Psych of Criminal Behavior
Imitational learning
(also called modeling or observational learning) The behavioral pattern exists in our repertoires even if we have never received direct reinforcement for acquiring it. Doing something by watching others do it.. like shooting a gun. We may have never held a real gun or shot one before, but we know that you hold it and pull the trigger.
theories of crime
* just-world hypothesis * classical theory * deterrence theory * positivist theory
Psychological Risk Factors
* lack of attachment: Ainworthing * Lack of empathy * cognitive and language deficits * Intelligence * ADHD * Conduct disorder * Oppositional defiant disorder
Social Environmental Risk Factors
* poverty * peer rejection * Gender * Gang or deviant group influences * Preschool Experiences * After-school care * Academic failure
Parental and Family Risk Factors
* single-parent households * Parental practices * Parental styles * Parental monitoring * Siblings
Self-Control Theory
- A heavily researched theory in criminology that proposes that crime and antisocial behavior are the result of an individual's deficits in inability to control his or her behavior. Controversial aspect of the theory is that self-control is a stable trait and well in place before adolescence is reached.
Terrorism
- The use of force or violence - By individuals or groups - That is directed toward civilian populations - Intended to instill fear - As a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political and social positions
Lack of empathy
- affective - cognitive - psychopaths - animal cruelty
Hare's Checklist
- glibness/superficial charm - grandiose sense of self worth - pathological cunning/manipulative - lack of remorse or guilt - shallow affect - callous, lack of empathy - failure to accept responsibility for actions - promiscuous sexual behavior - lack of realistic, long term goals - poor behavioral controls - high need for stimulation/prone to boredom - irresponsibility
Traumatic Brain Injury
- is frequently associated with neuropathological changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior - It is also often linked to serious and violent behavior and other antisocial behaviors - It appears that this connection is particularly relevant in the case of pathological violence
lack of attachment: Ainworthing
- secure - insecure - anxious/ambivalent - avoidant - deficiencies in caregiving
Baumrind's four Parental Styles
1. authoritarian 2. Permissive 3. Authoritative 4. Neglecting
what girls' violence occurs
1. peer violence 2. Violence within schools 3. Violence within disadvantaged neighborhoods 4. girls in gangs 5. family violence
Currently, Hare's PCL-R is the best measure available for identifying criminal psychopaths According to Hare, what score must a pearson receive on his scale to be considered a criminal psychopath
30
Plasticity
A characteristic of the brain that allows both its structure and its function to be profoundly responsive to experiences, particularly during early life
status offenses
A class of illegal behavior that only persons with certain characteristics or status can commit. Used here to refer to the behavior of juveniles. Examples include running away from home, violating curfew, buying alcohol, or skipping school.
Conduct Disorder (CD)
A diagnostic label used to identify children who demonstrate habitual misbehavior.
instrumental learning/ operant conditioning
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or diminished by its consequences.
hostile attribution model
A model of aggression proposed by Kenneth Dodge, based on the finding that some individuals are prone to perceive hostile intent in others and therefore act aggressively as a result.
psychometric intelligence
A more contemporary designation of intelligence as measured by intelligence or IQ tests
Enmeshed style
A parental style in which the parent takes extraordinary control of the child's life including imposing rigid rules and seeing even trivial, minor behaviors as problematic. Typically results in harsh punishment but inconsistent discipline.
lax style
A parental style that does not respond sufficiently to problematic or antisocial behavior in children but rather allows it to occur without disciplinary action.
Socialized offender
A person who violates the law consistently because of learning the behavioral patterns from his or her social environment.
Behaviorism
A perspective that focuses on observable, measurable behavior and argues that the social environment and learning are the key determinants of human behavior
theory verification
A process whereby a scientific theory is tested through observation and analysis. If the process falsifies the theory, the theory must be revised to account for the observed events.
Monitoring the Future (MTF)
A self-report survey administered to high school students nationwide focusing on drug use and abuse.
Expectancy Theory
A theory of motivation that takes into account both the expectancy of achieving a particular goal and the value placed on it
discriminative stimuli
According to Akers, social signals or gestures transmitted by subcultural or peer groups to indicate whether certain kinds of behavior will be rewarded or punished within a particular social context
According to Berkowitz, frustration facilitactes
Aggressive Behavior
which behavioral scientists maintains that human behavior, including criminal behavior is acquired primarily through observational learning or modeling
Albert Bandura
lone wolf terrorist
Although we most often associate terrorism with 9/11, most of the terrorist attacks in the U.S. have actually been carried out not by international terrorist groups, but by one, sometimes two or three individuals who are commonly referred to as
response
An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.
Reinforcement
An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response.
I cubed theory
An extension of general aggression theory.
nonshared environments
An important concept in twin studies, this refers to the living experiences that are different for each twin, such as being raised by different parents.
shared environment
An important concept in twin studies, this refers to the prenatal and life experiences that are common to both twins, such as being raised by the same biological parents.
individual offender
An offender prompted by a series of intense, long-lasting frustration.
parental styles
Any one of several approaches taken by parents in raising their children. Some examples identified by researchers are lax, negligent, authoritarian, and authoritative.
Agrression
Behavior intended to injure someone (physically or verbally) or to hurt property.
Cognitive neoassociation model
Berkowitz's revision of his frustration-aggression hypothesis, in which the role of cognitions is recognized.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Classic study of institutional power in directing normal, healthy college student volunteers playing randomly assigned roles of prisoners and guards to behave contrary to their dispositional tendencies, as cruel guards or pathological prisoners.
Antisocial behavior
Clinical term reserved for serious habitual behavior, especially that involving direct harm to others.
intimate partner violence
Crimes committed against persons by their current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends
neglecting style
Detached and unengaged parental style.
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
Developed by Robert Hare, it is the best-known and most heavily researched instrument for the measurement of criminal psychopathy.
Developmental approach
Examines the changes and influences (risk factors) across a person's lifetime that contribute to the formation of antisocial and criminal behavior or, alternately, that protect individuals with many risk factors in their lives.
Horn Blowing is an example of road rage (T/F)
False
IQ refers to a broad, all-encompassing ability (T/F)
False
MPD stands for Mulitple Psychosis disorder (T/F)
False
Research on twins has shown that, as twins age, the influence of the shared family environment increases while the influence of nonshared environments decreases (T/F)
False
there is a direct causal relationship between pornography and sexual aggression (T/F)
False
General Theory of Crime
Gottfredson and Hirschi's developmental theory that links crime to impulsivity and a lack of self-control
According to Berkowitz, in order for frustration to occur, the person must have:
Higher hope for goal attainment
executive function
Higher order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behavior. They include organizing behavior, memory, inhibition processes, and planning strategies.
passive-aggressive behavior
Hostile behaviors that do not directly inflict physical harm, such as refusing to speak to someone against whom one holds a grudge.
incompetent to stand trial
IST stands for ________.
Developmental pathway
In the study of criminal behavior, these are the various tracks individuals follow that lead to antisocial behavior. Researchers began by identifying two pathways but have now found evidence of more.
IST stands for
Incompetent to stand trial
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
adolescent-limited offenders
Individuals who usually demonstrate delinquent or antisocial behavior only during their teen years and then stop offending during their young adult years
most contemporary researches of temperament focus on
Infants
cognitive processes
Internal processes that enable humans to imagine, to gain knowledge, to reason, and to evaluate. the attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that people hold about the environment, relationships, and themselves
Twins' Early Development Study (TEDS)
It explores behavior problems as well as problematic development in language, cognition, and academic abilities from Early Childhood to adolescence
whose successful 1982 plea of not guilty by reason of insanity led to widespread public outcry and reforms of NGRI in more than thirty states
John Hinckley
MAOA-L
Known as the "warrior gene," it appears to promote aggressive behavior in humans.
when a caregiver fabricates or intentionally causes symptoms in those they are caring for in order to seek and obtain medical treatment, it is usually a case of
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
not guilty by reason of insanity
NGRI stands for:
trait or disposition
Relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way across time and place. Traits are believed by some psychologists to be the basic building blocks of personality.
cognitive scripts model
Rowell Huesmann's theory that social behavior in general and aggressive behavior in particular are controlled largely by cognitive scripts learned through daily experiences.
Intrafamilial
Sexual acts between members of a family when at least one participant is a minor has traditionally been labeled incest or (within the family)
extrafamilial child molestation
Sexual contact with immature family members by individuals from outside the family is called
which of the following conclusions is supported by Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiments
Situational variables are powerful determinants of behavior
reactive aggression
Spontaneous aggression, possibly in response to provocation. In children, hot-blooded aggressive acts, such as temper tantrums and emotionally driven vengeful hostility.
Weapons effect
Suggestion that the mere presence of a weapon leads a witness or victim to concentrate on the weapon itself rather than other features of the crime
reductionism
The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
Authoritarian style
The approach to parenting that sets a very rigid structure on the family setting and allows little decision making by the child.
Authoritative style
The approach to parenting that sets firm rules yet encourages the development of autonomy in the child.
Moral agency
The concept that people act in accordance with their value systems.
Cognitions
The internal processes that enable humans to imagine, to gain knowledge, to reason, and to evaluate. The attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that people hold about the environment, relationships, and themselves.
psychometric approach
The perspective that human characteristics, attributes, and traits can be measured and quantified.
moral disengagement
The process of freeing oneself from one's own moral standards in order to act against those standards. The unacceptable conduct is usually undertaken under orders from someone higher in authority or under high social pressure.
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
The process of learning to respond to a formerly neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that already elicits a response.
Falsification
The process of testing a theory whereby if it is discovered that even one of its propositions is found not to be supported, the theory cannot be valid.
Psychodynamic model
The theoretical perspective that argues that human behavior can be best explained through the use of psychological forces and pressures.
Nonconformist perspective
The theoretical perspective that humans will naturally try to get away with anything they can, including illegal conduct, unless social controls are imposed.
Conformity Perspective
The theoretical position that humans are born basically good and generally try to do the right and just thing
learning perspective
The theoretical position that humans are born basically neutral and behaviorally a blank slate. What they become as individuals depends on their learning experiences rather than innate predispositions.
Deterrence Theory
The theory that argues that threat of punishment will prevent crime.
displaced aggression theory
The theory that some aggression is directed at the target as a replacement for the individual who is the real source of the provocation.
learned helplessness or reactive depression
The withdrawal response, as theorized by Martin Seligman is often called
excitation transfer theory
Theory explaining how physiological arousal can generalize from one situation to another; based on the assumption that physiological arousal, however produced, dissipates slowly over time.
social control theory
Theory in criminology that proposes that individuals are prevented from committing antisocial behavior or crime because of bonds they hold to society, such as their attachment to parents or significant others.
Classical Theory
Theory of human behavior that emphasizes free will as a core concept.
Positivist Theory
Theory that argues prior experiences or influences determine present behavior.
ADHD is currently the leading psychological diagnosis for American children (T/F)
True
John B Watson believed that a rigid scientific approach was crucial to understanding human behavior (T/F)
True
Kenneth Bianchi, the Hillside Strangler, was diagnosed as a psychopath (T/F)
True
Parental alcoholism and depression elevates a child's risk of engaging in antisocial behavior (T/F)
True
Several studies have found a strong association between animal cruelty and violent behavior (T/F)
True
Territoriality is a central concept in konrad Lorenz's theory of aggression (T/F)
True
The cause of ADHD is unknown (T/F)
True
The revised frustration aggression hypothesis suggests that the indivdual is blocked from obtaining an expected goal (T/F)
True
Under the frustration-induced theory of criminality, individuals who commit larceny during riots are motivated by revenge (T/F)
True
b.f. skinner did not deny the existence and usefulness of private mental events or cognitive processes (T/F)
True
studies conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo both found that one's situation strongly influences behavior (T/F)
True
there is good evidence that most serious, persistent delinquecny and crime patterns usually begin early and worsen with age (T/F)
True
Behavioral Science Unit
While investigative psychology is the broad application of psychological research and principles to solving crimes, crime scene profiling is the narrower activity that focused on the traits, features, and habits of an unknown offender Crime scene profiling was developed in the U.S. by the
Primary Psychopath
a "true" psychopath has certain identifiable psychological, emotional, cognitive, and biological differences that distinguish him or her from the general or criminal population.
oppositional defiant discorder (ODD)
a behavior disorder of childhood characterized frequent disobedience and hostile behavior toward authority figures
Undoing
a behavioral pattern found at the scene in which the offender tries to psychologically "undo" the murder
antisocial personality disorder
a disorder characterized by a history of continuous behavior in which the rights of others are violated
MAOA
a gene that appears to play an important role in preventing antisocial behavior in humans
model
a graphic or descriptive illustration intended to add clarity or a theory. Examples are the dual-process model of psychopathy, the dynamic or developmental cascade model, and the dual systems model of adolescents development
language impairment
a heterogeneous group of deficits and/or immaturities in the comprehension and/or production of spoken or written language
General Aggression Model
a modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions
temperament
a natural mood disposition determined largely by genetic and biological influences
the developmental perspective on crime and antisocial behavior views the life course of all humans as following a
a pathway littered with risk factors
disruptive behavior disorders (DBD)
a pattern that generally includes conduct disorders and oppositional defiant disorders that is characterized by chronic violation of social norms and rights of others
Stimulus
a person, event, or situation that elicits behavior
Deindividuation
a process by which individuals feel they cannot be identified, primarily because they are disguised or are subsumed within a group
cognitive restructuring
a psychological process that involves moral justifications, euphemistic language, and advantageous comparisons
permissive style of parenting
a related parenting style characterized by few demands, controls, or limits
Amygdala
a small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information
life-course-persistent offender
a term introduced by Terrie Moffit to represent offenders who demonstrate a life-long pattern of antisocial behavior and who are resistant to treatment or rehabilitation
concordance
a term used in genetics to represent the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show a particular behavior or condition, it is usually expressed in percentages
social learning theory
a theory of human behavior based on learning from watching others in the social environment. this leads to an individual's development of his or her own perceptions, thoughts, expectancies, competencies, and values
Attachment theory
a theory which states that infants have a strong need to establish close emotional bonds with significant others in their social environments. According to the theory, the nature of this emotional bon determines the quality of social relationships later in life
the primary psychopath is ___
a true psychopath
proactive aggression
actions undertaken to obtain a specific goal. in children, refers to insensitive actions such as bullying, name-calling, and coercive actions
most of the crime of the young is committed by
adolescent limited offenders
the most common type of pedophile appears to be
adult males against young girls
"the intentional inflicting of serious bodily injury on another" is a sufficient definition of which of the following offense
aggravated assault
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
hostile aggression
aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
Under the MTC classification, the pedophile most likely to kill his victims would be the ____ pedophile
aggressive
Equivocal death analysis (EDA)
also called reconstructive psychological evaluation is the reconstruction of the emotional life, behavioral patterns, and cognitive features of a deceased person
frustration
an aversive emotional reaction that results from the unexpected absence of reinforcement
simulation
an experiment design that is intended to represent reality in a laboratory environment
Selective or secondary prevention
an intervention program designed for individuals who demonstrate early signs or indications of behavioral problems or antisocial behavior
primary prevention
an intervention program that focuses on increasing healthy behaviors among people without disease
which of the following defendants was found not guilty by reasons of insanity
andrea Yates
according to Groth, in which of the following types of rape does the offender use more force than is necessary for compliance and engage in a variety of sexual acts that are particularly degrading or humiliating to the woman
anger rape
APD Stands for
antisocial personality disorder
according to attachment theory, infants who cling anxiously to their mother without much exploration when placed in new environments are displaying
anxious/ambivalent attachement
Variable
any entity that can be measured
punshiment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
Family mass murder
at least 3 family members have killed y another family member. Very often, the perpetrator kills himself or herself, an incident that is classic
self-serving biases
attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for success and minimize blame for failure
The strongest determining factor of victim selection for most serial murders is the ________ of the victim.
availability
violence
behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.
which of the following is an example of adolescent risk taking behavior
binge drinking
Neurotransmitters
biochemicals directly involved in the transmission of neural impulse and without which communication would not be possible
exploitative child sex offender seeks
children primarily to satisfy his sexual needs. He exploits the child's weaknesses any way he can and tries various kinds of strategies and tricks to get him or her to comply
which of the following is NOT a status offense
cocaine use
secondary psychopathy
commit antisocial or violent acts because of severe emotional problems or inner conflicts
psychological definitions of delinquency usually includes
conduct disorder and antisocial behavior
the tendency of police investigators to interpert the ambigous information contained within the profile report to fit their own biases and hunches about the case or the suspect is known as
confirmation bias
Robert Hare notes that true psychopaths are completely lacking in ________ and ________.
conscience, empathy
what is the primary difference between what qualifies as serial murder and what qualifies as other multiple murders
cooling off period
acts performed in response to orders from authority considered illegal or immoral by the larger community are called
crimes of obedience
the core of the insanity defense involves which of the following issues
criminal responsibility
konrad lornezo believed that a principle purpose of aggression in animals is to
defend and protect "staked out" territory
research suggests that serious juvenile offender
demonstrate poor social skills
Fixated sex offender
demonstrates a long-standing, exclusive preference for children as both sexual and social companions
disorganized crime scene
demonstrates that the offender very probably committed the crime without premeditation or planning
Many boys display aggression in preschool and kindergarten but reduce these behaviors during early school years primarily due to
developmental maturity
DSM refers to what
diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental disorders
which of banudra's strategies of disengagment is most apparent in incidents of group violence
diffusion of responsibility
the most common result of a PTSD defense has been one of
diminished responsibility
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant
the process whereby terrorists view their actions as stemming from the dictates of authorities and leaders and rather than from their own personal responsibility is called
displacement of responsibility
Dyssocial Psychopath
display aggressive, antisocial behavior learned from their subculture, like their gangs, terrorist groups or families
one of the strongest predictors of later antisocial behavior is
early rejection by peers
compared to other violent criminals, research shows that terrorists are often
emotionally stable
Moral justification
enables people to engage in reprehensible conduct by telling themselves that their actions are socially worthy and have an ultimate moral and good purpose
which of the following offenders tends to be highly impulsive, irritable, moody, and does not care about the emotional or physical well being of the child, but only sees the victim as a sexual object
exploitative pedophile
the major category of sexual aggression in which the offender becomes sexually aroused by physical or psychological brutality is called _____ sexual aggression
expressive
Mass murders
facilitated by readily available guns and ammunition are especially on the increase, though still rare
Affective empathy usually develops in middle adulthood (T/F)
false
All criminal behavior has its origins in childhood (T/F)
false
As a group, biopsychologists believe that genetics are the sole cause of criminal behavior. (T/F)
false
Attempting to reason with the attacker often reduces the risk of physcial injury during rape (T/F)
false
B.F. Skinner is considered the father of behaviorism (T/F)
false
Current research on gender differences suggests that psychopathic women far outnumber psychopathic men (T/F)
false
Estimates show that half of all prison and jail inmates are seriously mentally disordered and are unlikely to benefit from mental health treatment (T/F)
false
Female Delinquency has steadily decreased since 1995 (T/F)
false
In Tarasoff vs Regents, the supreme court of California held that a psychotherapist should directly warn the potential victims of a patient (T/F)
false
In the U.S. and Canada, about two thirds of murdered children are killed by strangers (T/F)
false
Increasing the likelihood of future behavior by avoiding an unpleasant stimulus is referred to as punishment (T/F)
false
Kohlberg's early post-conventional morality stage is referred to as the "good boy" or "good girl" orientation (T/F)
false
Kraemer, Lord, and Heilbrum found that serial offenders often prefer to use guns while single-victim offenders prefer hands-on killing (T/F)
false
Most adolescent risk-taking behaviors tend to continue throughout adulthood (T/F)
false
Most adolsecent sex offenders have a diagnosed mental disorder (T/F)
false
Most mass murders are spontaneous and unplanned (T/F)
false
Psychological signatures are subtle but distinctive ways of speaking, thinking, and behaving that criminals consciously practice in order to deceive investigators (T/F)
false
Recent research has found that brain stimulation after age five has little impact on growth and development (T/F)
false
Research on IQ and delinquency has not supported any relationship between the two (T/F)
false
Research shows that very few school shooters had a history of cruelty to animals (T/F)
false
Sex offenders are a homogenous group, markedly similar in age, race and socioeconomic status (T/F)
false
The original MTC had five major classifications and ten subtypes (T/F)
false
The primary similarity between terrorists and other violent offender is their history of anti-social behavior (T/F)
false
The weapon most commonly used in homicides in the U.S. is a knife (T/F)
false
Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman are two high-profile victims of hostile aggression (T/F)
false
according to the text, in order to fully understand criminal behavior, it is important to regard all individuals as passive participants in their environment (T/F)
false
adjudicative competence is now the standard term for not guilty by reason of insanity (T/F)
false
aggressive behavior is always criminal (T/F)
false
bullying is an example of reactive aggression (T/F)
false
contemporary research has found that children with CU traits are afraid of being punished (T/F)
false
extremely high levels on arousal seem to lessen aggressive behavior in certain situations (T/F)
false
filicide refers to the killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours after birth (T/F)
false
hemisphere asymmetry refers to the observation that most psychopaths have superior language ability (T/F)
false
in the two factor scheme, factor 2 reflects the interpersonal and emotional components of the disorder and consists of items measuring remorselessness, callousness, and selfish use and manipulation of other (T/F)
false
it is not possible for an individual to possess both affective and cognitive empathy (T/F)
false
mental health courts are alternative, specialized courts that are designed to treat offenders with a history of substance abuse (T/F)
false
only the secondary psychopath is a "true" psychopath (T/F)
false
psychological profiling is limited to negative characteristics (T/F)
false
research shows that an aggressive military approach is the most effective method of ending international terrorism (T/F)
false
researches have not identified any promising treatments for juvenile psychopathy (T/F)
false
suspect based profiling is a technique that can help locate where a serial offender resides (T/F)
false
the September 11, 2001 attack on the Pentagon is an example of frustration induced riot (T/F)
false
the victims of bullying are far more likely than the perpetrators to engage in antisocial behavior in their adulthood (T/F)
false
molecular genetics
field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
differential association-reinforcement theory
formulated by Edwin Sutherland, a theory of crime that states the criminal behavior is primarily due to obtaining values or messages from others, including but not limited to those who engage in crime. The critical factors include with whom a person associates, how early, for how long, how frequently, and how personally meaningful the associations are
the textbook states that the process of becoming a terrorist is
gradual
regressed sex offender
had fairly normal adolescence and good peer relationships and sexual experiences, but later developed feelings of masculine inadequacy and self-doubt
crimes of obedience
illegal acts that are committed under the order of someone in authority
sadistic rape
includes both sexual and aggressive components. In other words, aggression is eroticized.
organized crime scene
indicates planning and premeditation on the part of the offender
self report data
information about crime and anti social behavior gathered from the offenders themselves. In recent years many self report studies focus on substance use and abuse
behavior genetics
investigates the role genes play in the formation and development of behavior
Munchhausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP)
is a form of child abuse in which the parent (usually the mother) or parents, consistently and chronically bring a child in for medical attention with symptoms falsified or directly induced by the parent or parents
Risk Assessment
is a process to evaluate "individuals who have violated social norms or displayed bizarre behavior, particularly when they appear menacing or unpredictable"
Geographical profiling
is a technique that can help locate where a serial offender resides or other geographical locations that serve as a base of operations of serial offenders, such as bar, place of work, or significant other's home
Psychological profiling
is an assessment practice designed to help in the identification and prediction of behavior in known individuals
euphemistic language
is based on the well-known research finding that language shapes thought patterns on which people base many of their actions
Sodomy
is defined as oral or anal sexual intercourse with another person, with the consent of the victim, including instances where the victims are incapable of giving consent because of age or because of temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity
aggressive child sex offender
is drawn to children for both sexual and aggressive reasons
Child molestation
is most commonly perpetrated by men who molest their sexually immature daughters or stepdaughters
Rape
is now defined as the "Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim"
battering
is often used in a slightly more specific fashion to describe physical violence in intimate or family relationships, ether during a dating relationship, marriage or partnership, or separation and divorce or in the care of children
Diffusion of responsibility
is similar to the concept of deindividuation. Terrorism often requires the services of many people in the organization, all putting together to achieve some ultimate purpose.
spree murder
is sometimes used to refer to the killing of three or more individuals without any cooling-off period, usually at two or more locations
Threat Assessment
is the process of determining the validity and seriousness of threat being carried out by a person or group of persons
Serial murder
is usually reserved for incidents in which an individual kills two or more victims in separate events
Classic mass murder
is when an individual walks into or barricades himself into a public building, such as a fast-food restaurant, mall, or theater, and kills at random (but sometimes selectively)
Instrumental sexual aggression
is when the offender uses just enough coercion to gain compliance from his victim
which of the following is best known for drawing attention to the importance of expectations about the consequences of behavior
julian Rotter
When a person lacks motivation to act after exposure to unpleasant events over which the person feels he has not control, he is probably experiencing
learned helplessness
difficult temperaments as infants, ADHD disorders as children and learning problems during their later school years are often found in the background of _____ offenders
life course persistent
a boy who hits at age three, shoplifts at age ten, commits burglary at age nineteen, and rapes at age twenty-six would be considered a
life-course persistent offender
the majority of terrorist attacks that occur in the U.S. have been carried out by _______
lone wolves
social learning theorists believe that the ____ of behavior depends on reinforcement
maintenance
in hostile aggression, the perpetrator's primary goal to
make the victim suffer
terrorists are engaging in ____ when they convince themselves that their actions are socially worthy and have an ultimate moral purpose
moral justification
Milgram's famous studies of obedience to authority indicates that
most people are obedient to authority even if it causes pain to other
if the court determines that an individual was robbed of her or his own free will at the time of a homicide because of mental disease or defect, the individual would most likely be judged
not guilty by reasons of insanity
According to Juilan Rotter, whether a particular pattern of behavior will occur depends on
our expectations and how much we value the outcome
in family violence, the term "battering' is generally reserved for
physical violence
A terrorist who writes a good-bye letter to his parents immediately prior to carrying out a suicide mission is engaging in
point-of-no-return
the method of killing usually employed by female serial killers is
poisonings
As a clinical diagnosis, Battered Woman Syndrome is thought to be a form of:
post traumatic stress disorder
Which of the following statements is true of poverty
poverty is a risk factor
freud and his ___ does not see aggression as a pathology, but something that is normal, especially for men
psychodynamic psychology
which of the following focuses on the individual behavior and describes the science of the behavior and mental process of the criminal
psychological criminology
biopsychologists
psychologists who study the biological aspects of behavior to determine which genetic and neurophysiological variables play a part in criminal behavior. they see human behavior as the result of a complex interaction between the individual's physiological and social environment
Those psychopathy Checklist was specifically designed to identify
psychopaths in male prison populations
an individual's indoctrination to fully embrace a terrorist group's ideology and mission is called
radicalization
public mass shooting
referred to as an active shooter situation, takes place in public circumstances, such as schools, workplaces, malls, restaurants, parking places, and public transit
bystander effect
refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present
Suspect-based profiling
refers to identifying the psychological and behavioral features of persons who may commit a particular crime, such as school violence, terrorist activities, stalking, drug trafficking, shoplifting, or skyjacking
Modus operandi
refers to the actions and procedures an offender engages in to commit a crime successfully. It is a behavioral pattern that the offender learns as he or she gains experience in committing the offense
Staging
refers to the intentional alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of the police and it is sometimes done by someone other than the perpetrator.
Risk shift
refers to the tendency of groups to develop beliefs and make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
which of the following is an example of passive-aggressive behavior
refusing to speak to someone
Research by Fox and Levin found that most mass killings are motivated by
revenge
those influences in a person's life that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in criminal behavior are called
risk factors
according to Groth, the smallest percentage of rapists (about 5%) fall under what category
sadistic rapists
An individual in Kohlberg's late preconventional stage would likely be focused on
satisfying his or her own needs
disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual are all subtypes of
schizophrenia
______ prevention consists of working with children and adolescents who demonstrate some early signs of aggressive, antisocial, conduct disorders, or delinquent behavior but have not yet been formally classified as delinquent
secondary
Those psychopaths who commit antisocial or violent acts because of severe emotional problems or inner conflicts are referred to as ________.
secondary psychopaths
when we specifically attributed good aspects about ourselves to dispositional factors, and bad things to the environment, we are demonstrating
self-serving bias
Groth's typology contends that in _____ offenses the modus operandi is characterized by the threat of harm or use of physical force
sex force
the most common form of intrafamilial violence involves
siblings
according to differential association- reinforcement theory of Ronald Akers, criminal behavior develops primarily as the result of
social reinforcements given by significant other
Parental practices
strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals across different context and situations
Psychophysiology
study of the dynamic interactions between behavior and the autonomic nervous system
displacement of responsibility
terrorists' may view their actions as stemming from the dictates of authorities and leaders rather than from their own personal responsibility
Aggravated Assault
the "second" most common violent offense in a family is
self regulation
the ability to control one's behavior in accordance with internal cognitive standards
Power Rape
the assailant seeks to establish power and control over his victim. Thus, the amount of force and threat used depends on the degrees of submission shown by the victims. His goal is sexual conquest, and he will try to overcome any resistance
psychological criminology
the branch of criminology that examines the individual behavior and especially the mental processes involved in criminal behavior
Extinction
the decline and eventual disappearance of a conditioned or learned response when it is no longer reinforced
rumination
the focused attention on one's own thoguhts and feelings that, if excessive, can lead to aggression against others
development cascade model
the model that sees antisocial or criminal behavior being the result of multiple risks along the life path, interacting with one another rather than simply added to one another
cumulative risk model
the model that states that an accumulation of risk factors, rather than any one factor, leads to criminal or antisocial behavior. the factors may be biological, social or psychological, but the more there are the more likely an individual will act antisocially
Simple Assault
the most common violent offense in a family is
Anger Rape
the offender uses more force than necessary for compliance and engages in a variety of sexual acts that are particularly degrading or humiliating to the victim
Expressive sexual aggression
the offender's primary aim is to harm the victim physically as well as psychologically. In some cases, the expressive aggression is 'eroticized' in that the offender becomes sexually aroused in the presence of physical or psychological brutality
Observational learning
the process by which individuals learn patterns of behavior by observing another person performing the action
Victimology
the scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual characteristic, and social contexts associated with crime victims
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
ritualized aggression
the symbolic display of aggressive intentions or strength without actual physical combat or conflict
Territoriality
the tendency to attack violators of one's personal space
hostile attribution bias
the tendency to perceive hostile intent in others even when it is totally lacking
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to underestimate the importance of situational determinates and to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors in identifying the causes of human behavior
frustation-aggression hypothesis
the theory that frustration leads to aggressive behavior. the theory has been revised several times, with the most substantial changes coming from the work of Leonard Berkowitz
dependent variables
the variable that is measured to see how it sis changed by manipulations of the independent variable
which statement is not true of lone - wolf terrorists
their acts of violence are spontaneous and haphazard
differential association theory
theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to
according to bandura, how do terrorists justfy their horrific acts
through a process of cognitive restructuring
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
traditionally considered a chronic neurobiological condition characterized by developmentally poor attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. More contemporary perspectives see the behavioral pattern as reading in poor interpersonal skills and often in peer rejection
A symptom of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is the child's series of reoccurring medical conditions that either do not respond to treatment or follow an unusual course that is persistent, puzzling, and unexplained (T/F)
true
According to the Knight and Sims-Knight model, callousness is once of the causal pathways to sexually violent behavior (T/F)
true
Al-Qaeda would be considered a cohesive group with loyal members. (T/F)
true
All terrorist activities are criminal. (T/F)
true
Dyssoical psychopaths display aggressive, antisocial behavior they have learned from their subculture, like their gangs or families (T/F)
true
In the U.S. , the victims of homicide are mostly male (T/F)
true
Lead exposure and maternal malnutrition are examples of environmental hazards (T/F)
true
Lone wolf terrorists are more likely to be mentally disturbed than other terrorists. (T/F)
true
Many mental health clinicians do not consider sex offenders to be clinically mentally disordered (T/F)
true
Most of the abductions of elementary school children occur in or around the victim's home, with the majority being abducted within one quarter mile of their residence (T/F)
true
Peer influence is often the primary reasons for joining a terrorist group (T/F)
true
Rape is widely believed to be the most under reported crime (T/F)
true
Serial murder by children or adolescents is an exceedingly rare event. (T/F)
true
Temperament is determined largely by genetics (T/F)
true
The U.S. has the highest reported incidence of rape in the world (T/F)
true
The majority of mass murderers plan to die at the crime scene. (T/F)
true
We know far too little about girls' crime, the reasons it is committed, and the social and developmental factors that precipitate it (T/F)
true
a youth who has been kicked out of the home by a a parent or caretaker is called a thrownaway (T/F)
true
according to the text, the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior (T/F)
true
adolescents are most vulnerable to risky behavior when they are with a group of their peers (T/F)
true
all violent behavior is aggressive behavior (T/F)
true
by definition an individual who terrorizes is a terrorist (T/F)
true
children are more likely to be victims of violence away from school as opposed to in school (T/F)
true
children with callous unemotional traits lack empathic concern for others (T/F)
true
constant attention that the media give to murder in the U.S. makes it seem more (T/F)
true
criminal homicide is causing the death of another person without legal justification or excuse (T/F)
true
deficits in measures of skin conductance arousal are believed to be associated with low autonomic arousal levels (T/F)
true
for most people, becoming part of a group encourages feelings of anonymity (T/F)
true
in studies examining gender difference and juvenile crime, recent research has shown that the gender gap for violent offenses is getting smaller (T/F)
true
insanity is a legal term that refers to a defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime (T/F)
true
juveniles as a group are responsible for a small percentage of arrests compared with adults, although they are arrested disproportionately compared with other age groups (T/F)
true
neurological dysfunction due to faulty brain development is strongly linked to pathological violence (T/F)
true
psychopathy screening device or the PSD is one of the measures specifically designed to identify youths with psychopathic characteristics (T/F)
true
research indicates that the recidivism rate associated with psychopaths is very (T/F)
true
research studies have found that domestic violence is a common precipitating factor in road rage (T/F)
true
skinner argued that the most effective way to eliminate behavior was through extinction (T/F)
true
temperament appears in infancy and continues throughout life (T/F)
true
the adolescent limited delinquent is most likely to be involved in offenses that symbolize adult privilege (T/F)
true
the amygdala is located in the frontal lobe of the human brain (T/F)
true
the attacks on September 11 2001 marked a radical shift in US connection to terrorism (T/F)
true
the core behavioral dimension that reflects the interpersonal and emotional components, such as callousness and manipulation of others, is referred to as psychopathic factor 1 (T/F)
true
the cycle of violence theory posits that coercive and punitive tactics in parenting increase the likelihood of later aggressive behavior and potential domestic violence (T/F)
true
the girls study group found that girls fight more frequently at home with parents than do boys (T/F)
true
the great majority of poor children and adults are law-abiding citizens (T/F)
true
the most consistent demographic finding is that rapists tend to be young (T/F)
true
the prediction of dangerousness has been transformed to an assessment of the probability that violence or other serious offering will occur in the future (T/F)
true
the research community is sharply divided on the long-term effects of violent media on aggressive behavior (T/F)
true
the use of amnesia as a defense has been largely unsuccessful in the U.S. (T/F)
true
under federal law, juveniles may be prosecuted under the criminal law at age 15
true
identical twins (monozygotic twins)
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.
school shooting
usually refers to those violent incidents that involve a firearm and occur within the school building or on the school grounds
The MAOA-L gene has been nicknamed the ________.
warrior gene
Serial MSBP
when a parent has MSBP and is victimizing several children in the same family
advantageous comparison
where terrorists are convinced that their way of life and fundamental cultural values are superior to those they attack
Crime scene profiling
which is the process of identifying personality traits, behavioral patterns, geographic habits, cognitive tendencies, and demographic features of an unknown offender based on characteristics of crime
