Psych of Adjustment Final
When coping with stress, it is most adaptive to use
A variety of coping strategies
Incongruence refers to the disparity between one's self-concept and one's
Actual experience
What is the first step in twelve step programs designed to tackle addiction?
Admitting you are powerless over your addiction and that you life has become unmanageable
Regarding the influence of school sex education programs on teen sexual behavior,
All of the above are true
Constructive coping involves
All of these
Conventions for conveying emotion in email communication include
All of these are true
Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the increased rate of heart attacks?
Anger and hostility
The personality type that is prejudiced toward any group different from oneself is
Authoritarian personality
Which of the following drugs would be classified as a stimulant?
Cocaine
is a tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.
Defensive attribution
Perhaps the most basic barrier to effective communication is
Defensiveness
Gender roles are changing mainly because of
Economic changes
Deception on the part of another person may be signaled by
Giving short answers
Use of which of the following groups of drugs is most likely to result in distortions in sensory and perceptual experience?
Hallucinations
The leading cause of death in North America is
Heart disease
The most significant narcotics problem in modern Western society is the use of
Heroin
Suppose a political candidate makes a change to his hairstyle in order to make himself look younger and more physically attractive. Because the candidate is trying to look more handsome, he is MOST likely using which of the following persuasion tactics?
Increasing his likability
Mainstream American culture would most accurately be described as
Individualistic
According to Adler, everyone has to compensate for feelings of
Inferiority
Donald is typically uncooperative, if not downright rude with his coworkers and friends. Donald would BEST be described as _______________________.
Low in agreeableness
Shakira decides to buy a new car after seeing a good deal advertised on television. Now she's committed to buying the car, but the dealer tells her about a number of hidden costs that will be added on. Shakira is a victim of the
Lowball technique
Which of the following is the most likely cause of orgasmic difficulties in women?
Negative attitude towards sex
Sources of gender-role socialization include
Parents, schools, the media
According to Sternberg, which of the following components of a love relationship is most likely to peak early in the relationship and then decline in intensity as time progresses?
Passion
When a person must continue to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal illness, the person has developed
Physical dependence
The norm in American society is all of the following EXCEPT
Ploygamy
Sexual intimacy is a predictor of relationship stability.
Positive
In terms of postural cues, a forward lean is most likely to indicate which of the following?
Positive attitude
What was one of the findings in the annual Monitoring the Future Report pubished by the Univeristy of Michigan?
Rates of vaping among young people continue to increase
According to E. Tory Higgins, a discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions?
Saddness
Two potential buyers made appointments to see Theresa's house, which is for sale. Theresa scheduled the appointments so that they would overlap and the two buyers would see each other. Theresa is using which of the following compliance tactics?
Scarcity
Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost associated with the male gender role in our culture?
The fatherhood mandate
Jenna and Katie are lesbians raising a son. The likelihood he will be a homosexual is someone raised by heterosexual parents.
The same as
Which of the following does NOT contribute to break-ups of unmarried couples?
Unavailability of more attractive partners
According to the research on expectations and self-fulfilling prophecy,
all of these.
The fact that gender stereotypes view male behavior as normal reflects an bias.
androcentric
Self-efficacy is MOST associated with
beliefs about what you can do
Poor communication ranks high as a cause of breakups with
both gay and straight couples
The "third-variable problem" is associated with the
correlational method.
In the United States, women's friendships are more often based, whereas men's tend to be based.
emotionally; activity
Toxic masculinity has been linked to _________ and __________.
homophobia; misogyny
Research shows that self-stimulation
is common among married adults
It appears that boys engage in more aggression and girls engage in more aggression.
physical; relational
According to Freud, the contains thoughts and feelings that are just below the surface of awareness
preconscious
When a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy an intense emotional and mental craving, the person has developed
psychological dependence.
Since 1950, the median age at which people in the United States marry for the first time has ______
risen by about 5 to 6 years for both males and females.
The local animal shelter sends you cute return address labels with cuddly kittens on them. They are hoping that you will send a donation based on the effects of
the reciprocity principle.
Regarding peer influence, adolescents' sexual behavior is most influenced by
their perceptions of their peers' behavior
People have a tendency to the risk of their own health-impairing habits, and the risks associated with others' self-destructive behaviors.
underestimate; accurately view
In American culture, girls are usually taught to
view sex in the context of a loving relationship
Suppose you read a newspaper article about depression and heart disease. The columnist makes the argument that being diagnosed with heart disease can make people depressed. Knowing the research presented in this chapter, the relationship can be explained by which of the following?
1.) Depression causes heart disease 2.) Heart disease causes depression 3.) A positive correlation exists between heart disease and depression.
The "similarity principle" tends to be found most frequently in
1.) Friendships 2.) Homosexual couples 3.) Heterosexual couples
According to the article on obesity in childhood, which of the following have been considered as important in the fight to improve the health of children?
1.) Pass laws limiting mass marketing of unhealthy foods to children. 2.) Provide healthy lunch items at schools. 3.) Have parents model good nutrition and exercise habits at home.
Gender bias in school is most likely to show up in which of the following?
1.) Teachers' treatment of boys and girls. 2.) The frequency of praise teachers give to boys and girls. 3.) Academic and career counseling.
The context of interpersonal communication includes
1.) physical environment 2.) the mood of the participants 3.) the nature of the participants' relationship
When political advertisements show someone at risk of losing their home, the persuasion is
1.) using fear arousal 2.) most influential if people watching it also feel they could be susceptible to the threat 3.) likely to work
Research indicates that
1.) the negative effects of divorce on psychological well-being is similar for men and women. 2.) forgiveness of an ex-spouse is correlated with lower depression. 3.) post divorce adjustment is more favorable with a higher income.
It is estimated that Michigan smokers spend more than ___________ million a year on smoking.
1.4
Play the role of a research assistant who is creating stimuli for an attraction experiment. Which of the following romantic pairings is LEAST likely, according to matching hypothesis theory?
A female "8" and a male "3"
Generally, which kind of conflict tends to be the least stressful?
Approach-approach
Psychologists study responses to stress at which of the following levels?
Behavioral Emotional Physiological
Living together in a sexually intimate relationship without actually being married is called
Cohabitation
Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy?
Comparison to others
You make a new acquaintance at a football game, and you ask him only questions about sports and athletics. This is an example of probable
Confirmation bias
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, when passion, intimacy, and commitment are all present in a relationship, then is said to exist.
Consummate love
Gordon has been a stockbroker for the last 20 years. He has worked at a high-powered firm for the last 20 years and prides himself on never taking a day of vacation or being out sick. While he remains productive and turns great profit for his clients, he has been increasingly angry and distrustful of many companies and financial industries. Based on the burnout research, which of the following is Gordon demonstrating?
Cynicism.
Joe has been arrested more than once for driving under the influence of alcohol. When you ask him about how he is managing his drinking problem, he says, "I don't have a drinking problem; I have a getting caught problem!" He is most likely using to manage his difficulties.
Denial
Which of the following is NOT considered a microaggression that harms LGBTQ people?
Denial of personal freedoms
Imagine that you receive a slew of texts from a harried classmate, Karl, who knows you read this chapter and know the research on first impressions. He is at a bar nearing "last call" and only has time to approach one of the four people below. In particular, he wants to know which of the following people is MOST likely to lead to a positive outcome. Based on the research on first impressions presented in the chapter, whom SHOULD he approach before "last call"?
Diane, who has no prior knowledge of Karl
Two months ago, your best friend did not win a major scholarship that she had been counting on to help pay for graduate school. Now she is always fighting with you, her boyfriend, and her roommates. She is most likely using the defense mechanism called
Displacement
As discussed in class my friend's brother Scott is attractive, intelligent, charming and an overall good guy. However, he chooses buddies that often are not as interesting, good-looking, smart or as nice as he is. We affectionately refer to this phenonmenon as him being "King of the Dorks." What concept does this best illustrate?
Downward social comparison
According to an article in your module, some counties like Macomb are utilizing an alternative approach to helping drug-addicted criminals that focuses more on rehabilitation than incarceration (jail). They are known as:
Drug courts
Studies indicate that the most important element of friendship is
Emotional support
A relatively new, cutting edge form of meditation involves the use of:
Flotation tanks
The article "Same-Sex Couples," focuses on research on gay couples. Though the research is somewhat uneven, which of the following can be found?
Gay couples are less likely to divorce/break-up than straight couples.
Widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities, personalities, and social behaviors are called ____________________.
Gender stereotypes
In, "There's Never Been a Better Time to Be Single," which of the following is noted as an influence on this change:
High-schoolers are not dating or having sex as much as previous generations.
Which of the following is generally NOT considered a personal quality associated with loneliness?
Interdependence
Which of the following is NOT an example of a general principle of nonverbal communication?
It uses universally accepted meanings.
Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to higher divorce rates?
Marrying younger in life
Which of the following combinations of physical characteristics has been found, empirically, to evoke higher attractiveness ratings?
Men with a broad forehead and wide faces
Susan recognized the face of someone she often sees at work. She smiled when she saw the person despite not knowing who the person was. This is an example of
Mere exposure effect
________ is when people support equality as an abstract principle, but oppose programs promoting equality based on the idea that discrimination no longer exists.
Modern discrimination
A teacher takes notes while watching students on the playground to see if differences in play behavior are associated with discipline problems in class. The teacher is using which of the following research methods?
Naturalistic observation
The Kinsey scale emphasizes that sexuality is _________.
None of these are true.
Which of the following is NOT consistent with empirical data?
Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.
The textbook authors write "[people] who perform poorly in high school tend to perform poorly in college" as an example of a(n)
Positive correlation
Tonya is a new researcher in a marketing company. She, like the others, is vigilant about the e-mails that she receives from the CEO. Any time she sees a new e-mail from the CEO in her inbox, she dreads opening the e-mail. This week, she opened an email and found that she was addressed in the email about an analysis that she had completed incorrectly; Tonya had no idea how to do the analysis but had hurried to submit something without checking. Tonya's direct supervisor was copied on the e-mail. In this case, Tonya MOST LIKELY made which of the following conclusions?
Primary appraisal: "This matter is stressful."
Brenda saves money during the summer because she works fewer hours during the fall and her income drops then. Brenda is practicing which type of coping strategy?
Problem-focused
Perfectionism and irrational thinking foster
Procrastination
Emma took the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and scored a 36 out of 40. A week later, she took the NPI and scored a 34. Three weeks later, she took it again and earned a 38. These scores suggest that the online test is indeed ________________.
Reliable
Jack keeps forgetting the name of his ex-wife's boyfriend. According to Freud, which defensive mechanism is at work in this example?
Repression
Which of the following is the correct order for the three steps in friendship repair rituals?
Reproach, remedy, acknowledgement
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the nature of initial encounters between two people?
Resource exchange.
Which of the following is likely to be LEAST effective in initiating a conversation with a stranger?
Select an obscure topic
are the inferences that people make about what causes their behavior.
Self-attributions
Presenting yourself in a way that you think will cause others to respect you is most consistent with which of the following self-presentation strategies?
Self-promotion
Which of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional intelligence?
Separating emotion from thought
External attributions ascribe causes of behavior to
Situational factors
The tendency for people to see what they expect to see helps to perpetuate
Stereotypes
During our discussion on the American Psychological Association's Stress in America 2020 report, our class reported higher percentages of the following when compared to the survey's results:
Stress about police violence toward minorities and hope for the future.
Mounting evidence from research indicates that stress may the functioning of the immune system.
Suppress
__________ provide(s) context for your scores on a particular psychological instrument. That is to say, most well-established personality measures include mean scores and percentiles for particular demographic groups.
Test norms
An educational researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the independent variable is
The type of diet
Which of the following statements about the use of coping strategies is NOT true?
There are about 40 distinct coping techniques.
According to E. Tory Higgins, which of the following is NOT one of the three types of self-perceptions that people have?
Unrealistic
conducted groundbreaking research on the physiology of the human sexual response.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
According to "Can This Marriage Be Saved?" how does getting "cold feet" before marriage impact the divorce rate?
Women who got "cold feet" before marriage were 2-4 times more likely to get divorced
An educational researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the dependent variable is
a measure of learning
Studies show that the discrepancy between what individuals expect before immigrating and what they actually experience once they do immigrate is related to the amount of ______________ they report.
acculturation stress
Social comparison theory proposes that we compare ourselves to others in order to
assess our abilities and opinions.
Hazan and Shaver found that, like infants in their attachment relationships, adults fall into the following three categories in their love relationships:
avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, secure.
The psychodynamic perspective has been decried by opponents as _____________________
biased against females and difficult to test
Defense mechanisms can operate at
both the conscious and unconscious levels
Lamar, like the rest of the world, is concerned about when the Covid pandemic will get better and life will start to feel a little more normal again. He works as an elementary school teacher and has recently learned that he will be able to get his Covid vaccine by the end of the month. The Covid pandemic can be considered _______ stress and his ability to get a vaccine _______ stress.
chronic; acute
Whether someone develops learned helplessness under conditions of unavoidable aversive events most likely depends on
cognitive interpretation
Sherif's 1954 study involving boys in a camp setting supported the idea that
competition breeds prejudices and hostility.
When relationships are in distress, self-disclosure patterns
decrease in breadth and depth.
In stressful circumstances, optimists are more likely than pessimists to
engage in action-oriented, problem-focused coping
According to Freud, in order to achieve healthy development, a child in the phallic stage must resolve the Oedipal complex and learn to the same-sex parent.
identify with
An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ______ variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n) ______ variable as a result.
independent; dependent
Compared to non-pledging peers, teens who take a chastity vow or abstinence pledge are
less likely to use condoms or other forms of birth control.
In order to deal constructively with an interpersonal conflict, one should
limit complaints to the present situation
People can reduce prejudice effectively by
making an intentional effort to change one's own thinking.
The traditional female role consists of two major mandates: the mandate, the mandate.
marriage; motherhood
The expectation that marriage will fill diverse psychological needs
may be linked to higher divorce rates in individualistic societies.
The technological advances of the past century, impressive though they may be, have not led to perceptible improvement in our collective health and happiness. This issue is known as the
paradox of progress.
To be an effective listener, you need to
pay attention to nonverbal signals.
Bonita's mother pointed out that Bonita and Ahmad tended to be negative and slightly sarcastic to each other and that this was going to cause problems in the future if they got married. Bonita, an attentive psychology student, believes
research supports her mother's statement.
In the discussion on psychological testing in class, many of you reported that you have taken some form of a ________ for a job.
self-report inventory
Robert believes the reason he did not get the job was he didn't have as much to prepare for the interview as others because of bad luck on that day. Robert is most likely engaged in
self-serving bias.
Consider the following scenarios: 1. African American male wearing a university sweatshirt while shopping for houses 2. African American female straightening her hair for a job interview 3. Latino male shaving before a party to look "respectable" All of these could be considered examples of individuals trying to avoid:
stereotype threat
The optimal level of arousal is related to
the complexity of the task
In general, research on marijuana suggests that physical dependence is not an issue; however, psychological dependence is. This means that a psychologically dependent person _______________________________ when abstaining from pot for some time.
will likely feel a strong drive to smoke again
If you were to explain the underlying rationale for the Rorschach inkblot test to a high school student, which of the following summaries is MOST accurate?
"People project their personality onto an ambiguous stimulus."
Imagine you were visiting a professor during office hours. The conversation moved toward personality and his views on the research tradition. If he is an avowed behaviorist, which of the following would he be MOST likely to say?
"Personality is a collection of response tendencies that arise in various stimulus situations."
Which of the following remarks does NOT demonstrate the fundamental attribution error?
"They are poor because they have not been given opportunities."
Many theorists agree that the basic challenge of modern life involves struggling with such problems as
1.) developing a clear vision of a future that realistically promises fulfillment. 2.) arriving at a coherent set of values. 3.) forming a solid sense of identity.
Michaela is a former basketball player. She reveled in the chance to take the last-second shot and win the game for her team. Now, as a former athlete, Michaela has adopted this competitor mindset in her business career. She enjoys being called on to make the tough sale after her coworkers are unable to close the deal. Despite being in a high-stress business environment, Michaela is demonstrating which of the following?
A stress-is-enhancing mindset
Which of the following has NOT been found to impair immune functioning?
All of these impair immune functioning.
Ali, Bao, Cyle, and Dan all work in a high-pressure sales environment. They all have done relatively well in their jobs over the past couple years. However, this last quarter has been tough for the entire company. Based on the backgrounds described below, who of the sales force is MOST at risk for a stress-related illness?
Bao, who lives alone and just prefers to keep to himself.
Which of the following is true regarding origins of homosexuality?
Causes of homosexuality may require a biopsychosocial interactive model.
Which of the following statements about remarriage is NOT true?
Divorce rates are lower for second than for first marriages.
Which of the following is the best description of the relationship between health and happiness?
Good health may not, by itself, produce happiness because people tend to take good health for granted
Which of the following has NOT been proposed as an explanation for how humor helps to reduce the effects of stress and promote wellness?
Humor facilitates the release of stress-relieving neurotransmitters.
Which statement most accurately reflects the current state of marriage in modern Western society?
It remains popular but appears to be under assault from changes in society.
Which of the following statements regarding kissing and touching is accurate?
Men often underestimate the importance of kissing and touching.
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to Big Five research?
Neuroticism is a positive predictor of career success.
Which of the following statements is true?
People tend to see what they expect to see when they encounter minorities they view with prejudice.
How did Asch induce conformity in his studies involving judgments of line length?
Several accomplices gave incorrect answers before the true participant answered.
Which of the following statements regarding contemporary theorizing about sexual orientation is LEAST accurate?
Sexuality tends to be more fluid for males than females.
Which of the following statements about seeking help from others is NOT true?
Social support is generally considered a stable, external resource.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the role of physical attractiveness in relationships?
The importance of physical attractiveness in a dating partner has decreased in the last 50 years
Curt is 25 and Tommy is 40 years of age. They have been making out throughout the evening; first at the restaurant and later at the nightclub. As soon as they get to their hotel, they have sex. Curt reaches orgasm, and ten minutes later Tommy does. They both take a break and relax, but since they are on vacation, want to enjoy some more activity. Which of the following BEST reflects the likely pattern of response?
Tommy will have a longer refractory period than will Curt.
Which of the following combinations of physical characteristics has been empirically supported in the attraction literature?
Women with large eyes, high cheekbones, and a wide smile.
Research presented in your text regarding parenting and self-esteem has found ________________; thus, it would appropriate to conclude that __________________
a causal link between parenting styles and self-esteem; authoritative parenting causes the highest self-esteem.
Categorizing others by ethnicity, gender, age, or religion is used to
avoid expending cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression.
Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to
become aggressive or violent
All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process EXCEPT
cognition versus affect
Harry wants to lose 50 pounds. Most experts would recommend that he should
decrease his food intake and increase his exercise, both in moderate ways.
Narcotics are
drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain.
Freud attributed anxiety to your
ego worrying about the id getting out of control
Archetypes are ___________________
emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
Humanism is a theoretical orientation that
emphasizes unique human qualities such as free will and growth potential.
Secondary appraisal involves
evaluating your coping resources and options for dealing with stress
Outside of Western Europe and North America, the five-factor model _________________.
has been shown to be applicable, albeit with some differences.
Hans Selye's work was important because it showed
how prolonged physiological arousal that is meant to be adaptive could lead to diseases.
Brice and Shanice are an interracial couple. When Shanice looked into statistics to see how unusual they were, she likely found
interracial couples tend to report higher relationship satisfaction.
Noncompliance with instructions received from physicians
may be due to the patients' failure to understand the instructions.
The results of Milgram's study imply that
obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated.
According to Albert Ellis, our emotional reactions to life events result mainly from
our appraisals of the events.
Research on females exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens suggests
prenatal hormones may contribute to gender differences.
Tolerance involves
progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use.
Sandra Bem suggests that androgynous people are
psychologically healthier than those who are gender-typed.
There has been an increase in the number of same-sex couples opting to have children. Preliminary evidence suggests that
same-sex parents are similar to their heterosexual counterparts.
One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is called
self-efficacy.
Someone who says, "I probably won't do well on the exam because I was up all night with a sick friend," is using the strategy of
self-handicapping
Men seem to be experiencing a "masculinity crisis" due to
shifting male gender roles
The fight-or-flight response occurs in the
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Mario found a +0.80 correlation coefficient between height and diet. He was able to conclude that
there is a strong relationship between height and diet.
Research indicates that
there is no association between IQ and happiness
Behavioral approaches to personality used to be criticized on the grounds that _____________.
they neglected cognitive processes
The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for the
variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable.