psych test 3

Which of the following is a key goal of qualitative research?

-favors studying participants in naturally occurring settings rather than in a more structured or a lab. - favor detailed descriptions (ex: I am happy today because I feel accomplished) - doesn't make cause and effect relationships.

_____ analysis focuses on the features of an interview, whereas _____ analysis focuses on the content of the communication.

1. conversation analysis 2. content analysis

Which is the correct order of operations in a top-down approach?

1. gather information 2. explore themes and patterns 3. formulate theory

A(n) _____ case study is used when a researcher has a direct interest in a particular unique case, whereas a(n) _____ case study compares multiple cases.

1. intrinsic 2. collective (or multiple)

An advantage of interviews is _____, whereas a disadvantage is _____.

1. it allows the researcher to build a relationship with the participant in such a way that may encourage greater disclosure and insight. also gives the researcher greater control over the wording and sequence of questions, as well as the ability to ask follow up questions. 2. their artificial and contrived format.

_____ is an examination of first-person stories of one's life analyzed from the storyteller's perspective, whereas _____ is an analysis technique examining the natural patterns of dialogue including nonverbal features of communication.

1. narrative analysis 2. conversation analysis

Olivia is conducting a longitudinal study on adolescence. During the first wave she interviewed each participant about their familial relationships. She used the information she obtained to develop a measure of familial relationships that she administered during the second wave of the study. In the first wave, Olivia is using _____, in the second wave she is using _

1. qualitative 2. quantitative

Validity is _____ for qualitative research and reliability is _____ for qualitative research.

1. reflexivity 2. triangulation

A quantitative researchers would be most likely to use _____ interviews, whereas qualitative researchers are more likely to use _____ interviews

1. structured interviews 2. unstructured interviews

The type of qualitative research that uses detailed and typically long-term observations or interactions to situate a phenomenon in the proper cultural context of those being studied is called:

Ethnography

_____ is an examination of first-person stories or descriptions of one's life that the researcher analyzes from the storyteller's point of view.

Narrative analysis

How are nonresponse bias and volunteer bias similar?

Nonresponse bias is the bias that results when respondents differ in meaningful ways from nonrespondents. Response rate is often low, making mail surveys vulnerable to nonresponse bias. Voluntary response bias occurs when sample members are self-selected volunteers, as in voluntary samples.

Mixed method research

a blend of quantitive and qualitative methods that capitalizes on the strengths of each to examine a research question from multiple perspectives.

top-down approach

a deductive approach where the researcher tests preconceptions and previously established theories with the collected data.

reflexivity

a practice through which the researcher monitors and records his or her role in the data collection on a continuous basis during the study, which allows for a more accurate assessment of the researcher's influence.

Triangulation

a research strategy that involves using multiple techniques to assess the same information. this allows researchers to "double-check" the findings, and if all methods reveal the same conclusion, it increases confidence in that conclusion.

holistic analysis

allows the researcher to examine how numerous properties contribute to patterns within the larger and more complex system. there are many factors that contribute to any particular outcome, and this analysis attempts to take as many of them into account as possible.

phenomenological approach

an approach that seeks to understand a human experience and the meaning of experiences based on how those involved view that situation

bottom-up approach

an approach where the researcher develops a theory by exploring a topic using information provided from the participants direct experiences.

During a lecture on impression formation Dr. Markowitz urges his students to think about what they share online. He reminds them that their Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram accounts are all forms of _____ data that may be used as evidence or justification for others' negative opinions of them.

archival data

For topics on which there is little research or information, it is best to let participants' information guide the development of a theory. This is known as:

bottom-up approach

Which of the following is NOT a type of case study?

case studies include: case study, collective (or multiple), descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, instrumental, intrinsic

A _____ is a comprehensive study of a specific organization, group, or person studied over an extended period.

case study

The difference between conversation analysis and content analysis is that:

conversation analysis focuses not only the dialogue but also things such as turn taking, gaze direction and how speakers sequence speech. content analysis systematically analyzes data so that researchers can organize and summarize the substance of the communication.

Gloria is studying adjustment to parental divorce. During an interview, she asks each of her participants to focus specifically on the moment they learned that their parents were divorcing. Gloria is using:

critical incident technique

With an unstructured interview, researchers have to worry about:

easy to get off topic, gives the participant too much control over the conversation, may not get all the information that is needed.

In the context of a qualitative interview, leading questions can be helpful in that they allow the researcher to:

fact check

Deborah would like to get consumers' feedback about a new product before it is officially launched. What might be an effective way to gather many opinions at once that allows for the interplay and discussion of ideas on the topic?

focus group

An approach in which the researcher does not have any explicit theories or hypotheses to test prior to the research, but instead uses information from participants to generate the categories and build a theory is known as:

grounded theory technique

Trevor conducted a study in graduate school that asked participants to write narratives about past experiences of emotions. From these narratives Trevor generated categories and established themes pertaining to the expression of specific emotions. Which of the following best describes what technique he is using?

grounded theory technique

Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Which qualitative research approach most closely mirrors the tenets of Gestalt psychology?

holistic analysis

A(n) _____ is a protocol that includes the questions a researcher plans to ask and the anticipated order of question presentation.

interview schedule

Mitzy is interested in interviewing prostitutes about their work experiences. Knowing how sensitive this line of questioning can be, she should start by asking the _____ questions and end by asking the _____ questions.

leading question or "warmup questions"; more sensitive and in depth questions

To prevent interviewee fatigue, interviews should be no longer than:

one hour

Which of the following would be archival data?

personal journal, newspapers, magazines, books, health records, public records, and internet sources such as facebook and twitter.

Lamar was in a near-death experience and as a result has changed his life dramatically. Paul also had a traumatic experience, but soon after went back to his normal routine. A(n) _____ approach would allow researchers to thoroughly investigate the meaning of those experiences to each individual.

phenomenological approach

A perspective that explicitly questions basic assumptions about the nature and capabilities of research is known as:

postmodern approach

Research that focuses on gaining in-depth information about a few individuals with the goal of developing a more thorough understanding of their perspectives and experiences is called:

qualitative research

Upon completion of data collection Julian will use statistics to look for meaningful relationships between the variables under investigation. In this study Julian is using:

quantitative research

When Marsha is writing an APA-style report of her qualitative study, in which section will her findings be described?

results

_____ is an interview approach in which the researcher preplans some questions and remains flexible on other questions.

semistructured interview

An instrumental case study is designed to:

serve a specific purpose, such as theory building, or as an example of a particular issue.

Isadore is a developmental psychologist who is interested in studying parent-child interactions. If he does so by going into participants' homes to gather data, he is using a:

situated analysis

For which interview format does the researcher prepare specific questions prior to the interview and ask them in a fixed order?

structured interview

In a multi-phase study Sue begins by conducting a focus group. She then uses that information to develop a written measure that is administered to a new group of participants. By using different measures to assess the same topic of interest, Sue is using:

triangulation

Louise can increase the reliability of her qualitative research results by using:

triangulation

Which of the following is NOT a form of qualitative methodology?

types of methodology: action research, case study, content analysis, conversation analysis, ethnography, focus group, grounded theory technique, interview, narrative analysis, phenomenological approach, postmodern approach, and visual ethnography

Jasmine would like to conduct an interview in a way that would provide her with the greatest amount of data possible. Which type of format should she use?

unstructured interview