Psych of Adjustment Final

When coping with stress, it is most adaptive to use ​

A variety of coping strategies

Incongruence refers to the disparity between one's self-concept and one's

Actual experience

What is the first step in twelve step programs designed to tackle addiction?

Admitting you are powerless over your addiction and that you life has become unmanageable

Regarding the influence of school sex education programs on teen sexual behavior, ​

All of the above are true

​Constructive coping involves

All of these

Conventions for conveying emotion in email communication include​

All of these are true

Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the increased rate of heart attacks?​

Anger and hostility

The personality type that is prejudiced toward any group different from oneself is​

Authoritarian personality

Which of the following drugs would be classified as a stimulant?​

Cocaine

is a tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.​

Defensive attribution

Perhaps the most basic barrier to effective communication is ​

Defensiveness

Gender roles are changing mainly because of​

Economic changes

Deception on the part of another person may be signaled by

Giving short answers

Use of which of the following groups of drugs is most likely to result in distortions in sensory and perceptual experience?​

Hallucinations

The leading cause of death in North America is ​

Heart disease

​The most significant narcotics problem in modern Western society is the use of

Heroin

Suppose a political candidate makes a change to his hairstyle in order to make himself look younger and more physically attractive. Because the candidate is trying to look more handsome, he is MOST likely using which of the following persuasion tactics?​

Increasing his likability

Mainstream American culture would most accurately be described as​

Individualistic

According to Adler, everyone has to compensate for feelings of

Inferiority

​Donald is typically uncooperative, if not downright rude with his coworkers and friends. Donald would BEST be described as _______________________.

Low in agreeableness

Shakira decides to buy a new car after seeing a good deal advertised on television. Now she's committed to buying the car, but the dealer tells her about a number of hidden costs that will be added on. Shakira is a victim of the​

Lowball technique

Which of the following is the most likely cause of orgasmic difficulties in women?​

Negative attitude towards sex

Sources of gender-role socialization include​

Parents, schools, the media

According to Sternberg, which of the following components of a love relationship is most likely to peak early in the relationship and then decline in intensity as time progresses?​

Passion

When a person must continue to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal illness, the person has developed ​

Physical dependence

The norm in American society is all of the following EXCEPT​

Ploygamy

Sexual intimacy is a predictor of relationship stability. ​

Positive

In terms of postural cues, a forward lean is most likely to indicate which of the following?​

Positive attitude

What was one of the findings in the annual Monitoring the Future Report pubished by the Univeristy of Michigan?

Rates of vaping among young people continue to increase

According to E. Tory Higgins, a discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions?​

Saddness

Two potential buyers made appointments to see Theresa's house, which is for sale. Theresa scheduled the appointments so that they would overlap and the two buyers would see each other. Theresa is using which of the following compliance tactics?​

Scarcity

Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost associated with the male gender role in our culture?​

The fatherhood mandate

Jenna and Katie are lesbians raising a son. The likelihood he will be a homosexual is someone raised by heterosexual parents.​

The same as

Which of the following does NOT contribute to break-ups of unmarried couples?​

Unavailability of more attractive partners

​According to the research on expectations and self-fulfilling prophecy,

all of these.

The fact that gender stereotypes view male behavior as normal reflects an bias. ​

androcentric

Self-efficacy is MOST associated with​

beliefs about what you can do

Poor communication ranks high as a cause of breakups with

both gay and straight couples

The "third-variable problem" is associated with the​

correlational method.

In the United States, women's friendships are more often based, whereas men's tend to be based.​

emotionally; activity

Toxic masculinity has been linked to _________ and __________.

homophobia; misogyny

Research shows that self-stimulation​

is common among married adults

It appears that boys engage in more aggression and girls engage in more aggression.​

physical; relational

​According to Freud, the contains thoughts and feelings that are just below the surface of awareness

preconscious

When a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy an intense emotional and mental craving, the person has developed​

psychological dependence.

Since 1950, the median age at which people in the United States marry for the first time has ______

risen by about 5 to 6 years for both males and females.

The local animal shelter sends you cute return address labels with cuddly kittens on them. They are hoping that you will send a donation based on the effects of​

the reciprocity principle.

Regarding peer influence, adolescents' sexual behavior is most influenced by​

their perceptions of their peers' behavior

People have a tendency to the risk of their own health-impairing habits, and the risks associated with others' self-destructive behaviors.​

underestimate; accurately view

In American culture, girls are usually taught to​

view sex in the context of a loving relationship

Suppose you read a newspaper article about depression and heart disease. The columnist makes the argument that being diagnosed with heart disease can make people depressed. Knowing the research presented in this chapter, the relationship can be explained by which of the following?

1.) Depression causes heart disease 2.) Heart disease causes depression 3.) ​A positive correlation exists between heart disease and depression.

The "similarity principle" tends to be found most frequently in​

1.) Friendships 2.) Homosexual couples 3.) Heterosexual couples

According to the article on obesity in childhood, which of the following have been considered as important in the fight to improve the health of children?

1.) Pass laws limiting mass marketing of unhealthy foods to children. 2.) Provide healthy lunch items at schools. 3.) Have parents model good nutrition and exercise habits at home.

Gender bias in school is most likely to show up in which of the following?​

1.) Teachers' treatment of boys and girls. 2.) ​The frequency of praise teachers give to boys and girls. 3.) Academic and career counseling.

The context of interpersonal communication includes ​

1.) physical environment 2.) the mood of the participants 3.) ​the nature of the participants' relationship

When political advertisements show someone at risk of losing their home, the persuasion is

1.) using fear arousal 2.) most influential if people watching it also feel they could be susceptible to the threat 3.) likely to work

Research indicates that​

1.) ​the negative effects of divorce on psychological well-being is similar for men and women. 2.) ​forgiveness of an ex-spouse is correlated with lower depression. 3.) ​post divorce adjustment is more favorable with a higher income.

It is estimated that Michigan smokers spend more than ___________ million a year on smoking.

1.4

Play the role of a research assistant who is creating stimuli for an attraction experiment. Which of the following romantic pairings is LEAST likely, according to matching hypothesis theory?​

A female "8" and a male "3"

Generally, which kind of conflict tends to be the least stressful?​

Approach-approach

​Psychologists study responses to stress at which of the following levels?

Behavioral Emotional Physiological

Living together in a sexually intimate relationship without actually being married is called​

Cohabitation

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy?

Comparison to others

​You make a new acquaintance at a football game, and you ask him only questions about sports and athletics. This is an example of probable

Confirmation bias

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, when passion, intimacy, and commitment are all present in a relationship, then is said to exist.​

Consummate love

​Gordon has been a stockbroker for the last 20 years. He has worked at a high-powered firm for the last 20 years and prides himself on never taking a day of vacation or being out sick. While he remains productive and turns great profit for his clients, he has been increasingly angry and distrustful of many companies and financial industries. Based on the burnout research, which of the following is Gordon demonstrating?

Cynicism.

​Joe has been arrested more than once for driving under the influence of alcohol. When you ask him about how he is managing his drinking problem, he says, "I don't have a drinking problem; I have a getting caught problem!" He is most likely using to manage his difficulties.

Denial

Which of the following is NOT considered a microaggression that harms LGBTQ people?

Denial of personal freedoms

​Imagine that you receive a slew of texts from a harried classmate, Karl, who knows you read this chapter and know the research on first impressions. He is at a bar nearing "last call" and only has time to approach one of the four people below. In particular, he wants to know which of the following people is MOST likely to lead to a positive outcome. Based on the research on first impressions presented in the chapter, whom SHOULD he approach before "last call"?

Diane, who has no prior knowledge of Karl

​Two months ago, your best friend did not win a major scholarship that she had been counting on to help pay for graduate school. Now she is always fighting with you, her boyfriend, and her roommates. She is most likely using the defense mechanism called

Displacement

As discussed in class my friend's brother Scott is attractive, intelligent, charming and an overall good guy. However, he chooses buddies that often are not as interesting, good-looking, smart or as nice as he is. We affectionately refer to this phenonmenon as him being "King of the Dorks." What concept does this best illustrate?

Downward social comparison

According to an article in your module, some counties like Macomb are utilizing an alternative approach to helping drug-addicted criminals that focuses more on rehabilitation than incarceration (jail). They are known as:

Drug courts

Studies indicate that the most important element of friendship is​

Emotional support

A relatively new, cutting edge form of meditation involves the use of:

Flotation tanks

The article "Same-Sex Couples," focuses on research on gay couples. Though the research is somewhat uneven, which of the following can be found?

Gay couples are less likely to divorce/break-up than straight couples.

Widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities, personalities, and social behaviors are called ____________________. ​

Gender stereotypes

In, "There's Never Been a Better Time to Be Single," which of the following is noted as an influence on this change:

High-schoolers are not dating or having sex as much as previous generations.

Which of the following is generally NOT considered a personal quality associated with loneliness?​

Interdependence

Which of the following is NOT an example of a general principle of nonverbal communication?​

It uses universally accepted meanings.

Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to higher divorce rates?​

Marrying younger in life

Which of the following combinations of physical characteristics has been found, empirically, to evoke higher attractiveness ratings?​

Men with a broad forehead and wide faces

Susan recognized the face of someone she often sees at work. She smiled when she saw the person despite not knowing who the person was. This is an example of​

Mere exposure effect

________ is when people support equality as an abstract principle, but oppose programs promoting equality based on the idea that discrimination no longer exists.

Modern discrimination

A teacher takes notes while watching students on the playground to see if differences in play behavior are associated with discipline problems in class. The teacher is using which of the following research methods?​

Naturalistic observation

The Kinsey scale emphasizes that sexuality is _________.

None of these are true.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with empirical data?​

Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.

The textbook authors write "[people] who perform poorly in high school tend to perform poorly in college" as an example of a(n)​

Positive correlation

​Tonya is a new researcher in a marketing company. She, like the others, is vigilant about the e-mails that she receives from the CEO. Any time she sees a new e-mail from the CEO in her inbox, she dreads opening the e-mail. This week, she opened an email and found that she was addressed in the email about an analysis that she had completed incorrectly; Tonya had no idea how to do the analysis but had hurried to submit something without checking. Tonya's direct supervisor was copied on the e-mail. In this case, Tonya MOST LIKELY made which of the following conclusions?

Primary appraisal: "This matter is stressful."

​Brenda saves money during the summer because she works fewer hours during the fall and her income drops then. Brenda is practicing which type of coping strategy?

Problem-focused

Perfectionism and irrational thinking foster

Procrastination

​Emma took the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and scored a 36 out of 40. A week later, she took the NPI and scored a 34. Three weeks later, she took it again and earned a 38. These scores suggest that the online test is indeed ________________.

Reliable

Jack keeps forgetting the name of his ex-wife's boyfriend. According to Freud, which defensive mechanism is at work in this example?

Repression

Which of the following is the correct order for the three steps in friendship repair rituals?​

Reproach, remedy, acknowledgement

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the nature of initial encounters between two people?​

Resource exchange.

Which of the following is likely to be LEAST effective in initiating a conversation with a stranger?​

Select an obscure topic

are the inferences that people make about what causes their behavior.​

Self-attributions

Presenting yourself in a way that you think will cause others to respect you is most consistent with which of the following self-presentation strategies?​

Self-promotion

​Which of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional intelligence?

Separating emotion from thought

​External attributions ascribe causes of behavior to ​​

Situational factors

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see helps to perpetuate ​

Stereotypes

During our discussion on the American Psychological Association's Stress in America 2020 report, our class reported higher percentages of the following when compared to the survey's results:

Stress about police violence toward minorities and hope for the future.

Mounting evidence from research indicates that stress may the functioning of the immune system.​

Suppress

​__________ provide(s) context for your scores on a particular psychological instrument. That is to say, most well-established personality measures include mean scores and percentiles for particular demographic groups.

Test norms

An educational researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the independent variable is​

The type of diet

​Which of the following statements about the use of coping strategies is NOT true?

There are about 40 distinct coping techniques.

According to E. Tory Higgins, which of the following is NOT one of the three types of self-perceptions that people have?​

Unrealistic

conducted groundbreaking research on the physiology of the human sexual response. ​

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

According to "Can This Marriage Be Saved?" how does getting "cold feet" before marriage impact the divorce rate?

Women who got "cold feet" before marriage were 2-4 times more likely to get divorced

An educational researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the dependent variable is​

a measure of learning

Studies show that the discrepancy between what individuals expect before immigrating and what they actually experience once they do immigrate is related to the amount of ______________ they report.​

acculturation stress

Social comparison theory proposes that we compare ourselves to others in order to​

assess our abilities and opinions.

Hazan and Shaver found that, like infants in their attachment relationships, adults fall into the following three categories in their love relationships:​

avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, secure.

​The psychodynamic perspective has been decried by opponents as _____________________

biased against females and difficult to test

Defense mechanisms can operate at ​

both the conscious and unconscious levels

Lamar, like the rest of the world, is concerned about when the Covid pandemic will get better and life will start to feel a little more normal again. He works as an elementary school teacher and has recently learned that he will be able to get his Covid vaccine by the end of the month. The Covid pandemic can be considered _______ stress and his ability to get a vaccine _______ stress.

chronic; acute

Whether someone develops learned helplessness under conditions of unavoidable aversive events most likely depends on​

cognitive interpretation

Sherif's 1954 study involving boys in a camp setting supported the idea that

competition breeds prejudices and hostility.

When relationships are in distress, self-disclosure patterns​

decrease in breadth and depth.

In stressful circumstances, optimists are more likely than pessimists to​

engage in action-oriented, problem-focused coping

​According to Freud, in order to achieve healthy development, a child in the phallic stage must resolve the Oedipal complex and learn to the same-sex parent.

identify with

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ______ variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n) ______ variable as a result.​

independent; dependent

Compared to non-pledging peers, teens who take a chastity vow or abstinence pledge are

less likely to use condoms or other forms of birth control.

In order to deal constructively with an interpersonal conflict, one should ​

limit complaints to the present situation

People can reduce prejudice effectively by

making an intentional effort to change one's own thinking.

The traditional female role consists of two major mandates: the mandate, the mandate.​

marriage; motherhood

The expectation that marriage will fill diverse psychological needs

may be linked to higher divorce rates in individualistic societies.

The technological advances of the past century, impressive though they may be, have not led to perceptible improvement in our collective health and happiness. This issue is known as the​

paradox of progress.

To be an effective listener, you need to ​

pay attention to nonverbal signals.

Bonita's mother pointed out that Bonita and Ahmad tended to be negative and slightly sarcastic to each other and that this was going to cause problems in the future if they got married. Bonita, an attentive psychology student, believes​

research supports her mother's statement.

In the discussion on psychological testing in class, many of you reported that you have taken some form of a ________ for a job.

self-report inventory

Robert believes the reason he did not get the job was he didn't have as much to prepare for the interview as others because of bad luck on that day. Robert is most likely engaged in​

self-serving bias.

Consider the following scenarios: 1. African American male wearing a university sweatshirt while shopping for houses 2. African American female straightening her hair for a job interview 3. Latino male shaving before a party to look "respectable" All of these could be considered examples of individuals trying to avoid:

stereotype threat

​The optimal level of arousal is related to

the complexity of the task

In general, research on marijuana suggests that physical dependence is not an issue; however, psychological dependence is. This means that a psychologically dependent person _______________________________ when abstaining from pot for some time.​

will likely feel a strong drive to smoke again

​If you were to explain the underlying rationale for the Rorschach inkblot test to a high school student, which of the following summaries is MOST accurate?

​"People project their personality onto an ambiguous stimulus."

​Imagine you were visiting a professor during office hours. The conversation moved toward personality and his views on the research tradition. If he is an avowed behaviorist, which of the following would he be MOST likely to say?

​"Personality is a collection of response tendencies that arise in various stimulus situations."

Which of the following remarks does NOT demonstrate the fundamental attribution error?​

​"They are poor because they have not been given opportunities."

Many theorists agree that the basic challenge of modern life involves struggling with such problems as​

​1.) developing a clear vision of a future that realistically promises fulfillment. ​2.) arriving at a coherent set of values. 3.) forming a solid sense of identity.

Michaela is a former basketball player. She reveled in the chance to take the last-second shot and win the game for her team. Now, as a former athlete, Michaela has adopted this competitor mindset in her business career. She enjoys being called on to make the tough sale after her coworkers are unable to close the deal. Despite being in a high-stress business environment, Michaela is demonstrating which of the following? ​

​A stress-is-enhancing mindset

​Which of the following has NOT been found to impair immune functioning?

​All of these impair immune functioning.

Ali, Bao, Cyle, and Dan all work in a high-pressure sales environment. They all have done relatively well in their jobs over the past couple years. However, this last quarter has been tough for the entire company. Based on the backgrounds described below, who of the sales force is MOST at risk for a stress-related illness?​

​Bao, who lives alone and just prefers to keep to himself.

Which of the following is true regarding origins of homosexuality?​

​Causes of homosexuality may require a biopsychosocial interactive model.

Which of the following statements about remarriage is NOT true?​

​Divorce rates are lower for second than for first marriages.

Which of the following is the best description of the relationship between health and happiness?​

​Good health may not, by itself, produce happiness because people tend to take good health for granted

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as an explanation for how humor helps to reduce the effects of stress and promote wellness?​

​Humor facilitates the release of stress-relieving neurotransmitters.

Which statement most accurately reflects the current state of marriage in modern Western society?​

​It remains popular but appears to be under assault from changes in society.

Which of the following statements regarding kissing and touching is accurate?​

​Men often underestimate the importance of kissing and touching.

​Which of the following statements is NOT true according to Big Five research?

​Neuroticism is a positive predictor of career success.

Which of the following statements is true?​

​People tend to see what they expect to see when they encounter minorities they view with prejudice.

How did Asch induce conformity in his studies involving judgments of line length?​

​Several accomplices gave incorrect answers before the true participant answered.

Which of the following statements regarding contemporary theorizing about sexual orientation is LEAST accurate?​

​Sexuality tends to be more fluid for males than females.

Which of the following statements about seeking help from others is NOT true?​

​Social support is generally considered a stable, external resource.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the role of physical attractiveness in relationships?​

​The importance of physical attractiveness in a dating partner has decreased in the last 50 years

Curt is 25 and Tommy is 40 years of age. They have been making out throughout the evening; first at the restaurant and later at the nightclub. As soon as they get to their hotel, they have sex. Curt reaches orgasm, and ten minutes later Tommy does. They both take a break and relax, but since they are on vacation, want to enjoy some more activity. Which of the following BEST reflects the likely pattern of response? ​

​Tommy will have a longer refractory period than will Curt.

Which of the following combinations of physical characteristics has been empirically supported in the attraction literature?​

​Women with large eyes, high cheekbones, and a wide smile.

Research presented in your text regarding parenting and self-esteem has found ________________; thus, it would appropriate to conclude that __________________ ​

​a causal link between parenting styles and self-esteem; authoritative parenting causes the highest self-esteem.

Categorizing others by ethnicity, gender, age, or religion is used to ​

​avoid expending cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression.

Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to

​become aggressive or violent

All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process EXCEPT

​cognition versus affect

Harry wants to lose 50 pounds. Most experts would recommend that he should ​

​decrease his food intake and increase his exercise, both in moderate ways.

Narcotics are​

​drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain.

​Freud attributed anxiety to your

​ego worrying about the id getting out of control

Archetypes are ___________________

​emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

​Humanism is a theoretical orientation that

​emphasizes unique human qualities such as free will and growth potential.

​Secondary appraisal involves

​evaluating your coping resources and options for dealing with stress

​Outside of Western Europe and North America, the five-factor model _________________.

​has been shown to be applicable, albeit with some differences.

Hans Selye's work was important because it showed​

​how prolonged physiological arousal that is meant to be adaptive could lead to diseases.

Brice and Shanice are an interracial couple. When Shanice looked into statistics to see how unusual they were, she likely found​

​interracial couples tend to report higher relationship satisfaction.

Noncompliance with instructions received from physicians​

​may be due to the patients' failure to understand the instructions.

The results of Milgram's study imply that​

​obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated.

​According to Albert Ellis, our emotional reactions to life events result mainly from

​our appraisals of the events.

Research on females exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens suggests​

​prenatal hormones may contribute to gender differences.

Tolerance involves​

​progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug with continued use.

Sandra Bem suggests that androgynous people are​

​psychologically healthier than those who are gender-typed.

There has been an increase in the number of same-sex couples opting to have children. Preliminary evidence suggests that

​same-sex parents are similar to their heterosexual counterparts.

​One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is called

​self-efficacy.

Someone who says, "I probably won't do well on the exam because I was up all night with a sick friend," is using the strategy of​

​self-handicapping

Men seem to be experiencing a "masculinity crisis" due to​

​shifting male gender roles

​The fight-or-flight response occurs in the

​sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Mario found a +0.80 correlation coefficient between height and diet. He was able to conclude that​

​there is a strong relationship between height and diet.

Research indicates that​

​there is no association between IQ and happiness

​Behavioral approaches to personality used to be criticized on the grounds that _____________.

​they neglected cognitive processes

The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for the​

​variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable.