter chooses arbitrary rule-defined concept, e.g., contains red or a cross - participant's task is to discovers rule relating category membership Bruner, Goodnow, Austin (1956) card game

Gregor Mendel

INHERITANCE characteristics-transmitted to the next generation.

The art movement that included a branch that created images out of points of color was ________________.

Impressionism

Misinformation Effect

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

retrieval failure

Information is retained but it cannot be accessed.Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)

What distinguished UCI professor appeared in this video and spoke about cognitive maps?

James McGaugh

Biased vs. Rational

Kahneman - Halo Effect Daniel Ariely - Present Focus - Ikea Effect One way to do things right, many ways to go wrong Spy on "spooks" - Confirmation Bias

Robert Sternberg

Kaleidoscope Approach - Creativity (cartoon caption) - Practical (coffee shop, no key) - Wisdom (how to improve the world-not illustrated) - (Analytical part of this approach not listed) Abstract vs. Real-world - In the real world: Problems must be identified, then solutions sought, and quality of solutions analyzed

Closest to Photographic Memory

Kim Peek

Watson- classical conditioning

Little Albert experiment, says he can turn infants into anything Ethical problems: Parental Permission, Upset, No "unprogramming" (Mary Jones found behavioral therapy later), Romantic affair, Lost professorship at Johns Hopkins

Mischel

Longitudinal Study Predictive - Socially Competent - High-Achieving - Productive - Article in The New Yorker 2011 Article - Mid-life correlations - fMRI work

Of the following scenarios, which best illustrates imprinting?

Max was the first thing a brood of baby geese saw when they hatched. As young geese, they followed him everywhere he went

Purpose of sleep

Memory Consolidation Immune System Obesity Well-being (irritable) Reaction time Errors

Hothouse Babies

Mothers who force intelligence at an early age on their children (even if they're not ready)

Studies best support which of the following claims regarding the susceptibility of a person to hypnotic suggestion?

Ned, who loses himself in long works of music, is likely to be susceptible.

Gould

New Scientist by Stephen Jay Gould, an abridged version of a chapter in his book, The Mismeasure of Man. First ever mass-testing of IQ - American recruits to WWI by Robert Yerkes (with assistance from Terman) - Background - Execution - Consequences

Photographic Memory

Non-scientific term popularly used to describe "the ability to recall images with vividness bordering on actual visual perception" No documented cases exist

sleep stages

Note that the alpha waves are in a relaxed, awake state Beta waves are in an alert, awake state—they also occur in REM sleep

The part of Jill Price's brain that is enlarged is also enlarge in people diagnosed with _____________.

OCD

classical conditioning

Pavlov, Garcia, Watson (little Albert)

Motivated Forgetting:

People unknowingly revise their memories.

Parts of language

Phonemes (40 in English, 869 in the world) Morphemes (meaning unit) - cat vs. cats Grammar - Semantic (meaning) "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" - violation - Syntax (rules) "I no like" - violation Pragmatics (how language is used, context) - "Flying planes can be dangerous."

True Perfect Memory (?)

Photographic Memory, Savants

Stephen Jay Gould

Professor of Zoology and Geology at Harvard. Fascinated by evolution and palaeontology. Popular science writer.

What movie starring Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman was based on Kim Peek?

Rain Man

Dishabituation

Return of reaction, sensitization

Context Effects

Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land

sleep

Selective attention continues on into sleep Sleep has patterns Circadian rhythm -the body's clock

Skinner-Operant Conditoning

Shaping Faulty shaping practices - Inadvertent reinforcement Behavior - A Antecedents - B Behavior - C Consequences

Cognitive Processes in Learning

Skinner-operant conditioning (no mental processes) Bandura and Mahoney - Mental regulation of external rewards Tolman - cognitive maps - McGaugh - latent learning (no rewards) Tolman - adjustments to maps Observational learning - Modelling - Not just imitation

Which country asked for a book about the idea of delayed gratification and the marshmallow test?

South Korea

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior Memories - stored in a web of associations Associations -- like anchors that help retrieve memory

The impact of Yerkes

The Army Alpha and Beta testing program -a major moment in the history of psychology. - Psychometricians had the first group intelligence tests. - Publicity it generated popularized intelligence testing - Data to fuel future controversies over apparent racial differences and the decline of America's "national intelligence"

learning

The acquisition of knowledge, skill, attitudes, or understanding as a result of experience

A student reads a chapter in her textbook without much effort or interest, then is unable to identify any of the material when it appears on a test. What is the most plausible explanation?

The information from the textbook never made its way from STM to LTM.

How are fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome similar?

They are both mental disabilities that have a genetic basis.

Skill Acquisition

Three phases: - Cognitive - think about it - Associative - needs concentration but better - Autonomous - automatic

Which is an accurate summary of the primacy effect?

When given a list of items to remember, people can usually recall the first things on the list better than those in the middle.

Memory Construction

While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent.

Phantom limb pain is thought to be caused by

a damaged or malfunctioning nervous system

Many people can recall very vividly what they were doing when they learned of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. This is an example of

a flashbulb memory.

In the word "rebuilt," built is

a phoneme, but not a morpheme.

Delayed Reinforcement

a reward that does not immediately follow an action - Is the ability to wait inborn? - Delayed Gratifterm-110ication (Joachim de Posada)

A _______ would reflect light of all colors.

a white shirt

The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory

a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory

Priming

activation of one of the strands leading to a specific memory from the web of associations

An _______ is a drug that affects receptors on a target neuron by _______.

agonist; replicating the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information (sound out words)

In an experiment, rats were given sweetened water and then given something that induced nausea. Because of conditioned taste aversion, the rats

avoided the sweetened water.

Jevons was interested in how many things we can visually take in at one time. He studied this by throwing handfuls of ____________ onto a white surface.

black beans

Sleep apnea involves difficulty with _______ during sleep.

breathing

right hemisphere

capable of rudimentary language processing, but often has little lexical or grammatical abilities "Our left hemisphere thinks linearly and methodically." "Our right human hemisphere is all about this present moment"

Long-term potentiation refers to

changes in the sensitivity of a synapse through repeated stimulation.

The purpose of the first intelligence tests was to identify

children who should be sent to the most and least challenging schools.

Every morning when Edwina goes to work, her dog lies on the floor and sulks. Over several weeks, Edwina notices that the dog becomes distressed whenever she picks up her car keys. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

classical conditioning

The rotating mask illusion involves seeing the __________ side of the mask as being _______________.

concave; convex

Pavlov called the dog's salivation at hearing the metronome the ______________.

conditioned reflex

Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased typically

consist of tasks that do not rely on vocabulary.

The round, transparent front of the human eye is called the

cornea

Joe had surgery on his ____________ to help with his ____________.

corpus collosum; epilepsy

The reason Sternberg's test includes captioning a cartoon is to assess ________, which he thinks is a component of intelligence.

creativity

Why do we forget?

encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, amnesia Forgetting can occur at any memory stage We filter, alter, or lose much information during these stages

This mother wants her daughter to get into a good preschool so that she will be able to get into a good kindergarten then a good elementary school, etc. The mother is emphasizing the developmental effects of _____________.

environment

The Flynn effect seems to indicate that

environment has an influence on IQ

Charles Darwin

evolution and natural selection

Explicit Memory

facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Encoding Failure

failure to process information into memory, We cannot remember what we do not encode

A kindergartener receives a gold star on a classroom chart for every three books he reads. This is an example of a _______ reinforcement schedule.

fixed ratio

After conditioning Little Albert to fear white rats, Watson expected his fear to ___________________ rabbits.

generalize to

synestesia

genetic, defects in neural synapse pruning, over connection and metaphorical thinking

Two years ago, your community began testing the tornado siren every Wednesday at noon. The first few times, the blaring siren startled you. Now, you barely notice it. This is an example of

habituation

At seven years of age, Krista is learning to type on a computer keyboard. According to the work of Fitts and Posner (1967), the cognitive phase of Krista's skill acquisition is best characterized when she

has to pause to find each individual letter on the keyboard.

Flow is the state you can achieve when your skill level is _________ and your challenge level is _____________.

high, high

Mortimer Mishkin

hypothesis. higher visual areas beyond striate cortex, this is where seeing becomes perception, two pathways (what, where), grandmother (cumulative) cells

ventrical stream

identification (looked at monkeys, clinical neuropsych patients, behavioral work in normal humans)

At what time during this experiment did the deception occur?

immediately after the participant signed the informed consent document

prospagnosia

inability to recognize faces, difference between sensation and perception, damage to lower temporal cortex

Amphetamines _______ of catecholamine neurotransmitters, while cocaine _______ of those neurotransmitters.

increase the release; slows the removal

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations (fluent reader)

When a subject has learned something that is not immediately demonstrated, _______ learning has occurred.

latent

phantom limb

learned paralysis, conflict between top down and bottom up, application to stroke victims

Implicit memory

learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows

Observational Learning

learning by observing others - Bandura-Bobo doll (children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to pursue physically aggressive behavior) - Prosocial Effects - Antisocial Effects

A patient with damage to his corpus callosum was presented with an image of a house on one side of his visual field. When asked what was presented, he could not identify the object. It is likely that the image was presented on the _______ side, since the left side of the brain is primarily responsible for _______.

left; oral communication

An elderly individual is having increased difficulty with tasks related to memory and problem solving. This individual is most likely experiencing

less sleep involving delta waves.

You decide to memorize the last names of the players on your school's basketball team by using the method of loci. To do this, you will

link each player's name with a different part of your home, beginning with the front door.

One of the controls in place in Skinner's work with pigeons was _______________.

maintaining the pigeons' body weights well below normal

The reason that Pinker uses made up words such as toma or chan is to ___________.

make sure the child is applying a rule and not just repeating what they have heard

In humans, the _______ is located in the _______.

malleus; middle ear

Elizabeth Loftus found that she could alter a person's memory of an event by presenting ________________________.

misleading post-event information

Savannah's mother spanked her and sent her to her room for spilling milk. The next day, when her puppy makes a mess, Savannah whacks him with a newspaper and sends him outside. Savannah is

modeling the aggressive behavior her mother displayed

dorsal stream

movement

Three weeks ago, you received a score of 115 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). If you take the test again today, assuming there is test-retest reliability, you should score

nearly the same on the second test as you did on the first.

In a _______ test, a subject is presented with a sample stimulus. After a short delay, the sample stimulus is shown again along with a novel alternative. The subject is rewarded for selecting the novel stimulus.

non-matching-to-sample

Bandura was particularly interested in

novel aggressive acts

Addiction to drugs related to dopamine release is especially strong when it involves the

nucleus accumbens

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on

operant conditioning

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically, The capacity of the working memory may be increased

Proprioception

our sense of body position

Modern-day IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on

participants' performance compared to that of other individuals in the same age group.

Capgras syndrome

person believes someone he or she knows has been replaced by a double, delusion, debunk freuidian interpretation, fusiform gyrus connection to emotional centers, disruption in connection, revealed in galvanic skin response

Sound traveling through air or water consists of alternating waves of

pressure

A person who sees the word "yellow" will be slightly faster at recognizing the word "banana" than someone who sees the word "blue." This demonstrates the technique known as

priming

Apes have demonstrated the most compelling evidence of their ability to use language by

producing novel combinations of words

This study, which involves electrical brain stimulation of specific areas of the brain, may shed light on face blindness or _________________.

prosopagnosia

A(n) _______ is defined as the best example of a concept that fits a particular category.

prototype

The field of study concerned with psychological measurement is ______________.

psychometrics

Refer to the quote below.: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors." This quote from research psychologist John Watson could best be categorized as an expression of

radical behaviorism.

Carlyle Smith studied the sleep of students who were on summer vacation and those who had just studied for exams. He reported a large increase in ______________ in those who had just studied for exams.

rapid eye movements

The amount of time it takes a person to initiate some action after a predetermined signal is called

reaction time.

The hypothesis of linguistic _______ holds that the properties of a given language _______ the way speakers of that language think.

relativism; influence

Babbling

resembles household language Prosody-the patterns of stress and intonation in a language

The term heuristic is a scientific term for a

rule of thumb or an educated guess.

Jill Bolte Taylor reported that her work with NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness) grew out of her concerns for her brother, who suffered from ___________.

schizophrenia

In the board game Trivial Pursuit, players answer questions of general knowledge. To play the game, players tap into _______ memory.

semantic

_______ memory gives us a very brief impression of what we feel when we first detect a stimulus.

sensory

Christopher is severely autistic, with an extremely limited ability to speak or interact with others. Yet he has the ability to draw complex pictures from memory

sevant syndrome

A food that excites the taste receptors that allow positively charged hydrogen ions to enter cells is likely to have a _______ taste.

sour

Gazzaniga

split-brain research; understanding of functional lateralization in the brain; how the cerebral hemispheres communicate, Joe shows hemispheric specialization, left hemisphere constructs theories to explain behavior

Allie is the only girl on her school's wrestling team. Yesterday, right before her sectional championship meet, her coach told her that female athletes tend to "choke" under pressure. This made Allie anxious, and she did not wrestle nearly as well as she usually does. Allie likely experienced

stereotype threat.

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus is called ___________________________________.

stimulus generalization

The surgery performed on HM was done to __________________.

stop his epileptic seizures

Storage Decay

stored memories - decay from poor durability Ebbinghaus -- forgetting curve.

Professor Ramachandran asks the audience to do the "kiki"/"bouba" task. They almost all agree on which Martian alphabet letter is kiki and which is bouba. He is showing the audience the experience of ____________________.

synesthesia

For a sentence that is grammatical and meaningful, the rules of _______ determine its _______ structure.

syntax; surface

The stage of language development that a child passes through after the one-word stage is the _______________ stage when utterances are typically two to three words.

telegraphic

Selective Attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

In a survey, more college students indicated that they would enroll in a particular course when they were told that 70 percent of students passed it last year than when they were told that 30 percent of students failed it last year. The results of the survey best illustrate

the framing effect.

Working Memory

the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20 seconds).

conditioning

the process of learning associations

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). Thorndike (Law of Effect) - Hull (Mathematical Models) - Skinner (Operant Conditioning)

Functions of dreams

to satisfy our own wishes (freud discredited), to file away memories, to develop and preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static, to reflect cognitive development

The sensory receptors for gustation are located in the

tongue

David Miller

two visual systems, not conscious of right visual field, parallel processing

When studying problem solving and the phenomena that lead to failure, psychologists tend to employ problems that can be solved with

using a systematic approach involving a variety of methods.

DF

visual agnosia due to carbon monboxide, damage to ventrolateral (outside edges) of occipital lobe (could grab things but not identify them- where intact, what is not)

Dr. DeValois

visual cortex of a monkey using x ray images built off Hubel and wiesel: serendipitous discovery of "feature detector" cells in the striate cortex of cats that only respond to stimuli of certain sizes or directions of movement

Flynn suggests that the reason we would score very high on the IQ test of our grandparents and they would score very low on today's test is ___________________.

we have been educated to have mental skills that they lacked