Psych. of Language: Exam 3

"Peter owned a house. The plumbing was blocked." We need to make a ___________ inference, to understand that the blocked plumbing mentioned in the second sentence refers to Peters' house mentioned in the first sentence.

Bridging

The statement "Could you close the window?" falls into which speed act category?

Directives

T/F: According to Caramazza's (1997) independent network theory, we need to access information regarding a word's syntactic properties in order to access information regarding its phonological form.

False

T/F: Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network model of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. One of the strengths of Collins and Loftus model is that it is powerful enough to explain just about any result

False

Locutionary force

Literal meaning of an utterance

Extension

Object in the word to which a particular word refers to

The effect of an utterance on a listener is known as

Perlocutionary force

Identification Procedures

Procedures used for identifying members of a category

Try to be as informative as you possibly can, and give as much information as is needed, and no more. This is the maxim of:

Quantity

A woman asks her husband, "Do you think this dress makes me look fat?" He responds "What time are we going to the theatre?" His answer violates the maxim of:

Relevance

Which hypothesis states that things in the common ground should be more accessible than things that are not in the common ground?

Restricted search

This model of text processing assumes that meaning of a text represented terms of propositions that are connected together in memory

The Propositional Network Moel

Audience Design

The idea that speakers tailor their productions to address the specific needs of their listeners

Prototypicality Effect

Typical instances of a concept are verified faster than atypical instances

Which of the following models better accounts for how we process and understand texts? A) Mental Model B) Propositional Network Model C) Construction- Integration Model D) Story Grammars

C) Construction- Integration Model

Semantic memory is organized to avoid excessive duplication (or repetition of information). This principle is known as:

Cognitive economy

One of the key properties of the __________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network

Connectionist

Episodic

Memory for personally experienced events

Question-answer pairs, greeting-greeting pairs, and offer-acceptance pairs make turn structure explicit. These are known as:

Adjacency pairs

Prototype

An abstraction that is the best example of a category

Idiom

An expression particular to a language, whose meaning cannot be derived from its parts (e.g., "kick the bucket")

We are eating dinner and I ask you; "Is the salt at your end of the table?" when in fact I can see it is, and I am really asking you to pass me the salt. This is an example of:

An indirect speech act

Implicature

An inference that we make in conversation to maintain the sense and relevance of the conversation

Speech act

An utterance defined in terms of the intentions of the speaker and the effect that they have on the listener

Tailoring our utterances to suit the communicative needs of our conversational partners is known as:

Audience Design

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Garrett's model of speech production? A) The two main levels of syntactic planning are: The functional and positional levels B) Function words are selected before content words C) There is no interaction among the levels D) All the above

B) Function words are selected before content words

According to the Collins and Quillian model, which of the following sentences should be responded to the fastest during a sentence verification task? A) A canary is an animal B) A canary is a bird C) A canary is a canary D) None of the above

C) A canary is a canary

Which of the following statements is FALSE about concepts A) Concepts can be concrete or abstract B) Concepts refer to categories C) A concept is always captured in a single word D) Concepts relate to other concepts

C) A concept is always captured in a single word

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding discrete processing: A) Stage 1 and Stage 2 of lexicalization interact B) The phonological units of both the target word and of words semantically related to the target word are activated C) The phonological units of only the target word are activated

C) The phonological units of only the target word are activated

According to the __________ when processing a text, a reader integrates the information contained in the text with previous knowledge and experiences

Construction- Integration Model

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding memory for text A) We remember the gist of a text, but rapidly forget details regarding word order B) Information that is personally relevant is remembered better than information that is not personally relevant C) Prior knowledge about a topic improves our memory for a text or story about that topic D) All the above

D) All the above

Which of the following processes of speech production involves determining what to say? A) Formulation B) Syntactic Planning C) Articulation D) Conceptualization

D) Conceptualization

According to the Lemma Theory, which of the following specifies the syntactic properties of a word, such as gender and grammatical class A) Phonological encoding B) Affixes C) Lexemes D) Lemmas

D) Lemmas

___________ state that the meaning of a word in semantic memory is represented by a set of semantic features or attributes

Decompositional Theories

Defining

Features shared by all instances of a category

Characteristic

Features shared by many but not by all instances of a category

An utterance, such as "I hereby pronounce you man and wife," would be _______________ if the person who pronounce it has the authority to perform marriages

Felicitous

According to Garrett's model of speech production, at which of the following levels is word order not yet explicitly represented, but the semantic content of words is specified and assigned to syntactic roles such as subject and object?

Functional

Cognitive Economy

Information that is stored at one level of the hierarchy is not repeated at other levels

We store a representation of each instance we have previously encountered. Category membership depends on the similarity between a particular entity and the stored instances. This is the:

Instance (exemplar) theory

Illocutionary force

It refers to what a speaker is trying to get done with the utterance

The Study of pragmatics looks at:

Language use, and how we deal with those aspects of language that go beyond the simple meaning of what we hear and say

The tendency for phonological speech errors to result in words rather in non-words is called

Lexical bias

The process in speech production whereby we translate a semantic representation of a content word into its phonological representation of form is called:

Lexicalization

Property Inheritance

Lower level concept nodes share properties of higher level concept nodes

Semantic

Memory for the long-term storage of facts (Paris is the capitol of France)

Which hypothesis states that when we are reading a text only a limited number of elaborative inferences are drawn automatically?

Minimalist

Semantic Primitives

Semantic features that represent the meaning of all words

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "Paris is the capitol of France"

Semantic memory

Intension

Sense of a word

The intention of a word is to _______ as the extension of a words is to _________

Sense; reference

Commissives

Speech acts in which the speaker commits him or herself to doing something in the future

Expressives

Speech acts in which the speaker expresses how she/he feels about the situation

Representatives

Speech acts in which the speaker is asserting a fact (that something is the case)

Directives

Speech acts in which the speaker try to make the listener perform an action

Performative Verbs

Verbs whose action is carried out by simply pronouncing them

The Maxim of Quality

Were one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence

Spreading Activation

When a concept is activated, activation spreads out through the semantic network

The Maxim of Manner

When one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one avoids obscurity and ambiguity

Saying "Guess whose mind came to name" instead of "Guess whose name come to mind" is an example of what kind of speech error:

Word exchange

In the following passage "Greg was anxious to get to the music store. He wanted to buy a CD". The expression "He" is the ______________ and "Greg" is the _______________

anaphor; antecedent

When two or more linguistic expressions refer to the same thing, we are talking about:

co-reference

Vehicle

the second term of a metaphor

Conversational maxim

A rule that helps us to make sense of conversation

Metaphor

A figure of speech that works by association, comparison, or resemblance

Figurative

non-literal speech

According to the Feature-Comparison Model, a "A robin is a bird" would be verified faster than "A penguin is a bird" because

"A penguin is a bird" requires a second stage of processing in which the defining features of "penguin" and "bird" are compared

The statement "Susan is a widow", enables us to infer that Susan is female. This is called:

A logical inference

Basic

The default or preferred level of categorization (e.g., "dog" rather than "terrier" or "animal")

Perlocutionary Force

The effects of the utterance on the listener

You know that you know a word, but you cannot immediately retrieve it. This is called:

Tip-of-the-tongue

During conversation, a change of speaker occurs at the:

Transition relevance place