PSYCH OF LEARNING CHAPTER 3

The suppression ratio consists of the number of _____ divided by the number of _____.

CS responses; CS responses plus pre-CS responses

The _____ effect refers to the tendency for males of certain species to become more sexually aroused when presented with _____.

Coolidge; different females

At about the same time that Pavlov began investigating classical conditioning in Russia, an American named _____ was also investigating it.

E. B. Twitmyer

The first American to systematically investigate processes of classical conditioning was

E. B. Twitmyer.

Which of the following low-intensity stimuli would be most difficult to habituate to, and why?

A buzzing mosquito, because it is a natural threat.

Which of the following would be considered a reflex?

A dog pricks up its ears at the sound of a car.

From an evolutionary perspective, what function does habituation serve?

Habituation allows us to focus on currently relevant stimuli. Habituation allows us to ignore irrelevant stimuli. (Both A and B)

Under what conditions would you expect to be able to habituate more readily to a loud stimulus but not a quiet one?

If the quiet stimulus is dangerous and the loud stimulus is safe

Tamsen once became ill while riding in the back seat of a car. Now, whenever she rides in the back seat of a car, she feels nauseous. Riding in the back seat is now a ______ for nausea.

CS

The flexion response that happens when you step on a tack is a ______ while the experience of the tack hitting your foot is a ______.

UR; US

In a backward conditioning procedure, the _____ precedes the _____.

US; NS

A deer's tendency to run in a zigzag pattern in front of a car is

a fixed action pattern.

According to the opponent-process theory, an event which produces a strong feeling of happiness is likely to be followed by

a period of unhappiness.

Under which circumstance is backward conditioning of a fear response most likely?

a spider serves as the NS (or CS)

According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, the _____ is elicited by the _____.

a-process; emotional event b-process; a-process (Both A and C)

Pavlov began to devote more and more resources to the study of salivary conditioning in dogs

after determining that the behavior was quite lawful.

Feeling strongly attracted to your classmate following some romantic encounters is best described as an example of _____ conditioning.

appetitive

In _____ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered pleasant or satisfying.

appetitive

In _____ conditioning, the _____ is an event that is usually considered pleasant or satisfying.

appetitive; US

In general, pleasant events are used in _____ conditioning, while unpleasant events are used in _____ conditioning.

appetitive; aversive

According to the opponent-process theory, following your recovery from a period of sickness, you may feel still worse than normal.

better than normal.

According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, the purpose of the b-process is to

compensate for the a-process.

A(n) _____ stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a certain response because it has been associated with some other stimulus.

conditioned

Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite anxious each time she handles it. In this example, her fear of the hamster is a(n) _____ response.

conditioned

Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite fearful each time she handles it. In this example, the hamster has become a(n) _____ stimulus.

conditioned

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, salivating in response to the sound of a metronome is a(n)

conditioned response.

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome eventually becomes a(n)

conditioned stimulus.

"Everyone on Main Street suddenly fell silent when the outlaw Jesse James rode into town." This is analogous to the _____ procedure in classical conditioning.

conditioned suppression

A rat freezes when a snake passes by. This is most similar to which of the following procedures?

conditioned suppression procedure

According to the opponent-process theory the a-process

correlates closely with the emotional event.

A _____ is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus.

fixed action pattern

A dog's tendency to roll on its back and expose its underside to a more dominant dog animal is best described as an example of a(n)

fixed action pattern.

The inborn tendency of a dog to scratch dirt after it urinates is an example of a(n)

fixed action pattern.

Stepping on a nail is likely to result in a(n)

flexion response.

The _____ response involves the automatic removal of a hand or foot from a sharp or hot object, while the _____ response is a bodily movement designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus.

flexion; orienting

A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is known as

habituation.

The more often you try to attract the cat's attention, the less attention it pays to you. This is best described as an example of

habituation.

The CR is _____ the UR.

often similar to

Conditioning a rat to display a flexion response to a flash of light is an example of

operant conditioning. classical conditioning. (both b and c)

Many risky sports, like snowboarding and parasailing, have become quite popular with many people. Which of the following would best account for this?

opponent process theory of emotion

Catching a glimpse of a familiar individual out of the corner of your eye is likely to result in a(n)

orienting response

When workers down the street began using a jackhammer, the dog reacted with fright at the unusual noise. An hour later, however, it was fast asleep, though the noise level remained the same. This is an example of

habituation.

The process of _____ tends to _____.

habituation; be stimulus specific sensitization; generalize to other stimuli (Both A and B)

A very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in ____, while an extremely strong vibration (as in an earthquake) is likely to result in _____.

habituation; sensitization

A weakening of behavior is to _____ as a strengthening of behavior is to _____.

habituation; sensitization

If the a-process tends to decrease body temperature, then the b-process will attempt to

increase body temperature.

Little Joey always feels particularly safe whenever he sees a teacher monitoring what is happening on the playground. This is best described as an example of _____ conditioning.

inhibitory

The association of an NS with the removal of a US is known as _____ conditioning.

inhibitory

Feeling relaxed while walking your pet lion through a dangerous neighborhood is best described as an example of

inhibitory conditioning.

The time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called the

interstimulus interval.

Shock-elicited aggression in rats

is more likely to occur in rats that have been trained to be aggressive.

According to the opponent-process theory, in an abusive relationship, the "honeymoon phase" that often follows a period of intense abuse

is representative of the a-process. will grow stronger with repeated instances of abuse. (Both A and C)

According to the opponent-process theory the b-process

is slow to increase and slow to decrease.

In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a dry inedible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a small amount of slimy saliva.

large amount of watery saliva.

Pavlov noted that sand in a dog's mouth tended to elicit a

large amount of watery saliva.

When you first move to your new home, you are quite bothered by the sound of aircraft taking off from the military base nearby. After a few weeks, however, you hardly notice it. This is an example of

long-term habituation.

In general, you should find it easier to habituate to a _________________ than to a __________________. low intensity stimulus; high intensity stimulus

low intensity stimulus; high intensity stimulus

In general, a(n) _____ stimulus results in _____.

moderate; sensitization followed by habituation

The offset of the US precedes the offset of the CS. This statement describes a _____ conditioning procedure.

neither a nor b

Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster, and is now quite fearful each time she uses it. In this example, the toaster was originally a(n) _____ stimulus with respect to fear.

neutral

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome is originally a(n)

neutral stimulus.

During his study of digestive processes, Pavlov noted that the _____ of saliva could vary according to the type of substance placed in the dog's mouth. quantity quality

quantity quality (Both A and B)

Reflexes that are controlled by a reflex arc are very _____ because the neural impulses controlling it _____.

quick; bypass the brain

A(n) _____ is a relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus.

reflex

The simplest type of reflex is activated through a(n)

reflex arc.

A _____ is a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern.

releaser; sign stimulus (Both A and B)

Fixed action patterns have evolved to help animals cope with certain aspects of their environment which, throughout the animals' evolutionary history, have

remained largely consistent.

Another term for classical conditioning is

respondent conditioning.

You hate having your teeth drilled at the dentist's office. According to the opponent-process theory, your heart rate will likely _____ during the drilling, while directly following the drilling your heart rate will likely _____.

rise above normal; drop below normal

When we quickly withdraw our hand from a sharp object, we do so because of messages that are

routed directly through the spinal cord (with no involvement of the brain).

An increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is known as

sensitization.

Becoming increasingly irritated during a play because the person next to you keeps sniffling is most similar to the process of

sensitization.

The more you clap your hands, the more excited the dog becomes. This is best described as an example of

sensitization.

Wesley finds that the creaking sound of chalk on a blackboard sends shivers up his spine. Moreover, the longer the sound persists, the more aversive it becomes. This is best described as an example of

sensitization.

The process of _____ tends to _____.

sensitization; generalize to other stimuli

A reflex arc consists of the activation of a(n) _____ (in that order).

sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron

Newborns tend to display

several reflexes that disappear within a few years.

Which of the following is most likely to result in inhibitory conditioning?

shock followed by tone

Becoming accustomed to the ongoing sound of a fan during a 3-hour period one afternoon is an example of

short-term habituation.

The red belly of the male Stickleback fish is a _____ stimulus for an aggressive display by another male.

sign

During the spring, the male Boogie Bird engages in a stereotypic dance sequence whenever it sees a female. The female is best described as a ______ while the dance sequence is a ______.

sign stimulus; fixed action pattern

The CR is usually

similar to the UR.

In trying to associate a tone with an electric shock, we present the tone at exactly the same time as the shock. This type of procedure is called _____ conditioning.

simultaneous

In which type of conditioning procedure does the NS provide no additional information concerning the US?

simultaneous

The onset of one stimulus occurs at the same moment as the onset of another. This represents a _____ conditioning procedure.

simultaneous

In his early investigations, Pavlov noted that a moist edible substance placed in a dog's mouth elicited a

small amount of slimy saliva.

Fixed action patterns are sometimes also called

species-specific behaviors.

A(n) _____ response is a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus.

startle

The _____ response is a defensive reaction to an unexpected stimulus, while the _____ response involves the automatic removal of a hand or foot from a sharp or hot object.

startle; flexion

In general, the UR is _____ the CR.

stronger than

Which of the following reflexes in a newborn disappear within a few years?

sucking reflex

Many reflexes are closely tied to

survival.

I momentarily see a wasp fly behind me. A second later, I feel a sting in the back of the neck. I now fear wasps. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

trace

The offset of the NS precedes the onset of the US. This statement describes a _____ conditioning procedure.

trace

With which of the following conditioning procedures would a memory deficit be most problematic?

trace conditioning

A(n) _____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.

unconditioned

Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster, and is now quite anxious each time she uses it. In this example, the shock was a(n) _____ stimulus

unconditioned

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, salivating in response to the food is a(n)

unconditioned response.

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the food is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus.

A startle response is a defensive reaction to a(n)

unexpected stimulus.

Behaviors that are automatically drawn out by the stimuli that precede them are called _____ behaviors.

elicited

Flinching in response to a gunshot is an example of an _____ behavior.

elicited

Yelping in reaction to stubbing your toe is an example of a(n) _____ behavior.

elicited

A rat emits 10 responses during the CS period and 40 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.

.2

A rat emits 25 responses during the CS period and 25 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.

.5

In a suppression ratio, a value of _____ indicates _____.

0; total suppression

Classical conditioning is also known as

Pavlovian conditioning. respondent conditioning. (Both A and B)

The word elicited refers to behaviors that are largely

automatic

According to opponent process theory, the duration of the _____ tends to _____ with repeated presentations of the emotional event.

b-process; increase

In which type of conditioning procedure is a "biologically relevant" NS likely to produce a conditioned fear response when other types of NSs will not?

backward

This type of conditioning procedure can sometimes result in inhibitory conditioning.

backward

I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit me. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure which is _____ to be effective.

backward; likely

We first present a shock followed by a tone. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure, which is _____ to be effective.

backward; unlikely

In _____, one stimulus that does not elicit a response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus, also comes to elicit a response.

classical conditioning

In _____, two stimuli are paired together with the result that one of the stimuli comes to elicit a response that it did not originally elicit.

classical conditioning

I watch as a wasp lands on my arm and stings me. As a result, I now fear wasps. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

delayed

If we wanted to associate a tone with an electric shock, we could first present the tone, and then, while it is still on, present a brief shock. This type of conditioning procedure is called _____ conditioning.

delayed

Which type of NS-US arrangement is most likely to result in effective conditioning?

delayed

Which type of conditioning procedure is usually the most effective?

delayed

During the exam, Vinita eventually stopped noticing that the student next to her was repeatedly sniffling. At one point, however, the lights in the room went off, after which she again noticed the sniffling. The reappearance of her reaction to the sniffling is best described as an example of

dishabituation.

The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant stimulus is called

dishabituation.

The association of an NS with the presentation of a US is known as _____ conditioning.

excitatory

To get rid of an unwanted admirer, Amanda wore no deodorant all day and then exercised heavily without showering before going out on a date with him. This is best described as an example of

excitatory conditioning.

Kandis loves Aunt Edna's desserts and salivates more than normal when she visits her. This is an example of _____ conditioning. Kandis salivates less than normal when her health-conscious sister is present, since Aunt Edna never serves dessert at those times. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

excitatory; inhibitory

In a standard CER procedure, the CR is

fear.

According to the opponent-process theory, with repeated presentations of an emotional event the b-process increases in both strength and duration.

the b-process increases in both strength and duration.

When I see bullies, my feeling of fear is strongest almost immediately after seeing them. This is because

the b-process is not yet strong enough to moderate the a-process.

According to opponent-process theory, if we repeatedly present a stimulus that evokes a strong emotional response,

the b-process will last longer and become more intense

The Coolidge effect refers to the tendency for males of certain species to become more sexually aroused

with presentations of different females.