psych test 3, Pl100, Chapter 9, psych 9-12, chapter 9, Psychology Final, 9 and 10

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a child enters the sentence phase at around:

30 months

The average person knows about _____ words by the time of his or her high school graduation. 90,000 60,000 30,000 120,000

60,000

As indicated by research, which of the following physiological changes are seen when a confession occurs?

A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state

A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network

A mental model

A parallel distributed network

130-140

A person is usually described as 'gifted' if he or she has an IQ in the range of ________________

Sampling bias

A research study on cadet's sleep habits only includes cadets from company A-2. Which validity threat best describes this case?

Experimenter Expectancy

A researcher studying social influence asks leading questions while assessing his experimental group subjects. Which validity threat best matches this case?

Which of the following describes the availability heuristic?

A strategy used when one makes decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to one's awareness

Juan is entering group therapy for treatment of his alcoholism. Which of the following can he expect during the therapy? A. A structured process B. Conditioned flooding C. Systematic desensitization D. Electroconvulsive therapy

A. A structured process

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

B lymphocytes 463

__________ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate

Base rate

Rita conducts a study in which she videotapes college students interacting with each other before and after preforming a series of cognitive tests that were presented...what type of measure best describes the one used by rita?

Behavioral

Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge? Concept Abstract Schema Experience

Concept

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

Pride

Which of the following is true about repression as a psychological defense mechanism?

Repression underlies all the other defense mechanisms.

According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English?

She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.

When does the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stop?

When the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs

Consolidate

Which step below is NOT part of the scientific method? Answers: Observe Predict Test Consolidate

Researchers studying chimpanzees in the wild report that they have found at least 39 customs that are specific to local chimpanzee groups. Differences in tool use, grooming, and courtship rituals can be accounted for by: genetics. linguistics. confirmation bias. cultural diversity.

cultural diversity

Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On that basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which the following is Neil engaged

deductive reasoning

In a descriptive research design, a researcher will:

define a problem and variable of interest

The ability to generate original ideas or develop a novel situation to problems is known as _____

divergent thinking

In single-blind studies, participants _______

do not know the experiment condition to which they have been assigned

The best way to lessen the effect of experimenter expectancy is to design a study that uses _______

double-blind methods

____ is the study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems

educational psychology

Meta-analysis is a quantitative method for combining the results of all the published results of one research question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies. To do a meta-analysis a researcher converts the findings of each study into a standard statistic know as

effect size

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. (p. 344)

framing

The sentence, "Man, like other mammals, nurses his young," sounds peculiar to many people because generic words such as he, his, and man are not truly _____.

gender-free

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. 339

heuristic

Mental practice has been used to try to improve academic performance. In Shelley Taylor's study (1998), students who were asked to visualize themselves studying effectively had scores that were _____ students who were asked to visualize themselves seeing their A on the grade list. both higher and lower than higher than equal to lower than

higher than

Sometimes, mental _____ can help a person achieve an academic or athletic goal as much as actual practice of the activity.

imaging

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

in the parietal lobes

the availability heuristic

is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness

Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because:

it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory?

it noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning

which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory

it noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning

How does cognitive fixation affect individuals solving problems?

it prevents many people from seeing possible solutions to a problem

The text notes that _____ has many words for interpersonal emotions such as sympathy; this contrasts with English, which has a rich vocabulary for self-focused emotions such as anger. Russian Polish German Japanese

japenese

casual inferences

judgments about causation of one thing by another

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. (p. 349)

language

Whorf-Sapir hypothesis

language creates thought as much as though creates language

which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis

language determines our way of thinking an dour perceptions of the world

linguitic relativism

language influences our thinking

During a lecture, a professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with his caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun "he" and "his" is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of: insight on decision making. functional fixedness on problem solving. telegraphic speech on concept formation. language on thought.

language on thought

Sharon's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her without the ability to express herself linguistically, because of damage to her _____ lobe.

left frontal

which of the following scenarios best depicts spontaneous recovery

months ago, dora stopped having panic attacks when crossing bridges. However, she has a panic attack today when crossing a large bridge

Prefixes such as "un," "pre," and "re" are examples of: semantics. phonemes. syntax. morphemes.

morphemes

Eleanor takes immense pride in herself. She competes with other people at every given opportunity and is easily angered when things do not go as planned. Karen Horney's theory suggests that Eleanor has a neurotic trend of ___________.

moving towards others

Sharon is just learning to speak. She says words like "da-da," "kitty," and "ma-ma." This is not unusual because, whatever the language, when children begin to speak, they tend to use mostly: verbs. nouns. adjectives. adverbs.

nouns

If the intent is to frighten people from engaging in a potentially dangerous situation or behavior, it is best to use: percentages. bar graphs. charts. numbers.

numbers

Visual imagery is processed in which region of the brain?

occipital lobe

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. (p. 352)

one word stage

While analyzing the Facebook "likes" of 58,000 people, Kosinki, Stillwell, and Graepel found that liking "The Colbert Report" puts a person in the 87th percentile on

openness

Substance use and abuse can be learned through

operant conditioning

critical thinking

process by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our _____ of a bird. prototype heuristic algorithm phoneme

prototype

Instinctive drift

_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment.

algorithms

_______________ are step-by-step formulas or procedures for solving problems

remote association

_________________ is a way of testing the creativity of a person, whereby three words at one time are displayed to the participant, who must then come up with a single word that can be used with all three of the words

human language

a communication system specific to Homo sapiens; it is open and symbolic, had rules of grammar, and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas

category

a concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common

concept

a mental grouping of objects, events, or people

to remember the four bases found in DNA-thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine- Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letter for his words, repeating to himself, "the girl ate cookies" which of the following did Luke use in this scenario?

a mnemonic device

Which of the following is an example of a motivated behavior?

a musician learning a new piece

Charles Spearman's theory of human intelligence viewed intelligence as __________

a single general factor made up of specific components

representativeness heuristics

a strategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event

Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.

at the end of a sentence.

The corpus callosum:

provides a channel for communication between the two cerebral hemisphere

Which of the following is an essential factor in intrinsic motivation?

autonomy 416

Hilda, a 6-month-old infant, has stopped using sounds that are not used in her native language. She loses the ability to perceive nonnative sounds as she grows up. This is known as:

pruning

Which of the following describes critical thinking?

solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

according to the evolutionary model of motivation, the biological purpose of any living organism is to _____.

survive and perpetuate itself

The main function of the ___ is activating the body in times of emergency.

sympathetic nervous system

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns (e.g., "green car"). This illustrates an English language rule of: algorithms. syntax. semantics. phonemes.

syntax

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called the _____.

availability hueristic

The myelin sheath insulates the _______

axon

The vocal sounds NOT included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage toward the end of the _____ stage of language development. one-word two-word babbling telegraphic

babbling

the string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1774, 999, 1941 in a process called __ makes it easier

chunking

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people.

concepts

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This provides evidence that pigeons are capable of _____.

conceptualizing

Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing

conditioned taste aversion

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as __

confimation bias

creative

usefulness and originality

Which of the following is a component of crystallized intelligence?

using cultural knowledge in problem-solving 360

who among the following argues that humans are born with an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language

Chomsky

You have "adopted" a great ape at the zoo, and you have observed it very closely for the past year. You have noticed its capacity for language acquisition, which is similar to that observed in: African gray parrots. pigeons. 8-year-old humans. 2-year-old humans.

2 year old

For which stage of long-term memory formation is sleep vital?

Consolidation

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

Disgust

Which of the following explains inductive reasoning? Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions Proving something by showing that all other possibilities are not possible Understanding something by considering it as a whole system and splitting it into parts Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of the Big Five model of personality traits?

Egotism

Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true?

He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.

Who among the following would be considered overweight, but not obese?

Maria has a BMI of 27.

what is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning

classical conditioning involves learning based on association between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involved learning based on behavioral consequences

The mental activitiy associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating is known as: framing. intuition. grammar. cognition.

cognition

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. 340

confirmation bias

Michael works in an IT firm that is well known for making innovative products. Michael is asked to develop a product that would serve an unmet need. Though he has many ideas for it, none of them quite fits the bill. He finally decides to stand back from the problem for a period of time and ceases to consciously think about the yet-to-be-developed product. After a week, as he looks over his notes, he realizes the solution. The period of time in which Michael did not consciously work on the problem is referred to as __________.

incubation

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. (p. 339)

insight

Which hormone plays a key role in determining the ability to perform better on tests of spatial ability for men, women, and animals?

testosterone

Anna and Johanna visit their hometown after a long time. They are disappointed to find the old local library razed to erect a mall. Johanna remarks that she still has such fond memories associated with the library that she vividly remembers how the librarian greeted them on every visit, and how she used to look forward to the arrival of new books every month. This is an example of:

visual imagery

____ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present

visual imagery

visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present

Wernicke's area

A physician in the Army Medical Corps is treating a Soldier who has suffered trauma to the brain from mortar shrapnel. The Soldier presents with a substantial inability to comprehend language. Given this symptom, the portion of the cerebral cortex most likely damaged is _______.

Which of the following is the correct list of criteria necessary for modeling behavior to occur according to Banduraâ s theories on Social Learning. A. Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation B. Mental representation, Mental Rotation, Episodic Memory,and Performance C. Attitude, Awareness, Sensitization, and Reinforcement D. Conditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response and Unconditioned Response

A. Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation

Which of the following conditions was previously known as â manic depression? A. Bipolar disorder B. Personality disorder C. Generalized anxiety disorder D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A. Bipolar disorder

_________________are photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light. A. Cones B. Rods C. Lenses D. Fovea

A. Cones

implicit memory.

Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her:

humanism

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were leading psychologists of which psychological perspective?

the last word in a sentence first

According to scientists, children employ the recency the effect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn:

Which of the following statements is true of acquired immunity?

Acquired immune responses take longer to initiate than natural immune responses.

How did Alfred Adler counter argue Sigmund Freud's concept of psychological defense mechanisms?

Adler assumed that humans naturally work toward overcoming their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies, both physical and psychological.

Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic? Kelly concludes that tall men are intimidating on the basis of just one bad experience with a tall man. Once the tossed coin comes down heads, Gogol expects the next coin to be more likely to be tails than heads. Once Jon scores two goals, most of his teammates start passing him the ball more often on the assumption that he is "on the ball." After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.

After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.

observational learning

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________.

What are three kinds of strategies that people use to solve different kinds of problems?

Algorithms, insight, and thinking outside the box

Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device? An innate capacity to come up with novel words and utterances. A device that imitates adult speech to aid language development in children. An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language. An interactive device that helps a child learn different languages at a time.

An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.

Andy's father moved to the United States 12 years ago. Andy moved the the United states from Italy with his mother eight years ago. When he was six and his sister was 13. Who among the following is most likely to have the least strength of accent while learning the non-native language(english)?

Andy, as childhood is a better time to speak a second language without an accent

Which of the following is an example of critical thinking in the context of news about unidentified sightings?

"It needs to be corroborated by watertight evidence so that we know these really are UFOs."

what is the optimal learning time for language acquisitions?

0-12 years

By the age of _____, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household. 10 months 8 months 6 months 12 months

10 months

At _____, most children are in the one-word stage. 8 months 4 months 12 months 25 months

12 months

In babies, the babbling stage usually ends at around: 2 months. 6 months. 18 months. 12 months.

12 months.

David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.

12 years of age

12 years of age.

Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score?

140

Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about:

18 months

18 months.

Ape language appears to be less complex than human adult language. In addition, ape vocabularies and sentences are simpler, much like those of a _____-year-old child. 2 3 4 5

According to the text, Rico is a border collie that has a _____ vocabulary for objects. Researchers assume that he can infer that an unfamiliar sound refers to an object he's never seen before. 100-word 200-word 50-word 25-word

200

Raul has begun using two-word sentences such as "Mommy food" when he talks to his parents. He is about how old? 12 months 24 months 18 months 30 months

By around _____ of age, babies enter a babbling stage of language development. 4 months 6 months 2 months 8 months

4 months

In the English language, there are about _____ phonemes, which can be combined to form more than 100,000 morphemes.

The English language has about _____ phonemes. Researchers have identified about _____ different phonemes in human speech. 40; 250 40; 869 100; 1311 100; 252

40, 869

Circadian Rhythm

48 hours ago, LT Abrams departed Fort Bragg, NC and arrived in Baghdad, Iraq. Although he hasn't lost any sleep overall, he is still feeling groggy and having attention issues. Which of the following concepts is LT Abrams most likely having difficulty? Wakefulness Circadian Rhythm Conciousness Sleep Debt

______ are the cells that process and transmit information throughout the nervous system

Neurons

Which of the following does Friedman and Rosenman hypothesize about the Type A Behavior Pattern?

People who exhibit the TABP under provocation are at greater risk for heart disease than those who do not.

Which of the following does Friedman and Rosenman hypothesize about the Type A Behavior Pattern?

People who exhibit the TABP under provocation are at greater risk for heart disease than those who do not. 465

Which of the following indicates that a test demonstrates predictive validity?

People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future.

Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? A. Parallel distribution B. Mental representation C. Verbal prototype D. Physical event

B. Mental representation

Christopher is looking at a lighted sign on which a rapid succession of a row of lit bulbs appears as a "moving" arrow pointing toward a store. This visual effect is called ___________. A. depth perception B. apparent motion C. moon illusion D. optical movement

B. apparent motion

When we are awake, brain activity is characterized by rapid, low-energy waves known as : A. alpha waves B. beta waves C. gamma waves D. delta waves

B. beta waves

Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby. A. brain B. bone cells C. limbs D. external genitalia

B. bone cells

The best way to lessen the effects of experimenter expectancy is to design a study that uses _____________. A. single-blind methods B. double-blind methods C. triple-blind methods D. quasi-experimental methods

B. double-blind methods

B. effect size

Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged? Bottom-up logic finding Deductive reasoning Abstract thinking Hypothesizing

Deductive reasoning

Who coined the term "operant"

B.F Skinner

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following?

_______ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate

Base rate

"Variations in physiological processes that cycle over an approximately 24-hour period is known as:" A. alpha waves B. beta waves C. circadian rhythms D. rhythmic breathing

C. circadian rhythms

Lillian sees a store sign that says CL_ ED. Due to the Gestalt law of _________________, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter. A. similarity B. proximity C. closure D. continuity

C. closure

When people look only for information that confirms what they already believe and seldom look for information that disconfirms what they think, they are said to be characterized by a(n) ______. A. omission bias B. selective perception C. confirmation bias D. availability heuristic

C. confirmation bias

The human body has natural painkillers called __________. A. analgesics B. dopamines C. endorphins D. opioids

C. endorphins

If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests: A. learning to speak a language by employing one's innate abilities without stimulation or reinforcement. B. learning to speak a language which is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning. D. learning to speak a language while employing recorded interactive language devices.

C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.

Sensory information first passes through the _________ before being sent to the appropriate regions of sensory cortex for the type of sense information. A. pituitary gland B. limbic system C. thalamus D. temporal lobe

C. thalamus

Milgram's research on obedience played a pivotal role in: A. deceptive research methods B. our understanding of animal behavior C. the development of ethical guidelines for human psychological research D. debriefing procedures

C. the development of ethical guidelines for human psychological research

Who among the following argues that humans are born with an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language?

Chomsky

principles of universal grammar

Chomsky argues they are essential for a child to learn any language (i.e. subject, object, verb)

Hindbrain

Controls cognitive, sensory, and motor function and regulates emotion, body temp, sleeping, and reproductive function

In an examination, Dorothy deductively zeroes in on one of the options of a multiple choice question. What kind of thinking can she be said to engage in?

Convergent thinking

In an examination, Dorothy deductively zeros in on one of the options of a multiple choice question. What kind of thinking can she be said to engage in?

Convergent thinking

Which of the following is a true conclusion obtained on researches done in creative insights?

Creative insights increases the frontal lobe activity.

While working on his post doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles....

Critical thinking

While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing? Nonrational reasoning Critical thinking Availability heuristics Intuitive mapping

Critical thinking

Which of the following is true about sublimation?

Freud believed that most creative achievements are motivated by sublimated impulses, usually sexual or aggressive.

Of the following, _______ is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

GABA

Which of the following cases best describes an insight solution to a problem?

Generating solutions from a sudden, often unexpected realization or comprehension

Veata feels her stomach growling for food while she is attempting a math test. Which of the following hormones is most likely responsible for stimulating Veata's hunger and need for food?

Ghrelin

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Giving a child a "time-out"

__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language. Semantics Prototype Syntax Grammar

Grammar

conditioned stimulus

Having spent time in Finland, Randy learned rather quickly to enjoy their famous sauna tradition of running from a very hot and steamy cedar room into an ice cold river or lake. Part of this tradition involves gently slapping one's back with a small bundle of birch twigs with fresh leaves. Even after returning to the U.S., Randy still feels relaxed and sedated upon seeing and/or smelling birch. The birch now represents a(n) _______________.

What were the findings of Matthews' research into the connection between Type-A personalities and heart disease?

Hostility was the sole factor that predicted death from heart disease.

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a cognitive psychologist?

How do people visualize objects in their minds?

increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development

How does the prenatal environment affect the growth of the brain and IQ of a child?

Why does linguist Noam Chomsky argue for an inbuilt device for language acquisition?

Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences.

Which of the following statements is true about the role of personality traits in the survival of a species?

Hypersensitivity to threats is usually deliberating and disruptive to everyday functioning.

A thorough debriefing of the experiment

If deception must be used as part of research or an experiment, what MUST be done afterwards concerning the test subject?

it can be freely changed

If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is true about the ego?

If the id wants pleasure, the ego makes a realistic attempt to obtain it.

central executive

In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.

stimulus discrimination

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. If Pavlov's dogs did not salivate to a buzzer but only to a bell, then this phenomenon would be an example of ___________.

conditioned response (CR)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____.

extinction

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the dogs gradually stopped salivating to the bell once they learned that the bell wasn't accompanied by meat powder. This phenomenon is an example of ___________.

absolute threshold

In a certain experiment, a research subject is supposed to hear the sound of a bell. The sound of the bell that the research subject can hear in 50 percent the trials is his _______.

dependent variable

In an experiment assessing the effect of pain (as measured by a dolorimeter) on anxiety (as measured by changes in neurotransmitter levels), anxiety is the ______.

How does the prenatal environment affect the growth of the brain and IQ of a child?

Increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development

_______ allow us to determine how likely it is that two or more samples came from the same population.

Inferential statistics

What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences?

Interaction, reinforcement, and shaping WRONG

Javier, Adriana, and Jon together set up a small event management startup after college. The startup later grows into a big firm with several branches spread across the country. Which of the following will be true for the firm?

Intrinsic motivation for all employees will be higher during the early stages.

If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean? It follows fixed tenets. It allows other languages to freely borrow. It can be freely changed. It creates a real connection between a sound and the idea associated with it.

It can be freely changed

Which of the following makes human language unique? It can be used to express one's needs and desires. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.

It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.

How can consistent mindfulness meditation help a person?

It can help prevent an unhealthy obsession with negative emotions.

Which of the following is true of heavy alcohol consumption?

It can lead to a serious liver condition known as cirrhosis 467

Which of the following is true of heavy alcohol consumption?

It can lead to a serious liver condition known as cirrhosis.

Identify a major limitation of measuring stress using the Hassles and Uplists Scale.

It does not consider the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors.

Which of the following is true of secondary appraisal?

It involves a self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress.

Which of the following is an advantage of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure stress?

It is easy for psychologists to administer and score.

Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words.

It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.

Identify a true statement about visual representation.

It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

Identify a true statement about visual representation. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.

It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

How does sustained activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis affect the immune system?

It leads to a sustained release of cortisol.

Which of the following is true of appraisal in the emotion process?

It may occur automatically, outside of conscious awareness

Bima has a high behavioral threshold for anger. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely true about Bima?

It takes a lot to make Bima angry.

Who among the following best exemplifies an individual motivated by perceived organizational support?

James' sales efforts have doubled after his team hosted a dinner party for acquiring an important contract.

Which of the following people would most likely be considered a prodigy?

Jamie, who has average intelligence, but is extremely gifted in music

Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking? Lionel, who makes profits and gives half of it to child welfare. Brad, who visualizes the universe before he sets about doing physics. Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home. Donna, who uses a frying pan to iron her clothes as the iron is dysfunctional.

Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.

Which of the following people is motivated by an extrinsic factor?

Kim decides to help her mother do the dishes after Kim is promised a candy for doing it.

Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis?

Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world

_________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it. Intuitive thinking Parallel thinking Perceptual reasoning Metacognitive thinking

Metacognitive thinking

Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other? Nativist theory Theory of innately guided learning Linguistic determinism hypothesis Skinnerian theory of language

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

Many instructors use the generic pronoun "he" when referring to psychologists and the generic pronoun "she" when referring to administrative assistants. In your mind, you automatically think of psychologists as men and administrative assistants as women. Why? Linguistic determinism predicts that language shapes your thinking. Classical conditioning causes you to pair the gender with the occupation. Linguistic determinism predicts that your thinking shapes your language. It is caused by availability statistics.

Linguistic determinism predicts that language shapes your thinking.

the frontal lobe

Martha is taking a test which requires her to solve problems through inductive and deductive reasoning. Which part of the brain will she use the most?

From the following scenarios, which of the following behavioral geneticists is most likely using the quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach to study personality?

Martin is tracking down genetic markers associated with compassion.

stabilizes attention.

Meditation: can disrupt concentration. stabilizes attention. makes the mind hyper. cannot bring one's attention back to something.

Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? Parallel distribution Mental representation Verbal prototype Physical event

Mental representation

Most language theorists agree upon the perspective that: A. social interaction, environmental input, and stimulation are of utmost importance in a child's language development. B. languages are learnt as a result of shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement. C. the most significant factors influencing language acquisition are one's brain structures and genetic factors. D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.

D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________. A. sensory B. iconic C. implicit D. episodic

D. episodic

Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because: A. it did not take into account the various socioeconomic factors influencing language development. B. it did not explain how different children begin to utter words and sentences at different ages. C. it was found that imitation does not always lead to reinforcement and shaping. D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.

D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: A. males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. B. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. C. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

In signal detection theory, a false alarm is A. not reporting a stimulus that is not present. B. failing to detect a stimulus that is present. C. correctly detecting a stimulus that is present. D. saying that a stimulus is present when it is not.

D. saying that a stimulus is present when it is not.

Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ________________. A. normative social influence B. out-group homogeneity C. fundamental attribution error D. self-serving bias

D. self-serving bias

fter leaving the retina, what is the first stop in the brain for processing of visual information? A. the occipital cortex B. the parietal lobe C. the hypothalamus D. the thalamus

D. the thalamus

D. visual imagery.

In which of the following situations will a person be least able to solve problems that require creative insight?

Damage to the frontal region of their right hemisphere

Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles

Deductive reasoning

Which of the following brain cells fire when an individual performs a task or observes another person do the same task? Spindle neurons Mirror neurons Inter neurons Neurons

Mirror neurons

a person's everyday abilities

Most current diagnoses of intellectual disability emphasizes on _____________

Which of the following statements is true about the link between the Big Five personality dimensions and Alzheimer's disease?

Most studies report no significant change on the agreeableness dimension of the Big Five traits.

A child discovers that 2x2 is the same as 2+2.

Mental set

when Samantha meets Brenda, who has a laidback attitude and long hair, she promptly concludes that Brenda is Californian even before interacting with her. However, there are many English women who have a laidback attitude and long hair. On what is Samantha's initial judgment based?

a representativeness heuristic

mental representation

a structure in our mind - such as an idea or image - that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not in the present

Forebrain

activates the body in times of emergency, for example, by increasing the heart rate, dilating the pupils of the eyes, or inhibiting digestion

The basketball term slam dunk was coined after the act itself had become fairly common. This might be used as evidence _____ the linguistic determinism hypothesis.

against

Although we may use trial and error to solve a problem, following a(n) _____, which is a step-by-step procedure, provides a guaranteed solution. heuristic confirmation bias insight algorithm

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics. 339

algorithm

The garage where Quinn works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _____, for fixing car engines.

algorithms

an __ is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them to our minds

assocation

An _______ is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds

association

at the end of a sentence

Annie has learnt to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used:

at the end of the sentence

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called: confirmation bias. the belief perseverance. the availability heuristic. overconfidence.

availability heuristic

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called: the belief perseverance. confirmation bias. the availability heuristic. overconfidence.

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. (p. 341)

availability heuristic

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. (p. 351)

babbling stage

According to Karen Horney, which of the following is true of basic anxiety?

basic anxiety in itself is not neurotic

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

belief perseverance

A potential source of irrationality is _____, the tendency to cling to beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence. belief bias belief perseverance confirmation bias availability heuristic

belief perseverence

People tend to use emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies when they:

believe that a situation is beyond their control.

The need for affiliation corresponds to the _____________ level of needs in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

belongingness

Many bilinguals report that they have different senses of self depending on which language they are using. They may even reveal different personality profiles when taking the same test in their two languages. This seems to support the linguistic determinism hypothesis of _____.

benjamin

The Hopi do not have a past tense for their verbs. According to _____, this suggests that they cannot readily think about the past, because language imposes conceptions of reality. Noam Chomsky Benjamin Whorf B.F. Skinner Steven Pinker

benjamin

_____ refers to children's ability to learn to inhibit one language while using their other language. Monolingual advantage Multilingual advantage Trilingual advantage Bilingual advantage

bilingual advantage

The ability to inhibit one language while using another language is known as the _____.

billingual advantage

Linguistic determinism suggests that _____ think differently when they are speaking _____. children; out loud bilingual people; in one of their two languages people; to their animals adults and children; to each other

billingual people, in one of their two languages

A study found that adults who had been adopted as children were much closer in weight to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. This indicates that:

biological factors play an important role in determining adult weight.

controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (p. 356)

brocas area

With regard to stress, results from animal research indicate that a variety of stressors such as maternal separation, inescapable shock, abrupt temperature change, and loud noise:

can weaken responses to antigens

Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?

changes in the adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

The automatic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in the stress responses by regulating chiefly the ___________ and ___________ systems.

circulatory; respiratory 448

The mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating is known as _____.

cognition

The mental process of forming concepts is an example of _____.

cognition

_____ is/are the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Grammar Framing Cognition Heuristics

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. 338

cognition

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of though processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be?

cognitive

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop: algorithms. heuristics. concepts. syntax.

concepts

An obstacle to problem solving is _____, which is the tendency to accept only information that supports our existing beliefs. confirmation bias intuition belief perseverance overconfidence

confirmation bias

The tendency to selectively attend information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as _____

confirmation bias

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______. confirmation bias causal inference conjunction fallacy metacognitive dissonance

confirmation bias

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________.

down sydrome

Martha, recently widowed, is a young working mother who remains stressed for a major part of the day. Loneliness, professional pressure, and the need to single-handedly look after her toddler are making her distraught. She visits a psychiatrist who instructs her to write about a traumatic emotional experience she recently had but could not share with anyone. She gives her fifteen minutes to do the same. In this scenario, which of the following technique is Martha's psychiatrist employing?

emotional disclosure

After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kira avoids any further contact with him and goes on a vacation with her girlfriends. What strategy is Kira using to alleviate stress?

emotional-focused coping

Miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. what is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel?

encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend

epiodic

Julia vividly remembers the first time she me her boyfriend. this is an example of

episodic

________ increase the likelihood that a receiving neurons will fire

excitatory neurotransmitters

sympathetic nervous system

Processes what you see and hear; initiates involuntary movement.

In the context of Freud's psychological defense mechanisms, which of the following is true about projection?

Projection involves denying and repressing one's own particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and transferring them onto others.

Rajesh heads the creative team at an advertising company. The members of his team comprise artists and designers who are expected to be quite creative and time conscious in order to deliver campaigns on time. Which of the following will help Rajesh in making sure that the campaigns are inspired by creativity?

Rajesh should have managers who know when to put controls on the creative process and when not to.

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals? Optimal decision theory Choice modeling theory Causal decision theory Rational choice theory

Rational choice theory

Which of the following is true about reaction formation?

Reaction formation results in exaggerated or compulsive feelings and behavior.

Which of the following describes deductive reasoning?

Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions.

Midbrain

Regulates breathing, heart rate, arousal and other basic survival functions

Which of the following is true about stress?

Responses to overwhelming events is termed as stress

Jiao is trying to remember where she places the receipt for a birthday gift

Retrieval

Patrick has been tested to have an IQ of 32. But, he plays the piano exceptionally well. Patrick suffers from ______.

Savant syndrome

Confirmation bias

Scott likes to talk to those who agree with his opinions. When someone challenges him, he retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Scott's behavior?

Which of the following is true about people who attain self-actualization?

Self-actualizing people often experience moments of profound personal importance or personal meaning that shape the rest of their lives.

According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true?

Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.

According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.

Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.

What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences? Successive approximations, observation, and interaction Interaction, reinforcement, and shaping Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement Reinforcement, observation, and interaction

Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement

What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it?

Short-term memory

what part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it?

Short-term memory

Which of the following psychologists founded the movement known as psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is true of smoking?

Smoke burned from the end of a smoker's cigarette is high in carcinogens.

Which of the following describes critical thinking?

Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

Which of the following describes critical thinking? Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

How did subsequent research on specific research on specific components of Type A Behavior Pattern and cardiovascular health reveal?

Specific measures of hostility positively correlated with the degree of arterial blockage and other cardiovascular conditions much more so than general Type A behavior did.

Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs? The representative heuristic Visual imagery The availability heuristic Mental representation

The availability heuristic

When one plots intelligence scores on a graph, one sees a very clear bell curve, with most people falling in the middle and a few people at the high and low ends of the curve. Which of the following is true for the bell curve?

The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct?

The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.

The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam.

The mean score of a batch of students for the midterm exam was 78.2, and the standard deviation was 15.8. The batch's mean score on the final exam was 81.3, with a standard deviation of 4.5. Based on these statistics, which of the following can be interpreted?. Answers:a. The most common score on the final exam was lower than the most common score on the midterm exam. b. The batch performed much better on the midterm exam than on the final exam c. The mean revealed how spread out the batch's scores were d. There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam.

decision criterion

The patrol unit has received intelligence that their base will very likely face a nighttime attack from insurgents over the next few days. The next night, while on patrol, PFC McGinn radios in that he thinks he sees an intruder. When asked, he states that he is quite certain. This standard he uses for his level of confidence in deciding that he sees an intruder is known as the _______.

Behaviorism

The school of psychology that proposed that psychology can be true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, throughts, feelings, or motives is

Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate?

The test does not have test re-test reliability

Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk?

The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system

Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk?

The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system.

The less interesting the lecture, the less likely you are to remember everything the instructor said.

Which of the following is the best example of a positive correlation? Answers: a. The less interesting the lecture, the less likely you are to remember everything the instructor said. b. The more time Alicia spends eating ice cream, the less time she has to study. c. Your chances of getting an A increase as the difficulty of the test decreases. d. Alicia loves to eat ice cream on cold afternoons.

Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? They can hear less sounds than their parents can. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

What role do hormones play in the human body?

They carry messages to tissues and organs all over the body to regulate body function

According to Sigmund and Anna Freud, which of the following is true about psychological defense mechanisms?

They deny and distort reality in some way.

What did Takeuchi and colleagues find in their research that sought to measure creativity and neural connectivity?

They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe.

Which of the following is true of self-conscious emotions?

They require a sense of self.

How did Kahneman and Tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make?

They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making

physiological

This single measurement of psychological research is the most expensive and requires the most equipment; however, it is the most accurate

Which of the following tests does NOT demonstrate test-retest reliability?

Timmy's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test.

A "prototype" is a best-fitting member of a category. True False

True

A heuristic is a mental shortcut for decision making. True False

True

Categories are groups of things with similar features. True False

True

Differences in the number of words heard per hour, show up as measurable differences in vocabulary size later in life. True False

True

Humans are able to represent ideas and thoughts using words and images in our mind. True False

True

In a hierarchical network, general concepts are linked to specific concepts. True False

True

Language production is associated with Broca's area. True False

True

Linguistic Relativism suggests that language "influences" our thinking, it does not "determine" our thinking. True False

True

Nativist theorists propose that language acquisition is more like discovery than learning. True False

True

Reasoning is the process by which people form conclusions about events in the world. True False

True

Syntax refers the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases. True False

True

False

True or False: The dependent variable is the variable that is directly manipulated by researchers in an experiment

True

True or false: Self-efficacy is the belief that one has the ability to accomplish a task or reproduce a behavior.

wakefulness and awareness.

Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of: cognition and memory. wakefulness and awareness. ignorance and wakefulness. awareness and cognition.

What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator? Verbal formulation Visual imagery Visual perception Verbal representation

Visual imagery

_____ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present

Visual imagery

heuristics

Which of the following refers to the shortcuts people take to make complex and uncertain decisions and judgments?

Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped

Which of the following statements reflects Skinner's belief on language?

Heuristic

Which of the following terms refers to the shortcuts people take to make complex and uncertain decisions and judgments?

linguistic relativism

Which of the following theories describes how language influences but does not determine thinking and perception?

Causal decision theory

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?

Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet

Who among the following developed the concept of mental age?

Identify a difference between visual perception and visual imagery.

Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, which of the following refers to the two types of categories? Overt and covert Latent and visible Well-defined and fuzzy Inductive and deductive

Well-defined and fuzzy

What's the difference between Western and Asian culture's aspects of intelligence?

Western cultures emphasize cognitive skills while Asian cultures stress on humility.

What's the difference between Western and Asian culture's aspects of intelligence?

Western cultures emphasize cognitive skills while Asian cultures stress on humility. 379

how well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age

What are the current IQ scores based on?

a person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number

What does the g-factor theory imply?

WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults

What is the difference between the WISC and WAIS?

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Which of the following can be described as the serial position effect?

When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they forget the middle

As per the criteria laid out by Pavlov, in which of the following instances is stimulus-response conditioning between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) LEAST likely to occur?

When the USC precedes the neutral stimulus

What did researchers find when association tests were administered to either the right or left visual fields of participants?

When the problem was presented in the left visual field and processed in the right hemisphere, insight into the problems occurred frequently.

intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline

Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence?

group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments

Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias?

changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?

an innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language

Which of the following best describes the language acquisition devise?

the rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences

Which of the following explains the word "syntax"?

are the results obtain by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?

Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test?

Openness to experience

Which of the following is a personality trait commonly found among highly creative individuals?

It does not allow for control of any variables

Which of the following is a primary disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

mental representation

Which of the following is a term used by psychologists to describe an image or idea in the mind that stands for an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present?

Which of the following is true of the parental investment theory?

Women are reluctant to engage in casual sex for fear of pregnancy.

Spatial Intelligence

Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence?

availability heuristics

a device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness

For most people in most environments, the reaction range for IQ is about 25 points. This means that _________

a given person may end up scoring anywhere in a 25-point range on an IQ test, depending on the kind of environment in which he or she is raised WRONG

Matthew sees a nail sticking out from a board which he wishes to push inside. Though there is a brick lying nearby, it does not occur to him that it can serve well to fix the nail. Consequently, he wastes time searching for a hammer. Which of the following does Matthew exhibit?

functional fixedness

which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

giving a child a "time out" from play session for throwing tantrums

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with:

giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology

The set of rules for establishing meaning from sounds and the placement of words into sensible sentences is known as: semantics. phoneme. grammar. syntax.

grammer

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. (p. 350)

grammer

What happens when there is a sustained physiological activation in response to stress?

heart rate and blood pressure remain elevated 460

A problem-solving strategy that is usually fast but error-prone is known as a(n) _____.

heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently is known as a(n): heuristic. insight. algorithm. prototype.

heuristic

Neuroscientists conducted research with taxicab drivers in London. The found that the taxicab drivers who are required to learn and navigate large areas of London had a _____ which was larger than that os other drivers.

hippocampus

For over a month, Timothy studies day and night in order to perform well in his final exams, which are fast approaching. Though he does quite well in his exams, Timothy takes ill shortly after his exams are over. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model, Timothy shows signs of __________.

exhaustion

idioms

expressions unique to a particular language; usually their meaning cannot be determined by decoding the individual meanings of the words

by pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light when the light is being flashed amidst darkness. What is the conditioned stimulus in this study?

flashing light

which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcements?

food, water, and sex are primary reinforcements

Behnam is always friendly with everyone at school. However, when he is at home or anywhere else he is mostly grumpy and irritable. Behnam may not be labeled as a friendly person because

his friendly disposition is not consistent across situations.

Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen

iconic

Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. He subsequently asked to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his __ memory

iconic

Reflexes are:

inborn and involuntary behaviors that are elicited by very specific stimuli

Bilingual children learn to inhibit one language while using their other language. Thus, if asked to say whether a sentence is grammatically correct ("Why is the cat barking so loudly?"), bilingual children can focus more quickly on grammar alone. According to Wallace Lambert and colleagues, this bilingual advantage may be caused by: regression toward the mean. positive reinforcement. increased word power. opponent-process theory.

increeased word power

In the creative problem-solving process, which of the following refers to putting a problem aside for a while and working on something else for a time?

incubation 384

A person's ability to _____ one language while using their other language is known as the bilingual advantage.

inhibit

The sudden realization that we have solved a problem is called: a heuristic. insight. a prototype. confirmation bias.

insight

The _____________ is the brain structure most involved in perceiving interoception or sensations within the body

insula 432

If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________.

interpersonal intelligence

Shane's father wants him to train as an investment banker and join the family business. Although Shane respects his father's opinion, he is very clear that he wants to be an author considering that he is extremely passionate about writing. Which of the following is guiding Shane's choice of profession?

intrinsic motivation

Fast, automatic, and unreasoned feeling and thought is known as: intuition. insight. framing. overconfidence.

intuition

When making each day's hundreds of judgments and decisions, we often refer to: a prototype. intuition. framing. insight .

intuition

n effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. pg. 341

intuition

Akira was born to a Japanese-speaking mother and English-speaking father and is fluent in both languages. She recently participated in a study of bilingual university students. When she took a personality test in Japanese she had very different results than when she took the same test in English. According to Benjamin Whorf, this difference is caused by: unreliable tests. linguistic determinism. invalid tests. self-serving bias.

linguistic determinisim

The Brazilian Piraha language has words for the numbers "1" and "2." Any numbers greater than "2" are referred to as "many." Shown seven nuts in a row, people who speak this language find it difficult to lay out the same number in their own pile. This suggests that their words influence the way they think and is evidence for: hindsight bias. belief perseverance. statistical significance. linguistic determinism.

linguistic determinisim

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that:

males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

Students will tend to study the same way for every class they are taking, especially when they have been successful. This is an example of a(n): mental set. confirmation bias. fixation. belief perseverance.

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. (p. 340)

mental set

heuristics

mental shortcuts; methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgments

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. (p. 350)

merphome

Nina feels needy and does not allow her boyfriend to move to another city. She makes him feel sorry for her by projecting herself as the "poor little me." Generally, she has a tendency to cling on to the people in her life. Karen Horney's theory suggests that Nina has a neurotic trend of ___________.

moving towards others

In Carroll's classification, sequential reasoning for fluid intelligence, reading and spelling are a part of __________.

narrow intelligence 361

the beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seatbelt. The removal of the annoying beeping __ for fastening the seatbelt

negative reinforcement

Dopamine is a _____ which plays an important role in voluntary muscle control

neurotransmitter

Information is transmitted between neurons by means of chemicals called _______

neurotransmitters

conjunction fallacy

occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone

Historically, good behavior in the workplace has been rewarded by pay increases, promotions, and incentives. This is an example of the use of ____________.

operant conditioning

substance use and abuse can be learned through __

operant conditioning

In studies, improved academic performance was more closely associated with visualizing effective studying, rather than visualizing an A on the grade list, beaming with joy, and feeling proud. The latter is known as _____ simulation.

outcome

The tendency to be more confident than correct is known as: overconfidence. intuition. belief perseverance. insight.

overconfidance

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. (p. 343)

overconfidence

In the relationship between thinking and language, which is true? People sometimes think in images rather than in words. "Real" thinking requires the use of language. If a thought cannot be expressed in a particular language, it also cannot occur to speakers of that language. Playing an instrument engages thinking and language simultaneously.

people sometimes think in images rather than words

The linguistic determinism hypothesis could be challenged by the finding that: people with no word for a certain shape can still perceive that shape accurately. chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language. the Inuit language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one. infants' babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard.

people with no word for a certain shape can still perceive that shape accurately.

To scare people, you should frame risks as numbers, not _____.

percents

In the context of the immune system, ___________ is a process by which a white blood cell engulfs a substance, usually an antigen or another cell, and digests it or moves it to a place where it will be destroyed.

phagocytosis 462

Native German speakers pronounce the English word "that" as "dat." This demonstrates their difficulty pronouncing an English: heuristic. phoneme. prototype. morpheme.

phenome

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. (p. 350)

phenome

To say the word bat, people utter the _____ b, a, and t.

phenomes

two-word utterances

phrases children put together, starting around 18 months, such as "my ball," "mo wawa," or "go way."

_____ can be defined as measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state.

physiological measures

The hypothalamus controls the ____, which is responsible for producing and controlling the hormones our bodies produce

pituitary gland

Efren is not thinking about his girlfriend at this very moment. However, someone asks him to describe her, and without much thought, he describes her eyes, hair, and smile. Thus, according to Freud's three levels of consciousness, this information about his girlfriend is likely to be stored in the ______ layer of Efren's consciousness.

preconscious

Due to its involved planning, impulse control, and working memory, the _____ of the human brain plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion

prefrontal cortex

When someone is determining whether an event is potentially harmful to him or her, he or she is involved in ______.

primary appraisal

To turn on cold water in your bathroom, in which direction do you turn the handle? To answer this question, you probably thought not in words but with _____ memory.

procedural

mental rotation

process of imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space

metacognitive thinking

process that includes the ability first to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking

scientific thinking

process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories

In the context of verbal representations of one's thoughts and perceptions, the best-fitting example of a category is known as a(n) ______.

prototype

Matching new items to a(n) _____ provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into existing mental categories.

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). 338

prototype

Following the birth of his baby brother, five-year-old Ermen feels that he is no longer the center of his parents' attention. He resents this fact, but he is unable to express his dislike for his sibling for fear of being reprimanded. When Ermen is left to take care of his baby brother, he often resorts to hurting him but shows intense affection toward the baby in the presence of his family. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of ___________.

reaction formation

Derrick's mother gave him $10

reinforcer

Derrick's mother gave him 10 dollars because he got an A on his math test. He studied hard for his next math test because he wants his mother to give him another 10 dollars. In this scenario, the money is serving as a ___

reinforcer

Though pianist Lewis usually eats in moderation, his intake increases dramatically when he is affected by performance pressure. He says eating ice creams in particular soothes his agitated mind and makes him feel better. Which of the following is responsible for the "good feeling" that he experiences after eating?

release of endorphins

In a classic study of sexual behavior and culture, Clellan Ford and Frank Beach categorized societies into _____ societies.

restrictive, semi-restrictive, and permissive

Jiao is trying to remember where she placed the receipt for a birthday gift she bought for her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged?

retrieval

parameters

rules of what is allowed and what is not in different languages

Ron is a fourteen-year-old. He has an incredible memory which allows him to recall the contents of thousands of books verbatim after reading them just once. Given that his IQ score is 40 and his adaptive skills are poor, his sister helps him out with almost all the daily activities. Ron is most likely to be a __________.

savant

Patrick has been tested to have an IQ of 32. But, he plays the piano exceptionally well. Patrick suffers from _____

savant syndrome

The study of _____ encompasses how meaning is constructed, paraphrased, interpreted, contradicted, obscured, illustrated, simplified, and negotiated. syntax phonemes algorithms semantics

semantics

_____ refers to the set of rules by which people derive meaning from sounds in a given language. Phoneme Concept Semantics Syntax

semantics

Any sensation one receives activates ______ which take the message to the brain for processing

sensory neurons

he normal human body temperature of 98.6° F is the _____________ for that particular bodily system.

set point 398

learning occurs when information moves from

short-term memory to long- term memory

one-word utterances

single words, such as "mama," "dada," "more," or "no!"; occurs around 12 months of age

sentence phase

stage when children begin speaking in fully grammatical sentences; usually age 2 1/2 to 3

Which of the following refers to a state consisting of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect?

subjective well being 437

_____ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. Heuristics Semantics Syntax Insight

syntax

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of:

syntax and grammar

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: semantics. logic and reasoning. syntax and grammar. semiotics.

syntax and grammar

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. (p. 352)

telagraphic speech

Several studies have indicated that the generic pronoun "he": tends to trigger images of both males and females for both children and adults. tends to trigger images of both males and females for adults, but to trigger images of males for children. tends to trigger images of males but NOT females for both children and adults. tends to trigger images of females about one-fourth of the time for both children and adults.

tends to trigger images of males but NOT females for both children and adults.

In operant conditioning the word "positive" indicates

the addition of a stimulus

in operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicated:

the addition of a stimulus

__ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how avaiable they are to their awareness

the availability heuristic

prototypes

the best-fitting examples of a category

Thorndike's law of effect states that

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Thorndike's law of effect states that _________

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

grammar

the entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language

cooing

the first sounds humans make other than crying, consisting almost exclusively of vowels; occurs during first 6 months of life

Most intelligence tests determine a person's overall intelligence score by his or her scores on specific subtests. On which of the following theories are such tests based?

the g-factor theory

nativist view of language

the idea that we discover language rather than learn it, that language development is inborn

According to Atkinson, the tendency to achieve includes all the following EXCEPT:

the need for affiliation

Aditi's mother recited to her a grocery list of things to buy at the grocery tore. She only remembered the items at the end of the list. This is called:

the recency effect

Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store, she could only remember items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called:

the recency effect

Which of the following defines stress as a particular relationship between people and the situations in which they find themselves?

the relational view of stress 445

syntax

the rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language

cognitive psychology

the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive

Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because:

the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.

Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because: he would perform better in the non-native language rather than the native language. standardized tests usually have a lower internal consistency. different versions of standardized tests are designed for students taking tests in nonnative languages. the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.

the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.

confirmation bias

the tendency to selectively attend information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs

If a test is equally valid for different groups and they still score differently on it, it is likely that __________

the test may be unfair but it is not biased 369

Antonio and Candra are five-year-old twins who live in Brooklyn with their parents and elder sister. Which of the following is most likely an example of an unshared environment for the family?

their birth order

which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies

they can hear more sounds than their parents

Which of the following is true of moods?

they last longer than most emotions

Which of the following is true of needs?

they occur due to some deficiency 397

how did Kahneman and Tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make?

they showed that people are not always rational in their decision making

According to the text, to expand language is to expand the ability to: reflect. think. misunderstand. act.

think

According to the text, _____ affects our language, which then affects our _____. thinking; thought thinking; beliefs acting; actions acting; imagery

thinking, thought

After surgical removal of his hippocampus, Henry Malaison was _____

unable to form new memories

After surgical removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison (H. M.) was __

unable to form new memories

Shortly after their daughter, Tiffany, was born, Jeremy and Tara moved from Nebraska to New Zealand to work with the native population. After a few years there they notice that their daughter began to speak English as well as Maori, the language of the native New Zealanders. This is an example of: universal grammar. two-word stage. receptive language. the one-word stage.

universal grammer

protolanguage

very rudimentary language, also known as pre-language, used by earlier species of humans

which of the following can be described as a serial position effect?

when learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list: they tend to forget the items in the middle

as per the criteria laid out by pavolv, in which of the following instances is stimulus-response conditioning between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) LEAST likely to occur?

when the USC precedes the neutral stimulus

During the classic study of the power of conditioning techniques, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned Little Albert to develop a fear of _____

white fluffy objects

during the classic study of the power of conditioning techniques, John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned Little Albert to develop a fear of __

white fluffy objects

While studying chimpanzees, _____ observed that animals have the ability to display insight. Wolfgang Köhler B.F. Skinner Sigmund Freud Benjamin Whorf

wolfgang

According to the concept of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence which conflicts with a person's point of view on a controversial issue, that person tends to assume the information is _____.

wrong

According to Ekman's description, which of the following best describes an emotion family?

A broad category, such as fear, consists of specific emotions like anxiety and nervousness

Identify a true statement about visual representation. A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. B. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. C. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. D. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.

A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

"_____________occurs when people compulsively use a substance to alleviate boredome, regulate mood, or cope with the challenges of everyday life." A. Psychological dependence B. Addiction C. Physical dependence D. Hypnotic dependence

A. Psychological dependence

Newborns and infants spend more time in __________ than in ______________. A. REM sleep; non-REM sleep B. non-REM sleep; REM sleep C. dreamless sleep; lucid dreams D. hypersomnia; insomnia

A. REM sleep; non-REM sleep

_____________ is a psychological defense mechanism that involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable and even desirable way. A. Sublimation B. Projection C. Repression D. Reaction formation

A. Sublimation

Which of the following is true of concepts? A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world. B. They consist of visual representations created by the brain once the original stimulus gets activated. C. They are structures in the mind that stand for an external object or thing sensed in the present. D. They refer to the visual sensations in one's mind after the sensory stimulation begins.

A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world.

Which of the following is true of visual perception? A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present. B. Visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain when the original stimulus is present. C. Visual perception takes longer because the verbal system is older in evolutionary terms than the visual system. D. Visual perception cannot occur with abstract ideas that have no physical existence.

A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present.

"According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: " A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.

A. a person's personality becomes whole and full.

Even though it can make people feel more aroused in social settings, this popular drug is a depressant. A. alcohol B. herion C. cocaine D. marijuana

A. alcohol

Scores that are widely spread apart have a ____________. A. high standard deviation B. low standard deviation C. high mean D. low reliability

A. high standard deviation

Neuroscientists conducted research with taxicab drivers in London and found that taxicab drivers, who are required to learn and navigate large areas of cities, had the that was larger than that of other drivers. A. hippocampus B. medulla C. reticular formations D. hippocampus (previous versions had this incorrectly as hypothalamus

A. hippocampus

Rods have high __________ to light but provide poor ___________. A. sensitivity, resolution B. specificity, resolution C. sensitivity, responsiveness D. temporal response, signals

A. sensitivity, resolution

Brian, 6 months of age, utters a string of single syllables yet to be recognized as words. With regard to the stages of language development, Brian is: A. uttering gibberish. B. cooing. C. uttering bisyllables. D. chattering.

A. uttering gibberish.

Which of the following best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Antecedent event, physiological reaction, emotional experience

Which of the following is the correct list of criteria necessary for modeling behavior to occur according to Bandura's theories on Social Learning?

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation

which of the following is the correct list of criteria necessary for modeling behavior to occur according to Bandura's theories on Social Learning?

Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation

"Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest?" A. "Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational" B. "Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational" C. "Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor" D. "Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational"

B. "Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational"

What is the optimal learning time for language acquisitions? A. 50-90 years B. 0-12 years C. 0-7 years D. 6-12 years

B. 0-12 years

who coined the term "operant" to refer to behavior that acts-on or operated-on the environment to produce specific consequences

B. F. skinner

_____ are convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus. A. Panic attacks B. Hallucinations C. Manic episodes D. Delusions

B. Hallucinations

Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? A. Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. C. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. D. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words

B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.

Tina has a high behavioral threshold for sadness. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely true about Tina? A. Tina has a cries alot. B. It takes a lot to make Tina sad. C. Tina becomes extremely violent when sad. D. It is in Tinaâ s nature to react strongly to the slightest depression.

B. It takes a lot to make Tina sad.

Which of the following is true of second-language learning and the brain? A. Compared to single-language 6- to 9-month-old infants, bilingual infants of the same age discriminate similar sounds. B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one. C. Brains of bilingual babies are less responsive to a wide range of sounds. D. Compared to bilingual speakers, single-language speakers have a greater density of neurons in the language centers of the brain.

B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one.

Thinking outside the box is a type of problem solving technique necessary to solve the ____________ problem discussed in lecture and in the text. A. The six match stick problem B. The nine dots problem C. The farmer's problem D. The ink-blot problem

B. The nine dots problem

Which of the following refers to conformation bias? A. A form of judgment that discounts the causal theory over correlational theory B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs C. The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are once they occur D. The tendency of people to imagine alternatives to reality

B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs

"Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario." A. matter conservation B. animistic thinking C. egocentrism D. social referencing

B. animistic thinking

Newborn animals follow the first large animal they encounter because of ______________. Kyle the Canadian goose video shown in lecture illustrated this phenomenon. A. animistic thinking B. imprinting C. secure attachment D. insecure attachment

B. imprinting

___________ is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep, as well as not feeling rested. A. narcolepsy B. insomnia C. hypersomnia D. night terrors

B. insomnia

According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. A. sensitivity period B. linguistic determinism C. innate perception D. rational choice

B. linguistic determinism

Low levels of dopamine can result in problems with voluntary muscle control. This is because dopamine is a ______________________ which plays an important role in voluntary muscle control. A. hormone B. neurotransmitter C. region of the brain D. nerve cell

B. neurotransmitter

"The _____________ states that we do not notice potential distracters when a primary task consumes all of our attentional capacity." A. inattentional blindness B. perceptual load theory C. synchronization process D. cocktail party effect

B. perceptual load theory

Learning occurs when information moves from A. implicit memory to explicit memory. B. short-term to long-term memory. C. implicit memory to short-term memory. D. sensory memory to short-term memory.

B. short-term to long-term memory.

The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________. A. taste B. vision C. hearing D. touch

B. vision

Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language? Edmund Leach and George Marcus James Clifford and James George Frazer Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir James George Frazer and E. B. Tylor

Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? A. Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. B. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. D. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.

C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? A. Classical conditioning involves instant learning whereas operant conditioning involves learning over time. B. Classical conditioning involves learning over time whereas operant conditioning involves instant learning. C. Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences. D. Classical conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli.

C. Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.

Why does linguist Noam Chomsky argue for an inbuilt device for language acquisition? A. Human beings learn languages with great difficulty and over long periods of time. B. Different languages develop in children in different ways and at different ages. C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences. D. It is unlikely that a child can learn equally easily any language as his or her native language.

C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences.

Which of the following tests best demonstrates test-retest reliability?

Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college.

Which of the following makes human language unique? A. It can be used to express one's needs and desires. B. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. D. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.

C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.

Which of the following statements reflects Skinner's belief on language? A. Language exists particularly for the sake of interaction and conveying information between people. B. Language is not learned; it is discovered. C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. D. Humans are born with a language acquisition device, therefore, language is innate.

C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped.

___________________ is the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior. A. Psychosurgery B. Deep brain stimulation C. Psychotherapy D. Electroconvulsive therapy

C. Psychotherapy

According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? A. Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. B. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. D. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.

C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? A. Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. B. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. D. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.

C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

Which of the following describes Weberâ s law? Selected Answer: A. Muscles control the shape of the eyeâ s lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances. B. What an individual sees and hears is completely dependent on her or his perception and desire. C. The size of a just noticeable difference in stimuli perception is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus. D. The texture of a surface becomes more tightly packed together and dense as the surface moves to the background.

C. The size of a just noticeable difference in stimuli perception is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus.

"In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. " A. cognition B. imprinting C. attachment D. sublimation

C. attachment

Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk? A. The temporal and frontal lobes develop before the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. B. The temporal and frontal lobes and the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain grow simultaneously. C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system. D. Verbal stimulation occurs much before the sensory stimulation stops.

C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system.

Which of the following is true of mental representations? A. They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. B. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. D. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.

C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.

How did Kahneman and Tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make? A. They showed that people are always rational in their decision making. B. They showed that people often act like scientists in their decision making. C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making. D. They showed that people are motivated by self-interest and rational decision making.

C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making.

The ________________ of a sound wave determines what we perceive as loudness. A. frequency B. shape C. amplitude D. width

C. amplitude

Sonya's physician prescribed Valium for her. Tonya most likely has ___________________. A. depression B. bipolar disorder C. anxiety D. no energy

C. anxiety

"During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________." A. seriation B. transduction C. object permanence D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

C. object permanence

Hilda, a 6-month-old infant, has stopped using sounds that are not used in her native language. She loses the ability to perceive nonnative sounds as she grows up. This is known as: A. cooing. B. training. C. pruning. D. babbling.

C. pruning.

James has received training in medicine and has an M.D. degree; in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a: A. clinical psychologist. B. counseling psychologist. C. psychiatrist. D. psychologist with his own clinic.

C. psychiatrist.

Psychology is most accurately defined as the A. study of people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts B. study of people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals C. scientific study of thought and behavior D. scientific study of human culture and origins

C. scientific study of thought and behavior

According to Carl Jung, the is the dark and morally objectionable part of oneself. A. anima B. animus C. shadow D. superego

C. shadow

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: A. semantics. B. logic and reasoning. C. syntax and grammar. D. semiotics.

C. syntax and grammar.

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?

Food, water, and sex

No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors.

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

Which of the following best describes child-directed speech? Changes in the child's speech as a result of imitation Speech that a child engages in talking to himself/herself Normal speech that is used while talking to the child Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language?

Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.

Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________.

Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior? Self-serving bias Causal inference Confirmation bias Irrational exception

Confirmation bias

A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 26

D. 26

Who among the following argues that humans are born with an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language? A. Piaget B. Skinner C. Weber D. Chomsky

D. Chomsky

___________ conducted some of the earliest research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became known as psychophysics. A. William James B. Johns Hopkins C. Rosalie Raynor D. Ernst Weber

D. Ernst Weber

In the context of evolution of language in humans, what do scientists think about the development of grammatical language? A. Evolution of grammatical language occurred along with shorter working memory. B. Evolution of the brain occurred first leading to language development. C. Evolution of language occurred before evolution of music. D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.

D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.

How does cognitive fixation affect individuals solving problems? A. It enables people to effectively solve problems while thinking on oneâ s feet. B. It enables people to see and analyze a number of possible solutions. C. It prevents people from using past experiences to solve a problem. D. It prevents many people from seeing possible solutions to a problem.

D. It prevents many people from seeing possible solutions to a problem.

Which of the following is an example of social loafing? A. Ricardo likes to hold the door open for ladies. B. Naomi feels more accepted when she behaves in accordance with her peers. C. Tim attributed his personal success at work to his diligence and integrity. D. Jack takes the presence of his colleagues at the construction site as an opportunity to get some rest.

D. Jack takes the presence of his colleagues at the construction site as an opportunity to get some rest.

All of the following are stimulants except for: A. Caffeine B. Cocaine C. Amphetamines D. Marijuana

D. Marijuana

_____ disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. A. Somatic symptom B. Substance-related C. Factitious D. Mood

D. Mood

Which of the following describes critical thinking? A. Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas B. Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas C. Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? A. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. B. A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. C. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? A. They can hear less sounds than their parents can. B. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. C. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

Identify a difference between visual perception and visual imagery. A. Visual perception can be measured on an ordinary scale, whereas visual imagery is abstract, and it is difficult to determine its intensity. B. Visual perception occurs through verbal formulation, whereas visual imagery primarily occurs through mental rotation. C. Visual perception occurs in the absence of sensory stimulus, whereas visual imagery is imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space for a long period of time. D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

The brain's ability to preserve perception of objects in spite of the changes in retinal image is known as_____________. A. interrelative consistency B. proximity C. visual stability D. perceptual constancy

D. perceptual constancy

Psychologists use the term when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual. A. psyche B. individualism C. collectivism D. personality

D. personality

One of the major problems in treating schizophrenia is: A. monitoring psychological changes in patients on drug therapy. B. decreasing depressive symptoms with atypical antipsychotics. C. the non-availability of drugs to effectively treat positive symptoms. D. persuading patients to continue taking the medication.

D. persuading patients to continue taking the medication.

According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. functional operational D. postconventional

D. postconventional

"Which region of the brain plays a key role in maintaining wakefulness?" A. prefrontal cortex B. cerebellum C. amygdala D. reticular formation

D. reticular formation

Which region of the brain plays a key role in maintaining wakefulness? A. prefrontal cortex B. cerebellum C. amygdala D. reticular formation

D. reticular formation

A false alarm is: A. not reporting a stimulus that is not present. B. failing to detect a stimulus that is present. C. correctly detecting a stimulus that is present. D. saying that a stimulus is present when it is not.

D. saying that a stimulus is present when it is not.

Which of the following people is motivated by an intrinsic factor?

Despite her fear of heights, Donna begins mountain climbing because she loves the challenge of overcoming her fear.

Inductive

During Jane's AIAD to Africa she encounters several animals that she has never seen before. In one species, she notices two cases where offspring ride on their fathers' backs. From these observations she arrives at the general conclusion that fathers remain involved in parenting after birth for this species. Jane used _____ reasoning to arrive at this conclusion.

Miguel is having a dinner party, he burned his food. What is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel?

Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

A brain scan of someone looking at a car will look very different from someone imagining looking at a car. True False

False

According to Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically built to fly. True False

False

Babbling occurs during the first few months of life. True False

False

Syntax refers to the rules for combining symbols and sounds to express concepts like plurals and possessives. True False

False

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light when the light is flashed amidst darkness. What is the conditioned stimulus in this study?

Flashing light

Yousef has just moved to a new city to look for work. According to Maslow's theory, which of the following needs will he seek to fulfill first?

Food

Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true? He reasons out each step in a decision-making process systematically. He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision. He avoids the use of mental shortcuts while making a decision. He analyzes facts, generates and organizes ideas, defends opinions, makes comparisons, and draws inferences.

He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.

What happens when there is a sustained physiological activation in response to stress?

Heart rate and blood pressure remain elevated.

Which of the following is true of the personality dimensions across species?

Horses high in neuroticism are most susceptible to pain.

Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis? Environmental and genetic factors determine a child's language capacity. Learning to speak a language is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. The biologically based language acquisition device has principles of universal grammar. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.

Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.

According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true? Learning of a language is often relative to a child's age and gender. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world. Language is the same as thought since thoughts are expressed in language. Language influences rather than determines our thinking.

Language influences rather than determines our thinking.

Which of the following is the central tenet of the nativist theory? Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. Language is little influenced by socioeconomic factors. Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process. Language influences rather than determines people's thinking.

Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process.

Which part of the brain is Jamie, a teacher, primarily using when he engages in a verbal interaction with his students?

Left prefrontal cortex

Which of the following explains the word "syntax"?

The rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences

Almost every major structure of the neuron is capable of experience-based change.

Of the many principles of brain plasticity that have emerged since the 1990s, which of the following is true?Answers: Almost every major structure of the neuron is capable of experience-based change. All regions of the brain are equally plastic. The brain loses its ability to grow new neurons when it ages. Brain plasticity remains constant across ages.

sensory adaptation

Our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. This process is known as _______.

Metacognitive thinking

Paul usually makes scientific claims, without basing them on verified evidence. He usually does not verify or validate his beliefs through experimentation. He seldom ever questions his own thinking, while readily dismissing others' claims even though they may be based on conclusive empirical evidence. Considering these characteristics, which of the following does Paul lack?

Which of the following statements is true about personality changes across a life span?

People become steadily more agreeable and conscientious from adolescence to late adulthood.

Which of the following is most likely true of Amara, whose amygdala was damaged during a car accident?

She has a difficult time expressing fear and its related emotions.

As part of a research to record the effects of sensory deprivation, Aurelia has been locked up in a dark room for four consecutive days. Post the sensory deprivation experiment, which of the following results are most likely to be observed in Aurelia?

She is likely to experience hallucinations

According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English? She performs better on cognitive tasks than those who speak only one language, but is most likely not to do so later in life. She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language. She is most likely to develop dementia more than four years earlier than do elderly speakers of only one language. She is most likely to have a lesser neural density than those who speak only one language.

She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.

The _______ receives input from the ears, eyes, skin, or taste buds and relays sensory information to the part of the cerebral cortex most responsible for processing that specific kind of sensory information

Thalamus

What happens in the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model to an animal exposed to a stressor?

The animal's body diverts resources from the maintenance of normal body functions to fight the threat.

_______ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness

The availability heuristic

______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness. The representativeness heuristic Anchoring and adjustment Integrative thinking The availability heuristic

The availability heuristic

Christopher is three years of age. Which of the following will hold true in the context of his brain development?

The brain reaches about 80 percent of adult size.

What did Fredrickson and Levenson find in their experiments that required participants to watch movies eliciting different emotions?

The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw pleasant films after the fear film. 456

Which of the following are the key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress responses?

The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands

Which of the following is true of an individual's response to stress?

The individual's perception of stress is more likely to make an impact on how he or she responds to a stressor.

Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development? Grammar is universal, but it may not always follow universal principles. Not all languages have the same components of speech. The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar. The components of speech seldom vary in where they can be put in sentences.

The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language?

The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it. WRONG

does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa.

The major limitation of the correlational approach is that it:

Which of the following facts is true about the interconnectedness of nature and nurture in intelligence?

The more genetically related people are, the more similar they are in IQ, even if reared apart.

Jenita has just entered middle school. Although a shy adolescent by nature, she has a great desire to make friends and be accepted in school. Therefore, she decides to be more open to making new friends and maintaining cordial relationships with her classmates. On the basis of Jenita's actions, which of the following is he expressing?

The need for affiliation

Which of the following is activated when we are watching something funny on television that puts us in a good mood?

The parasympathetic nervous system

Audrey is a savant who does not have a corpus callosum. Which of the following holds true for Audrey?

The processing of information in the brain's hemispheres is incomplete.

According to Ekman's neurocultural theory of emotion, which of the following may be different across cultures?

The regulation of emotions in the presence of others

Which of the following is true of the link between hostility and heart disease in coronary patients?

The risk of heart attack increases during the hour following an angry outburst.

Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system? Most creatures, with or without cortex, are able to keep and store visual sensations in mind after the sensory stimulation stops. The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system. The brain is not as active during visual imagery as it is during visual perception. Though visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system, it develops after verbal ability.

The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.

Antonia and Sandra are five-year-old twins who live in Brooklyn with their parents and sister Camila. Which of the following is an unshared environment for the family?

Their birth order

Who among the following developed the concept of mental age?

Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet 365

Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping

There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.

Critics of ape language research have argued which of the following? There is little evidence that apes can equal even a 3-year-old's ability to order words with proper syntax. Apes easily acquire their limited vocabulary. Apes cannot use symbols meaningfully. Ape language is not just an imitation of the trainer's behavior.

There is little evidence that apes can equal even a 3-year-old's ability to order words with proper syntax.

There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than the final exam

Which of the following is true of mental representations?

They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.

Which of the following is true of mental representations? They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.

They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.

Which of the following is true of personality traits?

They are normally distributed in the population.

Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies?

They can hear more sounds than their parents can

It consolidates memory.

Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep?It inhibits neural growth. It consolidates memory. It enhances cellular damage. It resists metabolic cleanup.

the neural density enhances if one learns the second language earlier in childhood and adolescence

Which of the following is true with regard to second-language learning and the brain?

parallel distributive processing

Which of the following models proposes that associations between concepts activate many networks or nodes at the same time?

Conjunction Fallacy

Which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?

Cognitive psychology

Which of the following refers to the science of how people, think, learn, remember, and perceive?

Researchers who are convinced that animals can think point to evidence that: chimpanzees use branches, stones, and other objects as tools in their natural habitats. parrots demonstrate the ability to "count" by learning to touch pictures of objects in ascending numerical order. chimpanzees invent grooming and courtship customs and pass them on to their peers. All of these things are evidence than animals can think.

all

The part of the brain that plays a pivotal role in quick appraisals during threatening or fear-inducing situations is the ______

amygdala

language acquisition device (LAD)

an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language, proposed by Noam Chomsky as part of his nativist view of language

An inability to speak or understand language is known as: apraxia. aphasia. agnosia. dyspraxia.

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). (p. 356)

aphasia

concept hierarchy

arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and other specific

sports are physical activities that require skill, agility and strategy. they often involve competition between two or more individuals or teams. Thus, cognitive psychologists would say that baseball, football, hockey, basketball, and wrestling would be labeled as a ___

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