psych tutorial 14

the ability to identify odors is associated with neurological disease, and thus can be used to diagnose someone with that disease. what is the name of that disease

alzheimer's

what are the two types of stair cases called

ascending and descending

what percent of the human brain is devoted to smell

.1%

what is the size of the olfactory epithelium

1-2 square inches

how long do we have to be exposed to an odor before we become incapable of smelling it

15-20 minutes

how many olfactory epithelium do we have

2

how long do your olfactory sensory neurons last

28 days

how many types of cells are there in the olfactory epithelium

3

during gestation, at what age does our sense of smell become active

3 months

if we are exposed to at least ____ odors, we are experiencing a perceptual phenomenon referred to as ____ _____ the equivalent to noise in auditory perception

30; olfactory white

for a smell sensation to be reported, there must be about _______ nerve impulses

40

what percent of the dogs brain is devoted to smell

5%

it used to be thought that we have 20 million olfactory sensory neurons. it is more recently believed that we have how many?

5-8 million

in terms of identifying odors, at what age do we begin to lose our sense of smell

50

how many OSNs do dogs have

500-800 million

to create an action potential, or a nerve impulse, about ____ odor molecules must bind to a receptor

7-8

what % of a person's experience determines how much someone likes or dislikes an odor

70%

in terms of identifying odors, at the age of _____, _______ % of the population begin to suffer from major impairments in odor identification

80; 75%

after the age of ______ approx. _____ % of the population cannot detect smells

85; 50%

there are two individual difference factors that affect our olfactory capabilities. name them

gender age

what affect does a primer pheromone have on a smeller

psychological

after being exposed to an odor, we cease being able to detect it because physiologically we stop responding to the odorant. what is the name of the phenomenon

receptor adaptation or sensory adaptation

odors are associated with emotions and memories because the olfactory bulb is connected to what part of the brain

the limbic system

how does familiarity relate to how much someone does or does not like a smell

the more familiar tou are, the more you like it

how does intensity relate to how much someone does or does not like a smell

the more intense, the more we dislike it

"the retina of the nose" is called...

the olfactory epithelium

why does our sense of smell deteriorate with age

the olfactory sensory neurons dont regenerate as fast

name the two major theories of olfactory perception

vibration shape-pattern

which part of the brain is associated with pheromone detection. Hint: VNO

vomero nasal organ

how long does it take to undo the effects of cognitive habituation

weeks

describe the staircase method

when you gradually add or take away the amount of odorants until you can smell it or not smell it anymore

what is the McClintock affect

women within close proximity with each other have an in sync menstrual cycle

how long does it take to undo the effects of receptor adaptation

a few minutes

what is a stereoisomer

a mirror image of molecules that produces a different smell because it is fixed differently

there are two points in a woman's lifetime when their olfactory capabilities are much greater than men

before puberty and after menopause

what affect does a releaser pheromone have on a smeller

behavioral

competition between the two nostrils for odor perception is referred to as

bi-naural rivalry

long term exposure to an odor will cause us to no longer respond to it, this phenomenon is referred to as

cognitive habituation

there is a bone for which the axons of the olfactory sensory neuron must pass. what is the name of the bone and where is it located

cribiform plate and it is located at the height of the eyebrows

exposure to one odor may make it difficult to detect another odor, the name of this phenomenon is called

cross adaptation

do stereoisomer's smell the same, similar of different

different

what is the difference between humans and dogs in their sense of smell

dogs are more sensitive

cross adaptation is reciprocal

false

the side of the nostril and the side of the brain that the information goes to is contralateral

false

women have a heightened sense of smell during pregnancy

false

odor _____ is how much someone likes or does not like a particular odor

hedonics

it has been found that one group of individuals have better olfactory capabilities than another group. the factory that differentiates the two groups is not genetic. and is something that you can personally experience. what is the factory

higher education

what are the primary functions of the nose

humidify filters warms the air

define anosmia

inability to smell

what is the name of the group of individuals that has a very strong powerful olfactory vocabulary

jahai

according to the text book, do we have odor images

no

the stimuli for odors are chemical compounds or...

odorants

describe the shape-pattern theory

odorants have different shapes and different shapes of the odorant has to match the shape of the receptor

olfactory sensations are also referred to as

odors

the more scientific name for sense of smell is

olfaction

the part of the brain that first receives information about smell is

olfactory bulb

olfactory sensory neurons are very small, they have one end in one place and another end in another place

olfactory epithelium olfactory bulb

why do we have 2 olfactory epithelium

one for each nostril

______ involves chemical communication between individuals

pheromones

generally speaking, there are three factors that determine how much we like or dislike a smell. name them

pleasantness intensity familiarity

name the two types of pheromones

releaser primer

what is retronasal olfaction

smelling odors through the mouth

what is orthonasal olfaction

smelling odors through the nose

describe the vibration theory

smells have different vibrations (like frequencies) and the combination of the chemicals create a certain vibration, and each vibration creates a different smell

the inability to smell one specific odor when otherwise someone has a normal sense of smell is referred to as

specific anosmia

what are the names of the three different cells in the olfactory epithelium

supporting basil olfactory sensory neuron

OSNs come together to form what

the olfactory tract or the olfactory nerve

when exposed to two different odors, which one will be perceived first

the one with the higher concentration

how big is the olfactory bulb

the size of a blueberry

why are pheromones not odors

they dont always have a smell

you take 50 different odors and present them to a person 1 at a time. you then take an entirely different set of 50 odors, equal in span and intensity, and present them to the same person again. what will the person say/perceive about those two odors

they smell the same and that they are neutral and pleasant

the inability to name a familiar odor we detected is referred to as the

tip of the nose phenomenon

every chemical compound is an odorant

true

humans and dogs can smell about the same number of scents

true

in contrast to smelling through breathing, sniffing increases the ability to detect odorants

true

our ability to detect odors declines with age

true

pheromones are not odors

true

women have a lower detection threshold than men

true

women have lower discrimination thresholds than men

true

women have lower identification thresholds than men

true

describe the triangle test

you have three odorants, two smell the same, and you must say which one is different