Psych test 3

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

Jasmine uses a ruler to measure the distance between two points. She does this five times and each time she gets the same measurement of 3.5 inches. She checks this measurement with her dad's high-tech laser ruler and discovers that her ruler is inaccurate; the correct measurement is actually 5 inches. How would you describe Jasmine's ruler?

It is reliable, but not valid.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

A heuristic is:

a mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem.

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Traditional intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, measure _____ intelligence.

analytic

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is suffering from:

anterograde amnesia.

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Sly is assigned a locker in gym class with the combination 19, 5, 4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering involves:

chunking

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

fluid

What is the confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Spearman's "g" is a measure of _____ intelligence.

general

What brain structure serves as a temporary storage bin for episodic and semantic memories?

hippocampus

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

The tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation refers to a(n):

mental set.

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

natural

Anita says she can't define art but she knows it when she sees it. In Anita's mind, art is a(n):

natural concept.

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her previous address prevented her from accurately remembering her current address. This is an example of:

proactive interference.

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Liza uses _____ to help her recall information. For example, she remembers that the temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information because temporal contains the word "tempo," which reminds her of music.

retrieval cues

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Chuck is a spy for the C.I.A. He suffered a head injury during his last secret mission. His doctors are trying to assess whether he is experiencing memory loss. They ask him questions such as "Who is the current president of the United States?" and "What do you remember about your sister's wedding last weekend?" Remembering who is president is a(n) _____ memory and remembering the events of your sister's wedding is a(n) _____ memory.

semantic; episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

standardization

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Divergent thinking is defined as:

the ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem.

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

the availability heuristic

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

Alfred Binet

Joe is 10-years-old. His parents have him take an IQ test and discover that his IQ is 80. How would you describe Joe's IQ?

below average

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

distributed

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence measures all of the following except:

emotional intelligence.

What is the correct order of the three basic processes of memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

As the Dawson family sits down to Thanksgiving dinner, grandpa begins to tell the story of how he met grandma. She invited him to Thanksgiving dinner at her house after learning he was away from home. What type of memory is grandpa using?

episodic memory