Psych Test 3

__________ is when countries tend to have more formal systems of rules that attempt to minimize cultural and situational ambiguity.

Uncertainty avoidance

power distance

a cultural system emphasizing formality and greater difference in power among people

individualism

a cultural system favoring the needs of the self over those of others and the society

uncertainty avoidance

a cultural system of rules that minimizes ambiguity

collectivism

a cultural system placing the needs of others and the society first

subcultures

a culture within a culture, based on ethnicity, class, region, or some other variable

extensive image creation

a major amount of positive self-presentation during a job search

Slight image creation refers to __________.

a small amount of positive self-presentation during a job search

slight image creation

a small amount of positive self-presentation during a job search

amotivation

a state of no motivation

David often tells his friends that he doesn't care if he gets fired or promoted at his job at the local pizzeria. He is demonstrating __________.

amotivation

What is it called when someone appears not to be motivated by anything?

amotivation

internal attribution

an explanation for behavior focusing on the individual and his or her choices and personality

external attribution

an explanation for behavior focusing on the surrounding situation

perception of national character

asking people to describe the typical member of a culture

counterproductive workplace behavior

unethical, illegal, or unwise workplace behaviors such as stealing and bullying

What is self-enhancement?

unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities

self-enhancement

unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities

Finding a vocation that brings you meaning and matches who you are is called __________.

vocational fit

The RIASEC measures how many career types?

6

__________ is a culture within a culture.

A subculture

__________ is a cultural system that places the needs of others and the society first.

Collectivism

What do the cultural products of individualistic cultures and collectivistic cultures convey?

Cultural products from individualistic cultures focus on the self, and those from collectivist cultures focus on the group.

What do we definitely know about culture and individuals?

Cultures and individuals constantly interact with each other.

What is the difference between emergent and effective leadership?

Emergent leadership is the ability to become a leader in an organization; effective leadership is the ability to be a successful leader once you have the job.

Which of the following statements regarding culture and openness to experience is true?

High socioeconomic status and more education tend to be associated with higher openness to experience.

__________ encourages more positive self-views and a view of the self as separate from others.

Individualism

__________ is a cultural system that favors the needs of the self over those of others and the society.

Individualism

When it comes to attribution, which of the following statements is true?

Individualistic cultures tend to attribute actions to the person, while collectivistic cultures tend to attribute actions to the situation.

Which country's residents score highest in neuroticism?

Japan

As part of the process of choosing a good career path for himself, Eric is taking a questionnaire that is designed to appraise eight different career paths. Eric is likely taking the __________.

ORVIS

What trend have researchers seen in regards to openness to experience?

Openness to experience tends to be lower in recent generations.

Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem and culture is true?

People from collectivistic cultures tend to have slightly lower self-esteem than those from individualistic cultures.

Why is conscientiousness the most problematic of the Big Five traits to assess across cultures?

Reference-group effects seem to be the issue.

The residents of the hypothetical country are higher on neuroticism compared to other countries. Given the cross-cultural research on neuroticism, which of the following factors is also likely to be present in it culture?

The culture has systems in place to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity.

cross-cultural differences

average variations based on country or world region

perceived overqualification

believing that you are overqualified for your job

Alex shows up for work on time each day and is accountable and responsible. This best exemplifies someone who measures high for which Big Five trait?

conscientiousness

On average, people with which Big Five personality trait tend to be the most satisfied at their job?

conscientiousness

Bryan is considered a bully at his workplace. He is often rude to his coworkers and has been known to take credit for their ideas. His behavior is considered to be __________.

counterproductive workplace behavior

Based on the research, someone who measures high for openness to experience is more likely to have a higher job performance in a vocation that requires __________.

creativity

Artifacts of a culture, such as television shows are referred to as __________.

cultural products

In terms of the study of culture, songs by Taylor Swift would be known as __________.

cultural products

vocational fit

determining which profession fits your personality

organizational citizenship behavior

doing positive things for the organization beyond a defined job

Carlton is the manager of a local retail store. He is very strict with his policies and he often yells at his employees for minor mistakes. His employees know that if they do one thing that makes him mad, they will likely have their hours reduced as a punishment. Carlton's leadership style is one of __________.

dominance

The ability to rise to a leadership position in an organization is called __________.

emergent leadership

On what measure do the RAISEC and the ORVIS not overlap?

erudition

generation

everyone born in a somewhat arbitrarily defined 20- to 30-year period

birth cohort

everyone born in one year

attributions

explanations for the reasons behind people's behavior

Katy just completed a job interview in which she lied on many of the questions in order to make herself look better. This is known as __________.

extensive image creation

Brady is the star basketball player on his varsity high school team. When recently interviewed for the local news, he said his coach and parents' support was why he has done so well. This is considered an example of __________.

external attribution

Jesse was driving when someone cut in front of her and sped away down the highway. Jesse assumed that person was probably late for work or in the middle of an emergency. Jesse's assessment is an example of a(n) __________.

external attribution

Countries high in power distance also tend to measure lower in which Big Five trait?

extraversion

Which of the following Big Five traits has a substantial link to individualistic cultures?

extraversion

Harold has done well in earning money and titles throughout his career, yet he isn't truly happy with what he does. This may be due to the fact that Harold has focused too much on __________.

extrinsic motivation

The ORVIS is designed to __________.

help you find a career path that aligns with your interests

Dorian is a server at a restaurant near her college campus. Which trait is especially important in Dorian's current job?

high agreeableness

Which combination of Big Five traits is most correlated to high job performance and satisfaction?

high conscientiousness and low neuroticism

You're the hiring manager of a large firm. If you're like most employers who are seeking new employees, you are likely looking for which combination of Big Five traits?

high conscientiousness, low neuroticism, and high agreeableness

Samantha is the CEO of a Fortune 500 company. When she took over as CEO, the company was foundering. Under her leadership, the company has thrived, and she's transformed the company to be highly competitive on a global scale now and in the future. Which of the following traits is Samantha most likely to possess?

high openness to experience

Throughout his youth, Raj was told he's unique and special and to "believe in yourself and anything is possible." He has also seen many movies supporting this theory. Now a young adult, Raj is known to be somewhat narcissistic and his life goal is to become rich. What does this example help to illustrate?

how cultural norms and beliefs might help shape personality and values

relational mobility

how easy it is to move in and out of relationships

job satisfaction

how satisfied you are with your job

Roland was driving when someone cut in front of him and sped away down the highway. Roland shook his head and muttered "jerk" under his breath. "Why are people so stupid?!" he said. Roland's assessment is an example of a(n) __________.

internal attribution

People from individualistic cultural systems tend to make __________ when considering the behavior of others.

internal attributions

dominance

intimidating others to gain social status

Which of the following is a key predictor of workplace satisfaction and workplace performance?

intrinsic motivation

transformational leader

leaders who change their organizations in large and fundamental ways rather than simply managing the organization

Intrinsic motivation includes internalized motives such as meeting goals, fulfilling core values, and __________.

maintaining self-esteem

The __________ shows us how culture shapes individuals and individuals shape culture.

mutual constitution model

Demi has her own companies with tight profit margins. To be productive, she must ensure that things run smoothly and that there's not drama among her employees. They all need to be emotionally calm and stable. Demi is likely to seek people low in __________.

neuroticism

Which of the Big Five traits has the weakest correlation with job satisfaction?

openness to experience

People who have had 30-year careers but claim they've "never worked a day" in their life are likely __________.

passionate about their work

Cultural differences are usually viewed in terms of __________.

people and what they produce as their cultural artifacts

What has the research shown about people's truthfulness when filling out job applications?

people frequently engage in slight or extensive image creation

Isabella thinks that her current position in the company as an assistant is beneath her and, given her knowledge and skills, that she should be a manager. She thinks this despite the fact that she doesn't have any experience or background in management. This is an example of __________.

perceived overqualification

Dr. Dufton is interested in studying stereotypes and is asking participants in her study to describe the typical member of different cultures. She is measuring __________.

perceptions of national character

Fake good refers to __________.

personality questionnaire responses putting the self in a positive light

fake good

personality questionnaire responses putting the self in a positive light

Which of the following statements regarding people filling out personality questionnaires for employment purposes is true?

personality questionnaires are constructed in such a way as to make it difficult to lie effectively

RAISEC

realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional

What is one phenomenon that makes cross-cultural comparison difficult?

reference-group effect

prestige

rising to the top based on ability, talent, or moral force

social norms

rules for behavior within a society

Which of the following statements about job satisfaction is true?

satisfied employees are not always high-performing employees, and vice versa

The more you can enjoy your work and the more that your work aligns with who you are as a person, the more __________.

satisfied you will be

collective self-esteem

self-esteem based on group membership

socioeconomic status

social class, usually measured by income level, job prestige, and/or education level

Europeans often greet each other with a kiss. This is an example of __________.

social norms

Children learn the social norms of their culture through __________.

socialization

effective leadership

the ability to be a successful leader once in a management or leadership role

leadership

the ability to motivate individuals to reach a shared goal

emergent leadership

the ability to rise as a leader in an organization

culture

the customs, values, and behaviors characteristic of a nation, an ethnic group, a class, or a time period

mutual constitutional model

the idea that cultures and selves each cause the other

cultural products

the products of a culture such as song lyrics, TV shows, advertisements, and books useful for studying culture at a broad level

vocational interests

the type of professions you are interested in

Which of the following statements regarding the ORVIS and the Holland scales is true?

they overlap much more than they differ

Jasmine is at the career services department. She has taken a personality questionnaire and is now talking with a counselor about her vocational interests. At this stage of her career search, Jasmine is likely trying to determine __________.

vocational fit

Brandon thinks accounting is really fun and challenging; his best friend Kyle has always wanted to be a writer. These two friends appear to have very different __________.

vocational interests

reference-group effect

when people compare themselves to other people they know when completing personality questionnaires