Psych of Criminal Behavior

Imitational learning

(also called modeling or observational learning) The behavioral pattern exists in our repertoires even if we have never received direct reinforcement for acquiring it. Doing something by watching others do it.. like shooting a gun. We may have never held a real gun or shot one before, but we know that you hold it and pull the trigger.

theories of crime

* just-world hypothesis * classical theory * deterrence theory * positivist theory

Psychological Risk Factors

* lack of attachment: Ainworthing * Lack of empathy * cognitive and language deficits * Intelligence * ADHD * Conduct disorder * Oppositional defiant disorder

Social Environmental Risk Factors

* poverty * peer rejection * Gender * Gang or deviant group influences * Preschool Experiences * After-school care * Academic failure

Parental and Family Risk Factors

* single-parent households * Parental practices * Parental styles * Parental monitoring * Siblings

Self-Control Theory

- A heavily researched theory in criminology that proposes that crime and antisocial behavior are the result of an individual's deficits in inability to control his or her behavior. Controversial aspect of the theory is that self-control is a stable trait and well in place before adolescence is reached.

Terrorism

- The use of force or violence - By individuals or groups - That is directed toward civilian populations - Intended to instill fear - As a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political and social positions

Lack of empathy

- affective - cognitive - psychopaths - animal cruelty

Hare's Checklist

- glibness/superficial charm - grandiose sense of self worth - pathological cunning/manipulative - lack of remorse or guilt - shallow affect - callous, lack of empathy - failure to accept responsibility for actions - promiscuous sexual behavior - lack of realistic, long term goals - poor behavioral controls - high need for stimulation/prone to boredom - irresponsibility

Traumatic Brain Injury

- is frequently associated with neuropathological changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior - It is also often linked to serious and violent behavior and other antisocial behaviors - It appears that this connection is particularly relevant in the case of pathological violence

lack of attachment: Ainworthing

- secure - insecure - anxious/ambivalent - avoidant - deficiencies in caregiving

Baumrind's four Parental Styles

1. authoritarian 2. Permissive 3. Authoritative 4. Neglecting

what girls' violence occurs

1. peer violence 2. Violence within schools 3. Violence within disadvantaged neighborhoods 4. girls in gangs 5. family violence

Currently, Hare's PCL-R is the best measure available for identifying criminal psychopaths According to Hare, what score must a pearson receive on his scale to be considered a criminal psychopath

30

Plasticity

A characteristic of the brain that allows both its structure and its function to be profoundly responsive to experiences, particularly during early life

status offenses

A class of illegal behavior that only persons with certain characteristics or status can commit. Used here to refer to the behavior of juveniles. Examples include running away from home, violating curfew, buying alcohol, or skipping school.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A diagnostic label used to identify children who demonstrate habitual misbehavior.

instrumental learning/ operant conditioning

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or diminished by its consequences.

hostile attribution model

A model of aggression proposed by Kenneth Dodge, based on the finding that some individuals are prone to perceive hostile intent in others and therefore act aggressively as a result.

psychometric intelligence

A more contemporary designation of intelligence as measured by intelligence or IQ tests

Enmeshed style

A parental style in which the parent takes extraordinary control of the child's life including imposing rigid rules and seeing even trivial, minor behaviors as problematic. Typically results in harsh punishment but inconsistent discipline.

lax style

A parental style that does not respond sufficiently to problematic or antisocial behavior in children but rather allows it to occur without disciplinary action.

Socialized offender

A person who violates the law consistently because of learning the behavioral patterns from his or her social environment.

Behaviorism

A perspective that focuses on observable, measurable behavior and argues that the social environment and learning are the key determinants of human behavior

theory verification

A process whereby a scientific theory is tested through observation and analysis. If the process falsifies the theory, the theory must be revised to account for the observed events.

Monitoring the Future (MTF)

A self-report survey administered to high school students nationwide focusing on drug use and abuse.

Expectancy Theory

A theory of motivation that takes into account both the expectancy of achieving a particular goal and the value placed on it

discriminative stimuli

According to Akers, social signals or gestures transmitted by subcultural or peer groups to indicate whether certain kinds of behavior will be rewarded or punished within a particular social context

According to Berkowitz, frustration facilitactes

Aggressive Behavior

which behavioral scientists maintains that human behavior, including criminal behavior is acquired primarily through observational learning or modeling

Albert Bandura

lone wolf terrorist

Although we most often associate terrorism with 9/11, most of the terrorist attacks in the U.S. have actually been carried out not by international terrorist groups, but by one, sometimes two or three individuals who are commonly referred to as

response

An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.

Reinforcement

An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response.

I cubed theory

An extension of general aggression theory.

nonshared environments

An important concept in twin studies, this refers to the living experiences that are different for each twin, such as being raised by different parents.

shared environment

An important concept in twin studies, this refers to the prenatal and life experiences that are common to both twins, such as being raised by the same biological parents.

individual offender

An offender prompted by a series of intense, long-lasting frustration.

parental styles

Any one of several approaches taken by parents in raising their children. Some examples identified by researchers are lax, negligent, authoritarian, and authoritative.

Agrression

Behavior intended to injure someone (physically or verbally) or to hurt property.

Cognitive neoassociation model

Berkowitz's revision of his frustration-aggression hypothesis, in which the role of cognitions is recognized.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Classic study of institutional power in directing normal, healthy college student volunteers playing randomly assigned roles of prisoners and guards to behave contrary to their dispositional tendencies, as cruel guards or pathological prisoners.

Antisocial behavior

Clinical term reserved for serious habitual behavior, especially that involving direct harm to others.

intimate partner violence

Crimes committed against persons by their current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends

neglecting style

Detached and unengaged parental style.

Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)

Developed by Robert Hare, it is the best-known and most heavily researched instrument for the measurement of criminal psychopathy.

Developmental approach

Examines the changes and influences (risk factors) across a person's lifetime that contribute to the formation of antisocial and criminal behavior or, alternately, that protect individuals with many risk factors in their lives.

Horn Blowing is an example of road rage (T/F)

False

IQ refers to a broad, all-encompassing ability (T/F)

False

MPD stands for Mulitple Psychosis disorder (T/F)

False

Research on twins has shown that, as twins age, the influence of the shared family environment increases while the influence of nonshared environments decreases (T/F)

False

there is a direct causal relationship between pornography and sexual aggression (T/F)

False

General Theory of Crime

Gottfredson and Hirschi's developmental theory that links crime to impulsivity and a lack of self-control

According to Berkowitz, in order for frustration to occur, the person must have:

Higher hope for goal attainment

executive function

Higher order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behavior. They include organizing behavior, memory, inhibition processes, and planning strategies.

passive-aggressive behavior

Hostile behaviors that do not directly inflict physical harm, such as refusing to speak to someone against whom one holds a grudge.

incompetent to stand trial

IST stands for ________.

Developmental pathway

In the study of criminal behavior, these are the various tracks individuals follow that lead to antisocial behavior. Researchers began by identifying two pathways but have now found evidence of more.

IST stands for

Incompetent to stand trial

Positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

adolescent-limited offenders

Individuals who usually demonstrate delinquent or antisocial behavior only during their teen years and then stop offending during their young adult years

most contemporary researches of temperament focus on

Infants

cognitive processes

Internal processes that enable humans to imagine, to gain knowledge, to reason, and to evaluate. the attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that people hold about the environment, relationships, and themselves

Twins' Early Development Study (TEDS)

It explores behavior problems as well as problematic development in language, cognition, and academic abilities from Early Childhood to adolescence

whose successful 1982 plea of not guilty by reason of insanity led to widespread public outcry and reforms of NGRI in more than thirty states

John Hinckley

MAOA-L

Known as the "warrior gene," it appears to promote aggressive behavior in humans.

when a caregiver fabricates or intentionally causes symptoms in those they are caring for in order to seek and obtain medical treatment, it is usually a case of

Munchausen syndrome by proxy

not guilty by reason of insanity

NGRI stands for:

trait or disposition

Relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way across time and place. Traits are believed by some psychologists to be the basic building blocks of personality.

cognitive scripts model

Rowell Huesmann's theory that social behavior in general and aggressive behavior in particular are controlled largely by cognitive scripts learned through daily experiences.

Intrafamilial

Sexual acts between members of a family when at least one participant is a minor has traditionally been labeled incest or (within the family)

extrafamilial child molestation

Sexual contact with immature family members by individuals from outside the family is called

which of the following conclusions is supported by Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiments

Situational variables are powerful determinants of behavior

reactive aggression

Spontaneous aggression, possibly in response to provocation. In children, hot-blooded aggressive acts, such as temper tantrums and emotionally driven vengeful hostility.

Weapons effect

Suggestion that the mere presence of a weapon leads a witness or victim to concentrate on the weapon itself rather than other features of the crime

reductionism

The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.

Authoritarian style

The approach to parenting that sets a very rigid structure on the family setting and allows little decision making by the child.

Authoritative style

The approach to parenting that sets firm rules yet encourages the development of autonomy in the child.

Moral agency

The concept that people act in accordance with their value systems.

Cognitions

The internal processes that enable humans to imagine, to gain knowledge, to reason, and to evaluate. The attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that people hold about the environment, relationships, and themselves.

psychometric approach

The perspective that human characteristics, attributes, and traits can be measured and quantified.

moral disengagement

The process of freeing oneself from one's own moral standards in order to act against those standards. The unacceptable conduct is usually undertaken under orders from someone higher in authority or under high social pressure.

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

The process of learning to respond to a formerly neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that already elicits a response.

Falsification

The process of testing a theory whereby if it is discovered that even one of its propositions is found not to be supported, the theory cannot be valid.

Psychodynamic model

The theoretical perspective that argues that human behavior can be best explained through the use of psychological forces and pressures.

Nonconformist perspective

The theoretical perspective that humans will naturally try to get away with anything they can, including illegal conduct, unless social controls are imposed.

Conformity Perspective

The theoretical position that humans are born basically good and generally try to do the right and just thing

learning perspective

The theoretical position that humans are born basically neutral and behaviorally a blank slate. What they become as individuals depends on their learning experiences rather than innate predispositions.

Deterrence Theory

The theory that argues that threat of punishment will prevent crime.

displaced aggression theory

The theory that some aggression is directed at the target as a replacement for the individual who is the real source of the provocation.

learned helplessness or reactive depression

The withdrawal response, as theorized by Martin Seligman is often called

excitation transfer theory

Theory explaining how physiological arousal can generalize from one situation to another; based on the assumption that physiological arousal, however produced, dissipates slowly over time.

social control theory

Theory in criminology that proposes that individuals are prevented from committing antisocial behavior or crime because of bonds they hold to society, such as their attachment to parents or significant others.

Classical Theory

Theory of human behavior that emphasizes free will as a core concept.

Positivist Theory

Theory that argues prior experiences or influences determine present behavior.

ADHD is currently the leading psychological diagnosis for American children (T/F)

True

John B Watson believed that a rigid scientific approach was crucial to understanding human behavior (T/F)

True

Kenneth Bianchi, the Hillside Strangler, was diagnosed as a psychopath (T/F)

True

Parental alcoholism and depression elevates a child's risk of engaging in antisocial behavior (T/F)

True

Several studies have found a strong association between animal cruelty and violent behavior (T/F)

True

Territoriality is a central concept in konrad Lorenz's theory of aggression (T/F)

True

The cause of ADHD is unknown (T/F)

True

The revised frustration aggression hypothesis suggests that the indivdual is blocked from obtaining an expected goal (T/F)

True

Under the frustration-induced theory of criminality, individuals who commit larceny during riots are motivated by revenge (T/F)

True

b.f. skinner did not deny the existence and usefulness of private mental events or cognitive processes (T/F)

True

studies conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo both found that one's situation strongly influences behavior (T/F)

True

there is good evidence that most serious, persistent delinquecny and crime patterns usually begin early and worsen with age (T/F)

True

Behavioral Science Unit

While investigative psychology is the broad application of psychological research and principles to solving crimes, crime scene profiling is the narrower activity that focused on the traits, features, and habits of an unknown offender Crime scene profiling was developed in the U.S. by the

Primary Psychopath

a "true" psychopath has certain identifiable psychological, emotional, cognitive, and biological differences that distinguish him or her from the general or criminal population.

oppositional defiant discorder (ODD)

a behavior disorder of childhood characterized frequent disobedience and hostile behavior toward authority figures

Undoing

a behavioral pattern found at the scene in which the offender tries to psychologically "undo" the murder

antisocial personality disorder

a disorder characterized by a history of continuous behavior in which the rights of others are violated

MAOA

a gene that appears to play an important role in preventing antisocial behavior in humans

model

a graphic or descriptive illustration intended to add clarity or a theory. Examples are the dual-process model of psychopathy, the dynamic or developmental cascade model, and the dual systems model of adolescents development

language impairment

a heterogeneous group of deficits and/or immaturities in the comprehension and/or production of spoken or written language

General Aggression Model

a modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions

temperament

a natural mood disposition determined largely by genetic and biological influences

the developmental perspective on crime and antisocial behavior views the life course of all humans as following a

a pathway littered with risk factors

disruptive behavior disorders (DBD)

a pattern that generally includes conduct disorders and oppositional defiant disorders that is characterized by chronic violation of social norms and rights of others

Stimulus

a person, event, or situation that elicits behavior

Deindividuation

a process by which individuals feel they cannot be identified, primarily because they are disguised or are subsumed within a group

cognitive restructuring

a psychological process that involves moral justifications, euphemistic language, and advantageous comparisons

permissive style of parenting

a related parenting style characterized by few demands, controls, or limits

Amygdala

a small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information

life-course-persistent offender

a term introduced by Terrie Moffit to represent offenders who demonstrate a life-long pattern of antisocial behavior and who are resistant to treatment or rehabilitation

concordance

a term used in genetics to represent the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show a particular behavior or condition, it is usually expressed in percentages

social learning theory

a theory of human behavior based on learning from watching others in the social environment. this leads to an individual's development of his or her own perceptions, thoughts, expectancies, competencies, and values

Attachment theory

a theory which states that infants have a strong need to establish close emotional bonds with significant others in their social environments. According to the theory, the nature of this emotional bon determines the quality of social relationships later in life

the primary psychopath is ___

a true psychopath

proactive aggression

actions undertaken to obtain a specific goal. in children, refers to insensitive actions such as bullying, name-calling, and coercive actions

most of the crime of the young is committed by

adolescent limited offenders

the most common type of pedophile appears to be

adult males against young girls

"the intentional inflicting of serious bodily injury on another" is a sufficient definition of which of the following offense

aggravated assault

instrumental aggression

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

hostile aggression

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

Under the MTC classification, the pedophile most likely to kill his victims would be the ____ pedophile

aggressive

Equivocal death analysis (EDA)

also called reconstructive psychological evaluation is the reconstruction of the emotional life, behavioral patterns, and cognitive features of a deceased person

frustration

an aversive emotional reaction that results from the unexpected absence of reinforcement

simulation

an experiment design that is intended to represent reality in a laboratory environment

Selective or secondary prevention

an intervention program designed for individuals who demonstrate early signs or indications of behavioral problems or antisocial behavior

primary prevention

an intervention program that focuses on increasing healthy behaviors among people without disease

which of the following defendants was found not guilty by reasons of insanity

andrea Yates

according to Groth, in which of the following types of rape does the offender use more force than is necessary for compliance and engage in a variety of sexual acts that are particularly degrading or humiliating to the woman

anger rape

APD Stands for

antisocial personality disorder

according to attachment theory, infants who cling anxiously to their mother without much exploration when placed in new environments are displaying

anxious/ambivalent attachement

Variable

any entity that can be measured

punshiment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Family mass murder

at least 3 family members have killed y another family member. Very often, the perpetrator kills himself or herself, an incident that is classic

self-serving biases

attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for success and minimize blame for failure

The strongest determining factor of victim selection for most serial murders is the ________ of the victim.

availability

violence

behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.

which of the following is an example of adolescent risk taking behavior

binge drinking

Neurotransmitters

biochemicals directly involved in the transmission of neural impulse and without which communication would not be possible

exploitative child sex offender seeks

children primarily to satisfy his sexual needs. He exploits the child's weaknesses any way he can and tries various kinds of strategies and tricks to get him or her to comply

which of the following is NOT a status offense

cocaine use

secondary psychopathy

commit antisocial or violent acts because of severe emotional problems or inner conflicts

psychological definitions of delinquency usually includes

conduct disorder and antisocial behavior

the tendency of police investigators to interpert the ambigous information contained within the profile report to fit their own biases and hunches about the case or the suspect is known as

confirmation bias

Robert Hare notes that true psychopaths are completely lacking in ________ and ________.

conscience, empathy

what is the primary difference between what qualifies as serial murder and what qualifies as other multiple murders

cooling off period

acts performed in response to orders from authority considered illegal or immoral by the larger community are called

crimes of obedience

the core of the insanity defense involves which of the following issues

criminal responsibility

konrad lornezo believed that a principle purpose of aggression in animals is to

defend and protect "staked out" territory

research suggests that serious juvenile offender

demonstrate poor social skills

Fixated sex offender

demonstrates a long-standing, exclusive preference for children as both sexual and social companions

disorganized crime scene

demonstrates that the offender very probably committed the crime without premeditation or planning

Many boys display aggression in preschool and kindergarten but reduce these behaviors during early school years primarily due to

developmental maturity

DSM refers to what

diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental disorders

which of banudra's strategies of disengagment is most apparent in incidents of group violence

diffusion of responsibility

the most common result of a PTSD defense has been one of

diminished responsibility

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant

the process whereby terrorists view their actions as stemming from the dictates of authorities and leaders and rather than from their own personal responsibility is called

displacement of responsibility

Dyssocial Psychopath

display aggressive, antisocial behavior learned from their subculture, like their gangs, terrorist groups or families

one of the strongest predictors of later antisocial behavior is

early rejection by peers

compared to other violent criminals, research shows that terrorists are often

emotionally stable

Moral justification

enables people to engage in reprehensible conduct by telling themselves that their actions are socially worthy and have an ultimate moral and good purpose

which of the following offenders tends to be highly impulsive, irritable, moody, and does not care about the emotional or physical well being of the child, but only sees the victim as a sexual object

exploitative pedophile

the major category of sexual aggression in which the offender becomes sexually aroused by physical or psychological brutality is called _____ sexual aggression

expressive

Mass murders

facilitated by readily available guns and ammunition are especially on the increase, though still rare

Affective empathy usually develops in middle adulthood (T/F)

false

All criminal behavior has its origins in childhood (T/F)

false

As a group, biopsychologists believe that genetics are the sole cause of criminal behavior. (T/F)

false

Attempting to reason with the attacker often reduces the risk of physcial injury during rape (T/F)

false

B.F. Skinner is considered the father of behaviorism (T/F)

false

Current research on gender differences suggests that psychopathic women far outnumber psychopathic men (T/F)

false

Estimates show that half of all prison and jail inmates are seriously mentally disordered and are unlikely to benefit from mental health treatment (T/F)

false

Female Delinquency has steadily decreased since 1995 (T/F)

false

In Tarasoff vs Regents, the supreme court of California held that a psychotherapist should directly warn the potential victims of a patient (T/F)

false

In the U.S. and Canada, about two thirds of murdered children are killed by strangers (T/F)

false

Increasing the likelihood of future behavior by avoiding an unpleasant stimulus is referred to as punishment (T/F)

false

Kohlberg's early post-conventional morality stage is referred to as the "good boy" or "good girl" orientation (T/F)

false

Kraemer, Lord, and Heilbrum found that serial offenders often prefer to use guns while single-victim offenders prefer hands-on killing (T/F)

false

Most adolescent risk-taking behaviors tend to continue throughout adulthood (T/F)

false

Most adolsecent sex offenders have a diagnosed mental disorder (T/F)

false

Most mass murders are spontaneous and unplanned (T/F)

false

Psychological signatures are subtle but distinctive ways of speaking, thinking, and behaving that criminals consciously practice in order to deceive investigators (T/F)

false

Recent research has found that brain stimulation after age five has little impact on growth and development (T/F)

false

Research on IQ and delinquency has not supported any relationship between the two (T/F)

false

Research shows that very few school shooters had a history of cruelty to animals (T/F)

false

Sex offenders are a homogenous group, markedly similar in age, race and socioeconomic status (T/F)

false

The original MTC had five major classifications and ten subtypes (T/F)

false

The primary similarity between terrorists and other violent offender is their history of anti-social behavior (T/F)

false

The weapon most commonly used in homicides in the U.S. is a knife (T/F)

false

Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman are two high-profile victims of hostile aggression (T/F)

false

according to the text, in order to fully understand criminal behavior, it is important to regard all individuals as passive participants in their environment (T/F)

false

adjudicative competence is now the standard term for not guilty by reason of insanity (T/F)

false

aggressive behavior is always criminal (T/F)

false

bullying is an example of reactive aggression (T/F)

false

contemporary research has found that children with CU traits are afraid of being punished (T/F)

false

extremely high levels on arousal seem to lessen aggressive behavior in certain situations (T/F)

false

filicide refers to the killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours after birth (T/F)

false

hemisphere asymmetry refers to the observation that most psychopaths have superior language ability (T/F)

false

in the two factor scheme, factor 2 reflects the interpersonal and emotional components of the disorder and consists of items measuring remorselessness, callousness, and selfish use and manipulation of other (T/F)

false

it is not possible for an individual to possess both affective and cognitive empathy (T/F)

false

mental health courts are alternative, specialized courts that are designed to treat offenders with a history of substance abuse (T/F)

false

only the secondary psychopath is a "true" psychopath (T/F)

false

psychological profiling is limited to negative characteristics (T/F)

false

research shows that an aggressive military approach is the most effective method of ending international terrorism (T/F)

false

researches have not identified any promising treatments for juvenile psychopathy (T/F)

false

suspect based profiling is a technique that can help locate where a serial offender resides (T/F)

false

the September 11, 2001 attack on the Pentagon is an example of frustration induced riot (T/F)

false

the victims of bullying are far more likely than the perpetrators to engage in antisocial behavior in their adulthood (T/F)

false

molecular genetics

field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

differential association-reinforcement theory

formulated by Edwin Sutherland, a theory of crime that states the criminal behavior is primarily due to obtaining values or messages from others, including but not limited to those who engage in crime. The critical factors include with whom a person associates, how early, for how long, how frequently, and how personally meaningful the associations are

the textbook states that the process of becoming a terrorist is

gradual

regressed sex offender

had fairly normal adolescence and good peer relationships and sexual experiences, but later developed feelings of masculine inadequacy and self-doubt

crimes of obedience

illegal acts that are committed under the order of someone in authority

sadistic rape

includes both sexual and aggressive components. In other words, aggression is eroticized.

organized crime scene

indicates planning and premeditation on the part of the offender

self report data

information about crime and anti social behavior gathered from the offenders themselves. In recent years many self report studies focus on substance use and abuse

behavior genetics

investigates the role genes play in the formation and development of behavior

Munchhausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP)

is a form of child abuse in which the parent (usually the mother) or parents, consistently and chronically bring a child in for medical attention with symptoms falsified or directly induced by the parent or parents

Risk Assessment

is a process to evaluate "individuals who have violated social norms or displayed bizarre behavior, particularly when they appear menacing or unpredictable"

Geographical profiling

is a technique that can help locate where a serial offender resides or other geographical locations that serve as a base of operations of serial offenders, such as bar, place of work, or significant other's home

Psychological profiling

is an assessment practice designed to help in the identification and prediction of behavior in known individuals

euphemistic language

is based on the well-known research finding that language shapes thought patterns on which people base many of their actions

Sodomy

is defined as oral or anal sexual intercourse with another person, with the consent of the victim, including instances where the victims are incapable of giving consent because of age or because of temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity

aggressive child sex offender

is drawn to children for both sexual and aggressive reasons

Child molestation

is most commonly perpetrated by men who molest their sexually immature daughters or stepdaughters

Rape

is now defined as the "Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim"

battering

is often used in a slightly more specific fashion to describe physical violence in intimate or family relationships, ether during a dating relationship, marriage or partnership, or separation and divorce or in the care of children

Diffusion of responsibility

is similar to the concept of deindividuation. Terrorism often requires the services of many people in the organization, all putting together to achieve some ultimate purpose.

spree murder

is sometimes used to refer to the killing of three or more individuals without any cooling-off period, usually at two or more locations

Threat Assessment

is the process of determining the validity and seriousness of threat being carried out by a person or group of persons

Serial murder

is usually reserved for incidents in which an individual kills two or more victims in separate events

Classic mass murder

is when an individual walks into or barricades himself into a public building, such as a fast-food restaurant, mall, or theater, and kills at random (but sometimes selectively)

Instrumental sexual aggression

is when the offender uses just enough coercion to gain compliance from his victim

which of the following is best known for drawing attention to the importance of expectations about the consequences of behavior

julian Rotter

When a person lacks motivation to act after exposure to unpleasant events over which the person feels he has not control, he is probably experiencing

learned helplessness

difficult temperaments as infants, ADHD disorders as children and learning problems during their later school years are often found in the background of _____ offenders

life course persistent

a boy who hits at age three, shoplifts at age ten, commits burglary at age nineteen, and rapes at age twenty-six would be considered a

life-course persistent offender

the majority of terrorist attacks that occur in the U.S. have been carried out by _______

lone wolves

social learning theorists believe that the ____ of behavior depends on reinforcement

maintenance

in hostile aggression, the perpetrator's primary goal to

make the victim suffer

terrorists are engaging in ____ when they convince themselves that their actions are socially worthy and have an ultimate moral purpose

moral justification

Milgram's famous studies of obedience to authority indicates that

most people are obedient to authority even if it causes pain to other

if the court determines that an individual was robbed of her or his own free will at the time of a homicide because of mental disease or defect, the individual would most likely be judged

not guilty by reasons of insanity

According to Juilan Rotter, whether a particular pattern of behavior will occur depends on

our expectations and how much we value the outcome

in family violence, the term "battering' is generally reserved for

physical violence

A terrorist who writes a good-bye letter to his parents immediately prior to carrying out a suicide mission is engaging in

point-of-no-return

the method of killing usually employed by female serial killers is

poisonings

As a clinical diagnosis, Battered Woman Syndrome is thought to be a form of:

post traumatic stress disorder

Which of the following statements is true of poverty

poverty is a risk factor

freud and his ___ does not see aggression as a pathology, but something that is normal, especially for men

psychodynamic psychology

which of the following focuses on the individual behavior and describes the science of the behavior and mental process of the criminal

psychological criminology

biopsychologists

psychologists who study the biological aspects of behavior to determine which genetic and neurophysiological variables play a part in criminal behavior. they see human behavior as the result of a complex interaction between the individual's physiological and social environment

Those psychopathy Checklist was specifically designed to identify

psychopaths in male prison populations

an individual's indoctrination to fully embrace a terrorist group's ideology and mission is called

radicalization

public mass shooting

referred to as an active shooter situation, takes place in public circumstances, such as schools, workplaces, malls, restaurants, parking places, and public transit

bystander effect

refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present

Suspect-based profiling

refers to identifying the psychological and behavioral features of persons who may commit a particular crime, such as school violence, terrorist activities, stalking, drug trafficking, shoplifting, or skyjacking

Modus operandi

refers to the actions and procedures an offender engages in to commit a crime successfully. It is a behavioral pattern that the offender learns as he or she gains experience in committing the offense

Staging

refers to the intentional alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of the police and it is sometimes done by someone other than the perpetrator.

Risk shift

refers to the tendency of groups to develop beliefs and make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

which of the following is an example of passive-aggressive behavior

refusing to speak to someone

Research by Fox and Levin found that most mass killings are motivated by

revenge

those influences in a person's life that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in criminal behavior are called

risk factors

according to Groth, the smallest percentage of rapists (about 5%) fall under what category

sadistic rapists

An individual in Kohlberg's late preconventional stage would likely be focused on

satisfying his or her own needs

disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual are all subtypes of

schizophrenia

______ prevention consists of working with children and adolescents who demonstrate some early signs of aggressive, antisocial, conduct disorders, or delinquent behavior but have not yet been formally classified as delinquent

secondary

Those psychopaths who commit antisocial or violent acts because of severe emotional problems or inner conflicts are referred to as ________.

secondary psychopaths

when we specifically attributed good aspects about ourselves to dispositional factors, and bad things to the environment, we are demonstrating

self-serving bias

Groth's typology contends that in _____ offenses the modus operandi is characterized by the threat of harm or use of physical force

sex force

the most common form of intrafamilial violence involves

siblings

according to differential association- reinforcement theory of Ronald Akers, criminal behavior develops primarily as the result of

social reinforcements given by significant other

Parental practices

strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals across different context and situations

Psychophysiology

study of the dynamic interactions between behavior and the autonomic nervous system

displacement of responsibility

terrorists' may view their actions as stemming from the dictates of authorities and leaders rather than from their own personal responsibility

Aggravated Assault

the "second" most common violent offense in a family is

self regulation

the ability to control one's behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standards

Power Rape

the assailant seeks to establish power and control over his victim. Thus, the amount of force and threat used depends on the degrees of submission shown by the victims. His goal is sexual conquest, and he will try to overcome any resistance

psychological criminology

the branch of criminology that examines the individual behavior and especially the mental processes involved in criminal behavior

Extinction

the decline and eventual disappearance of a conditioned or learned response when it is no longer reinforced

rumination

the focused attention on one's own thoguhts and feelings that, if excessive, can lead to aggression against others

development cascade model

the model that sees antisocial or criminal behavior being the result of multiple risks along the life path, interacting with one another rather than simply added to one another

cumulative risk model

the model that states that an accumulation of risk factors, rather than any one factor, leads to criminal or antisocial behavior. the factors may be biological, social or psychological, but the more there are the more likely an individual will act antisocially

Simple Assault

the most common violent offense in a family is

Anger Rape

the offender uses more force than necessary for compliance and engages in a variety of sexual acts that are particularly degrading or humiliating to the victim

Expressive sexual aggression

the offender's primary aim is to harm the victim physically as well as psychologically. In some cases, the expressive aggression is 'eroticized' in that the offender becomes sexually aroused in the presence of physical or psychological brutality

Observational learning

the process by which individuals learn patterns of behavior by observing another person performing the action

Victimology

the scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual characteristic, and social contexts associated with crime victims

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

ritualized aggression

the symbolic display of aggressive intentions or strength without actual physical combat or conflict

Territoriality

the tendency to attack violators of one's personal space

hostile attribution bias

the tendency to perceive hostile intent in others even when it is totally lacking

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to underestimate the importance of situational determinates and to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors in identifying the causes of human behavior

frustation-aggression hypothesis

the theory that frustration leads to aggressive behavior. the theory has been revised several times, with the most substantial changes coming from the work of Leonard Berkowitz

dependent variables

the variable that is measured to see how it sis changed by manipulations of the independent variable

which statement is not true of lone - wolf terrorists

their acts of violence are spontaneous and haphazard

differential association theory

theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to

according to bandura, how do terrorists justfy their horrific acts

through a process of cognitive restructuring

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

traditionally considered a chronic neurobiological condition characterized by developmentally poor attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. More contemporary perspectives see the behavioral pattern as reading in poor interpersonal skills and often in peer rejection

A symptom of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is the child's series of reoccurring medical conditions that either do not respond to treatment or follow an unusual course that is persistent, puzzling, and unexplained (T/F)

true

According to the Knight and Sims-Knight model, callousness is once of the causal pathways to sexually violent behavior (T/F)

true

Al-Qaeda would be considered a cohesive group with loyal members. (T/F)

true

All terrorist activities are criminal. (T/F)

true

Dyssoical psychopaths display aggressive, antisocial behavior they have learned from their subculture, like their gangs or families (T/F)

true

In the U.S. , the victims of homicide are mostly male (T/F)

true

Lead exposure and maternal malnutrition are examples of environmental hazards (T/F)

true

Lone wolf terrorists are more likely to be mentally disturbed than other terrorists. (T/F)

true

Many mental health clinicians do not consider sex offenders to be clinically mentally disordered (T/F)

true

Most of the abductions of elementary school children occur in or around the victim's home, with the majority being abducted within one quarter mile of their residence (T/F)

true

Peer influence is often the primary reasons for joining a terrorist group (T/F)

true

Rape is widely believed to be the most under reported crime (T/F)

true

Serial murder by children or adolescents is an exceedingly rare event. (T/F)

true

Temperament is determined largely by genetics (T/F)

true

The U.S. has the highest reported incidence of rape in the world (T/F)

true

The majority of mass murderers plan to die at the crime scene. (T/F)

true

We know far too little about girls' crime, the reasons it is committed, and the social and developmental factors that precipitate it (T/F)

true

a youth who has been kicked out of the home by a a parent or caretaker is called a thrownaway (T/F)

true

according to the text, the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior (T/F)

true

adolescents are most vulnerable to risky behavior when they are with a group of their peers (T/F)

true

all violent behavior is aggressive behavior (T/F)

true

by definition an individual who terrorizes is a terrorist (T/F)

true

children are more likely to be victims of violence away from school as opposed to in school (T/F)

true

children with callous unemotional traits lack empathic concern for others (T/F)

true

constant attention that the media give to murder in the U.S. makes it seem more (T/F)

true

criminal homicide is causing the death of another person without legal justification or excuse (T/F)

true

deficits in measures of skin conductance arousal are believed to be associated with low autonomic arousal levels (T/F)

true

for most people, becoming part of a group encourages feelings of anonymity (T/F)

true

in studies examining gender difference and juvenile crime, recent research has shown that the gender gap for violent offenses is getting smaller (T/F)

true

insanity is a legal term that refers to a defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime (T/F)

true

juveniles as a group are responsible for a small percentage of arrests compared with adults, although they are arrested disproportionately compared with other age groups (T/F)

true

neurological dysfunction due to faulty brain development is strongly linked to pathological violence (T/F)

true

psychopathy screening device or the PSD is one of the measures specifically designed to identify youths with psychopathic characteristics (T/F)

true

research indicates that the recidivism rate associated with psychopaths is very (T/F)

true

research studies have found that domestic violence is a common precipitating factor in road rage (T/F)

true

skinner argued that the most effective way to eliminate behavior was through extinction (T/F)

true

temperament appears in infancy and continues throughout life (T/F)

true

the adolescent limited delinquent is most likely to be involved in offenses that symbolize adult privilege (T/F)

true

the amygdala is located in the frontal lobe of the human brain (T/F)

true

the attacks on September 11 2001 marked a radical shift in US connection to terrorism (T/F)

true

the core behavioral dimension that reflects the interpersonal and emotional components, such as callousness and manipulation of others, is referred to as psychopathic factor 1 (T/F)

true

the cycle of violence theory posits that coercive and punitive tactics in parenting increase the likelihood of later aggressive behavior and potential domestic violence (T/F)

true

the girls study group found that girls fight more frequently at home with parents than do boys (T/F)

true

the great majority of poor children and adults are law-abiding citizens (T/F)

true

the most consistent demographic finding is that rapists tend to be young (T/F)

true

the prediction of dangerousness has been transformed to an assessment of the probability that violence or other serious offering will occur in the future (T/F)

true

the research community is sharply divided on the long-term effects of violent media on aggressive behavior (T/F)

true

the use of amnesia as a defense has been largely unsuccessful in the U.S. (T/F)

true

under federal law, juveniles may be prosecuted under the criminal law at age 15

true

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

school shooting

usually refers to those violent incidents that involve a firearm and occur within the school building or on the school grounds

The MAOA-L gene has been nicknamed the ________.

warrior gene

Serial MSBP

when a parent has MSBP and is victimizing several children in the same family

advantageous comparison

where terrorists are convinced that their way of life and fundamental cultural values are superior to those they attack

Crime scene profiling

which is the process of identifying personality traits, behavioral patterns, geographic habits, cognitive tendencies, and demographic features of an unknown offender based on characteristics of crime