psych tutorial 14
the ability to identify odors is associated with neurological disease, and thus can be used to diagnose someone with that disease. what is the name of that disease
alzheimer's
what are the two types of stair cases called
ascending and descending
what percent of the human brain is devoted to smell
.1%
what is the size of the olfactory epithelium
1-2 square inches
how long do we have to be exposed to an odor before we become incapable of smelling it
15-20 minutes
how many olfactory epithelium do we have
2
how long do your olfactory sensory neurons last
28 days
how many types of cells are there in the olfactory epithelium
3
during gestation, at what age does our sense of smell become active
3 months
if we are exposed to at least ____ odors, we are experiencing a perceptual phenomenon referred to as ____ _____ the equivalent to noise in auditory perception
30; olfactory white
for a smell sensation to be reported, there must be about _______ nerve impulses
40
what percent of the dogs brain is devoted to smell
5%
it used to be thought that we have 20 million olfactory sensory neurons. it is more recently believed that we have how many?
5-8 million
in terms of identifying odors, at what age do we begin to lose our sense of smell
50
how many OSNs do dogs have
500-800 million
to create an action potential, or a nerve impulse, about ____ odor molecules must bind to a receptor
7-8
what % of a person's experience determines how much someone likes or dislikes an odor
70%
in terms of identifying odors, at the age of _____, _______ % of the population begin to suffer from major impairments in odor identification
80; 75%
after the age of ______ approx. _____ % of the population cannot detect smells
85; 50%
there are two individual difference factors that affect our olfactory capabilities. name them
gender age
what affect does a primer pheromone have on a smeller
psychological
after being exposed to an odor, we cease being able to detect it because physiologically we stop responding to the odorant. what is the name of the phenomenon
receptor adaptation or sensory adaptation
odors are associated with emotions and memories because the olfactory bulb is connected to what part of the brain
the limbic system
how does familiarity relate to how much someone does or does not like a smell
the more familiar tou are, the more you like it
how does intensity relate to how much someone does or does not like a smell
the more intense, the more we dislike it
"the retina of the nose" is called...
the olfactory epithelium
why does our sense of smell deteriorate with age
the olfactory sensory neurons dont regenerate as fast
name the two major theories of olfactory perception
vibration shape-pattern
which part of the brain is associated with pheromone detection. Hint: VNO
vomero nasal organ
how long does it take to undo the effects of cognitive habituation
weeks
describe the staircase method
when you gradually add or take away the amount of odorants until you can smell it or not smell it anymore
what is the McClintock affect
women within close proximity with each other have an in sync menstrual cycle
how long does it take to undo the effects of receptor adaptation
a few minutes
what is a stereoisomer
a mirror image of molecules that produces a different smell because it is fixed differently
there are two points in a woman's lifetime when their olfactory capabilities are much greater than men
before puberty and after menopause
what affect does a releaser pheromone have on a smeller
behavioral
competition between the two nostrils for odor perception is referred to as
bi-naural rivalry
long term exposure to an odor will cause us to no longer respond to it, this phenomenon is referred to as
cognitive habituation
there is a bone for which the axons of the olfactory sensory neuron must pass. what is the name of the bone and where is it located
cribiform plate and it is located at the height of the eyebrows
exposure to one odor may make it difficult to detect another odor, the name of this phenomenon is called
cross adaptation
do stereoisomer's smell the same, similar of different
different
what is the difference between humans and dogs in their sense of smell
dogs are more sensitive
cross adaptation is reciprocal
false
the side of the nostril and the side of the brain that the information goes to is contralateral
false
women have a heightened sense of smell during pregnancy
false
odor _____ is how much someone likes or does not like a particular odor
hedonics
it has been found that one group of individuals have better olfactory capabilities than another group. the factory that differentiates the two groups is not genetic. and is something that you can personally experience. what is the factory
higher education
what are the primary functions of the nose
humidify filters warms the air
define anosmia
inability to smell
what is the name of the group of individuals that has a very strong powerful olfactory vocabulary
jahai
according to the text book, do we have odor images
no
the stimuli for odors are chemical compounds or...
odorants
describe the shape-pattern theory
odorants have different shapes and different shapes of the odorant has to match the shape of the receptor
olfactory sensations are also referred to as
odors
the more scientific name for sense of smell is
olfaction
the part of the brain that first receives information about smell is
olfactory bulb
olfactory sensory neurons are very small, they have one end in one place and another end in another place
olfactory epithelium olfactory bulb
why do we have 2 olfactory epithelium
one for each nostril
______ involves chemical communication between individuals
pheromones
generally speaking, there are three factors that determine how much we like or dislike a smell. name them
pleasantness intensity familiarity
name the two types of pheromones
releaser primer
what is retronasal olfaction
smelling odors through the mouth
what is orthonasal olfaction
smelling odors through the nose
describe the vibration theory
smells have different vibrations (like frequencies) and the combination of the chemicals create a certain vibration, and each vibration creates a different smell
the inability to smell one specific odor when otherwise someone has a normal sense of smell is referred to as
specific anosmia
what are the names of the three different cells in the olfactory epithelium
supporting basil olfactory sensory neuron
OSNs come together to form what
the olfactory tract or the olfactory nerve
when exposed to two different odors, which one will be perceived first
the one with the higher concentration
how big is the olfactory bulb
the size of a blueberry
why are pheromones not odors
they dont always have a smell
you take 50 different odors and present them to a person 1 at a time. you then take an entirely different set of 50 odors, equal in span and intensity, and present them to the same person again. what will the person say/perceive about those two odors
they smell the same and that they are neutral and pleasant
the inability to name a familiar odor we detected is referred to as the
tip of the nose phenomenon
every chemical compound is an odorant
true
humans and dogs can smell about the same number of scents
true
in contrast to smelling through breathing, sniffing increases the ability to detect odorants
true
our ability to detect odors declines with age
true
pheromones are not odors
true
women have a lower detection threshold than men
true
women have lower discrimination thresholds than men
true
women have lower identification thresholds than men
true
describe the triangle test
you have three odorants, two smell the same, and you must say which one is different